Campanula Rotundifolia Research Articles

Effects of Tissue-type and Development on Dark Respiration in Two Herbaceous Perennials

Perennial plants go through a number of developmental stages during the growing season. Changes in metabolism during these phases have been documented in laboratory-grown plants but never in native plants growing in natural habitats. The purpose of this study was to describe the seasonal pattern of dark respiration in the above-ground tissues of two herbaceous perennials, Bistorta bistortoides(Pursh) Small and Campanula rotundifolia L., growing in the Rocky Mountains (USA). The effect of biomass accumulation on respiration rate and differences in respiration rate among tissues were measured. Respiration rate differed significantly among the above-ground tissues. Reproductive structures had the highest respiration rates, followed by leaves, then stems. Respiration rate decreased by 10–90% over the growing season in these tissues but was generally not correlated with a decrease in biomass accumulation. The seasonal pattern of respiration rate varied significantly among tissues. Total tissue respiratory flux was calculated at 15°C for each tissue. In both species, total above-ground respiratory flux was either relatively constant during the growing season with a marked decrease at seed dispersal or a maximum rate was reached at mid-season. In B. bistortoides, leaves had the highest total respiratory fluxes, and the respiratory fluxes of the stem and reproductive structures were similar to one another. In C. rotundifolia, leaf and stem respiratory fluxes were similar, while the respiratory flux of the reproductive structures was considerably lower than that of leaves and stems. This study emphasizes the importance of developmental processes and tissue-type on respiration rate and highlights the importance of including all plant tissues in predictive models of plant carbon balance.

Genetic Diversity in Alpine and Foothill Populations of Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae)

Climatic constraints on insects in alpine environments have important consequences for the biology of their plant mutualists; in particular, reduced insect diversity and activity in alpine plant populations can result in pollinator-limited seed set and, potentially, in low genetic diversity. However, highly effective pollination by bumblebees in alpine populations can compensate for low visitation rates. In this study we hypothesized that, because of highly effective pollination by bumblebees, alpine populations of Campanula rotundifolia would not experience more frequent cycles of pollinator limitation than low-elevation populations and would therefore exhibit comparable levels of genetic variability and inbreeding to those found in foothill populations. Enzyme electrophoresis was used to assess genetic variability at nine putative loci in alpine and foothill populations of C. rotundifolia in Colorado. Genetic variability in C. rotundifolia was found to be comparable to that reported for other long-lived herbaceous perennials. Measures of genetic variability and fixation indices did not differ between high- and low-elevation populations and were consistent with Hardy-Weinberg expectations. Nonsignificant F(ST) values indicated no genetic differentiation among all populations.

Changes in species composition following field and tree layer restoration and management in a wooded hay meadow

A hillside with abandoned, wooded hay meadows in Leikanger in Sogn og Fjordane county, Western Norway, was investigated in 1992–1995. A management regime combining restoration (topping) of old pollarded trees, scything and removal of hay was reintroduced in the area. The availability of light, hydrological conditions and the nutrient content of the soil were the most important factors determining development of hay meadow vegetation to forest vegetation. Indicators of shaded conditions included Valeriana sambucifolia and Oxalis acetosella, while Anthriscus sylvestris was indicator of light conditions. Species such as Campanula rotundifolia, Pimpinella saxifraga, Plantago lanceolata, Lychnis viscaria and Hieracium pilosella, which were recorded mostly on dry ridges, were regarded as “relict” species, more common formerly when the area was managed in a traditional way. The cover of tall grasses and herbs, such as Dactylis glomerata, Poa trivialis and Anthriscus sylvestris, increased the first two years after restoration. This indicates an increase in available nutrients, probably a “pioneer clearing fertilization” due to the introduced pollarding. Restoration and management resulted in drier, more homogenous ecological conditions and reduced the differences in local climate between formerly open meadows and more wooded areas in the restored area. However, most of the vegetation seemed to be quite stable during the study period. One class, however, comprised releves from several unstable plots of the experimental site. The frequency of some light‐demanding species increased in the experimental site, while the frequency of Oxalis acetosella and Epilobium montanum increased in the control site.

Efficient pollination of alpine plants

Several studies have documented low levels of insect diversity, abundance and activity in alpine ecosystems around the world1,7. It has been hypothesized that these factors may limit pollination of alpine plants8,9. We have measured pollination of alpine and foothill populations of Campanula rotundifolia by calculating a corrected visitation rate that incorporated information on pollinator abundance, visitation rates, pollen deposition and duration of stigma receptivity. Although pollinator visitation rates were significantly lower in alpine populations, corrected visitation rates showed that more effective pollination, combined with a longer period of stigma receptivity, compensated for this, resulting in comparable levels of pollination in populations from high and low elevations.

Plants recently discovered in Scotland

Summary Saxifraga rosacea is recorded and Poa scotica described new to Scotland. The position of segregate taxa or breeding units within several species complexes is clarified within Scotland: (a) the hexaploid cytotype within the mostly tetraploid Campanula rotundifolia; (b) diploid Hedera helix and tetraploid H. hibernica;, (c) diploid and tetraploid Deschampsia cespitosa, D. alpina and D. parviflora; (d) octoploid sub-species scotica within usually hexaploid Festuca rubra; (e) an octoploid mountain Agrostis; (f) fertile hexaploid Potentilla anserina; (g) an approximately triploid aneuploid Vaccinium uliginosum ssp. microphyllum.

Discrimination by Pollen-Collecting Bumblebees among Differentially Rewarding Flowers of an Alpine Wildflower, Campanula rotundifolia (Campanulaceae)

We studied bumblebees (Bombus wurflenii and B. sichelii) that were collecting pollen from the flowers of Campanula rotundifolia in an alpine meadow in Switzerland. Flower size varied greatly among individual plants, while pollen and nectar availability varied among the flowers in association with their sexual phase. Compared to random samples, bumblebees significantly favoured female phase flowers on one day, but favoured male phase flowers on the followinp day and this change coincided with a decline in overall pollen availability. The bumblebees' behaviour is consistent with a simple economic interpretation: initially, bumblebees favoured female phase flowers, many of which offered both pollen and nectar, but as pollen became less abundant, bumblebees increasingly favoured the relatively pollen-rich, nectarless male phase flowers, which implies that pollen was the more valued resource

Range Extension of the Lichen Vulpicida tilesii (Ascomycotina, Parmeliaceae) into the Pacific Northwest of the United States

The lichen Vulpicida tilesii (Ach.) J.-E. Mattsson & Lai is reported for the first time in Washington State. Previously its known distribution was circumpolar and southward into the Rocky Mountains of the United States. A map showing its distribution in the Pacific Northwest is provided. During the summer of 1992, a partial survey of alpine lichen communities on the Olympic Penin- sula in Washington State was carried out to develop an inventory of alpine lichen species. The Buckhorn Wilderness area in the Olympic National Forest was included in the survey. The study site is east of Olympic National Park in a cirque, to the southwest of Buckhorn Mountain, at an elevation of 1,981 m. The approximate location of the cirque is 9.75 km west of Quilcene, Washington, and 14.5 km south of Sequim, Washington, in Jefferson County: T27 N, R3-4 W, sections 18 (R3) and 13 (R4), 47049'N, 12307'30W. The Buckhorn cirque is a mixture of sandstone and argillite with an alluvium of sand, silt, gravel, and some limestone from the ocean floor and talus from landslide deposits. The ridge above the cirque is pillow basalt from the Crescent Formation, formed during the Eocene. Oceanic crust makes up the ba- saltic bedrock of the surrounding area. The cirque contains an exposed alpine tundra-like terrain with a northwest aspect and gradual slope, between 9- 180, leading off a ridge to the south of Buckhorn Mountain. The site has a nearly continuous lichen cover, consisting mainly of Cetraria cucullata (Bell.) Ach., C. ericetorum Opiz, C. islandica (L.) Ach., C. nivalis (L.) Ach., Leprocaulon spp., and Thamnolia subuliformis (Ehrh.) Culb. Interspersed with these lichens are many small herbs and sedges such as Carex spp., Campanula rotundifolia L., Douglasia laevigata Gray, Lupinus lepidus Dougl., Salix ni- valis Hook., Solidago multiradiata Ait., and cushion plants, including Phlox diffusa Benth. and Silene acaulis L.

Shoot Thrust and Its Role in Plant Competition

1. The generation of shoot thrust was measured in eight contrasted herbaceous species (Arrhenatherum elatius, Bromus erectus, Campanula rotundifolia, Cerastium fontanum, Hypericum perforatum, Koeleria macrantha, Poa trivialis and Urtica dioica) using a framework of weighted windows that could be opened by an expanding shoot. 2. The species that occur as vegetation dominants in their usual habitats (A. elatius, B. erectus and U. dioica) were found to have the greatest ability to generate thrust

A hay meadow in western Norway‐changes in the course of a growing season

Interference of management with groups of species/single species in a hay meadow is studied in a pilot project. Plant species are recorded 3 times during growing season from 10 permanent plots at intervals along 2 transects crossing the meadow. Hult‐Sernander‐Du Rietz scale is used for estimating cover, and phenological phases are estimated according to Dierschke.The hay meadow is lightly fertilized in spring, mown once late in July and grazed lightly by calves in autumn. Until 7–8 years ago the meadow was more heavily grazed by sheep both in spring and autumn.50 species are recorded, 44 within the permanent plots, 33 are indicators of agricultural management, 21 are indicators of traditional management, and 24 are adapted to grazing. The meadow belongs to Cardamino pratensis‐Conopodietum majoris, subas‐sociation campanuletosum. Luzula campestre, Campanula rotundifolia, Potentilla erecta, Hypochoeris radicata and Trifolium repens vary little in cover throughout the summer. Anthoxanthum odoratum, Leucanthemum vulgare, Trifolium pratense and Agrostis capillaris have a higher cover just before mowing than afterwards. Conopodium majus is not present above ground at all in August. Rumex acetosa and Achillea millefolium have their highest cover values in August. The time of flowering varied. At the spring analysis, Ajuga pyramidalis, Anthoxantum odoratum, Luzula campestre and Plantago lanceolata flowered. The main flowering took place at the end of June, when 20 species flowered. In August the flowers of Leontodon autumnalis, Hypochoeris radicata, Potentilla erecta and Hieracium vulgatum characterized the meadow. Several hypothesis and proposals for testing of the hypothesis are put forward.

Phenolic compounds of Campanula rotundifolia and C. persicifolia

Phenolic compounds of Campanula rotundifolia and C. persicifolia

Changes in the species composition in an area dominated by Deschamsia flexuosa (L.) trin. as a result of cattle grazing

When marginal agricultural lands are left idle, a vegetation type develops which is not adapted to grazing. If such vegetation is grazed, as has happened in Mols Bjerge (Eastern Jutland, Denmark), changes occur in the composition of species,whereby the dominants are reduced while the less frequent species increase. In Mols Bjerge the main means of plant dispersal is vegetative (horizontal, rhizome) and endozoic (dispersal) via cattle. However, dispersal is very slow. Species such as Holcus mollis and Carex arenaria are dispersed vegetatively, while dicotyledonous herbs (especially Pimpinella saxifraga and Campanula rotundifolia) are dispersed endozoically. It is suggested that areas rich in species should be grazed by cattle immediately before those poor in species if it is desired to assist immigration of dicotyledonous species.

The Plant Ecology of Ant-Hills in Calcareous Grasslands: I. Patterns of Species in Relation to Ant-Hills in Southern England

SUMMARY (1) Ant-hills built by Lasius flavus (F.) occur frequently in permanent grasslands in southern Britain and bear a distinctive flora. (2) The vegetation of large ant-hills was compared with that of the surrounding grassland at thirteen chalk grassland and chalk heath sites in southern England. At each site, the percentage cover of each species was estimated on eight mounds and in eight associated pasture quadrats. (3) Most plant species showed consistent patterns in relation to ant-hills. (4) Annuals, particularly Arenaria serpyllifolia, were often confined to ant-hills. The perennial chamaephytes Cerastium holosteoides, Helianthemum chamaecistus and Thymus drucei were also significantly more abundant on the mounds (P < 005). (5) Of the species which were equally abundant on and around the ant-hills, some, like Agrostis stolonifera, Campanula rotundifolia, Festuca rubra and Galium verum, are stoloniferous and able to grow up through soil heaped onto the surface of the mounds by the ants, and others, such as Euphrasia officinalis agg., Gentianella amarella, Linum catharticum and Medicago lupulina, are short-lived and able to flower on the anthills. (6) The perennial herbs Carexflacca, Cirsium acaule, Filipendula vulgaris, Hieracium pilosella, Leontodon hispidus, Plantago lanceolata, P. media, Poterium sanguisorba, Succisa pratensis and Trifolium pratense, together with the tufted perennial grasses Dactylis glomerata, Helictotrichon pratense and Zerna erecta, were among the species which were significantly more abundant in the pasture than on the mounds (P< 0 05). (7) The differences in environment between ant-hills and the surrounding grassland are discussed in detail. Soil analyses showed no large or consistent differences in nutrient content between ant-hill and pasture soils. Compared with the surrounding pasture, the mounds have a shorter vegetation, greater dunging pressure from rabbits, and a drier soil with more bare patches, smaller structural aggregates, a lower bulk density and greater extremes of temperature.

The Process of Fertilization in Campanula Americana L.

Previous articleNext article FreeThe Process of Fertilization in Campanula Americana L.Charles R. BarnesCharles R. Barnes Search for more articles by this author PDFPDF PLUS Add to favoritesDownload CitationTrack CitationsPermissionsReprints Share onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail SectionsMoreDetailsFiguresReferencesCited by Volume 10, Number 9/10Sep. - Oct., 1885 Article DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1086/325879 Views: 65Total views on this site Citations: 12Citations are reported from Crossref Journal History This article was published in the Botanical Gazette (1876-1991), which is continued by International Journal of Plant Sciences (1992-present). PDF download Crossref reports the following articles citing this article:C. Goodwillie, H. R. Patel, D. M. Dvorak, Z.-X. Ren Does stigma curvature promote delayed selfing? An experimental investigation in Triodanis perfoliata (Campanulaceae), Plant Biology 20, no.22 (Jan 2018): 199–204.https://doi.org/10.1111/plb.12677Matthew H. Koski, Liao Kuo, Kerstin M. Niedermaier, Laura F. Galloway Timing is everything: Dichogamy and pollen germinability underlie variation in autonomous selfing among populations, American Journal of Botany 105, no.22 (Mar 2018): 241–248.https://doi.org/10.1002/ajb2.1025Carly J. Stevens, Julia Wilson, Hugh A. McAllister Biological Flora of the British Isles: Campanula rotundifolia, Journal of Ecology 100, no.33 (Mar 2012): 821–839.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1365-2745.2012.01963.xHiroshi Tobe, Nancy R. Morin Embryology and circumscription of Campanulaceae and Campanulales: A review of literature, Journal of Plant Research 109, no.44 (Dec 1996): 425–435.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02344558Yvonne Nyman The pollen-collecting hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). I. Morphological variation and the retractive mechanism, American Journal of Botany 80, no.1212 (Dec 1993): 1427–1436.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1993.tb15388.xYvonne Nyman The pollen-collecting hairs of Campanula (Campanulaceae). II. Function and adaptive significance in relation to pollination, American Journal of Botany 80, no.1212 (Dec 1993): 1437–1443.https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1993.tb15389.xStanwyn G. Shetler POLLEN‐COLLECTING HAIRS OF CAMPANULA (CAMPANULACEAE), I: HISTORICAL REVIEW, TAXON 28, no.1-31-3 (Jun 2019): 205–215.https://doi.org/10.2307/1219578Anita Dunbar A Review of the Ultrastructure and Ontogeny of Some Angiosperm Pollen, Grana 13, no.22 (Sep 2009): 85–92.https://doi.org/10.1080/00173137309429882P. Maheshwari The male gametophyte of angiosperms, The Botanical Review 15, no.11 (Jan 1949): 1–75.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02861752N. K. Iyengar Pollen-tube studies inGossypium, Journal of Genetics 37, no.11 (Dec 1938): 69–106.https://doi.org/10.1007/BF02982144James Small THE ORIGIN AND DEVELOPMENT OF THE COMPOSITAE.*, New Phytologist 18, no.5-65-6 (May 1919): 129–176.https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1469-8137.1919.tb07297.x Alice M. Ottley A Contribution to the Life History of Impatiens sultani, Botanical Gazette 66, no.44 (Sep 2015): 289–317.https://doi.org/10.1086/332346

Christian Conrad Sprengel

WILL you allow me a short reply to Prof. Hagen's letter published in NATURE (vol. xxix. p. 572)? It is evident that Prof. Hagen's statements are very far from proving what he asserted in his former letter, viz. that between 1830 and 1840 Sprengel's discoveries were known to every student in Prusia, and I think it would be easy to any one resident in Germany to prove the contrary by simply confronting what the manuals of botany published at that time say about the fertilisation of flowers. Thus, as I learn from Delpino's “Ulteriori Osservazioni” (p. 88), Link (“Elem. Philos. Bot.,” ii. 1837, p. 222) and Treviranus (“Physiol. der Gew.,” ii. 1838, p. 343), both of whom, according to Hagen, were entirely acquainted with Sprengel's discoveries, adopt Cassini's erroneous view of the fertilisation of Campanula being effected through the collecting-hairs of the style instead of through the stigmatic papillae; and this must have been almost impossible for any one acquainted with Sprengel's excellent account of Campanula rotundifolia (“Entdeckte Geheimniss,” p. 109). What Prof. Kunth, in his lectures at the Berlin University, taught about the fertilisation of flowers may be seen in his “Lehrbuch der Botanik” (1847, p. 422). Almost every line contains errors splendidly and convincingly refuted by Sprengel. Thus he considers as contrivances serving to aid the self-fertilisation of the flowers the collecting-hairs on the style of Campanulaceae and Compositae (see Sprengel, pp. 109 and 370), the pollen-masses of Orchideae and Asclepiadeae being fixed near the stigma (Sprengel, pp. 401 and 139), the movements of the stamens of Parnassia, Ruta, and Saxifraga (Sprengel, pp. 166, 236, and 242), as well as the movements of the stigmas of Nigella, Passiflora, and Epilobium (Sprengel, p. 280, 160, and 224). I do not know how to reconcile these errors with Prof. Hagen's statement that Kunth was “beyond doubt acquainted with the facts” discovered by Sprengel. He “beyond doubt” never read Sprengel's book, and I can explain those numerous and crass errors of one of the most celebrated botanists only by the assumption that at that time Sprengel had fallen into almost complete oblivion among German botanists, and remained so till, as Prof. Mobius justly remarks (NATURE, vol. xxix. p. 406), “the value of his treatise in its bearing on the theory of selection was first recognised by Charles Darwin.”