Cameriere's Method Research Articles

Demirjian's and Cameriere's Methods for the Assessment of Dental Age Estimation in Children from a Southern Brazilian City.

The chronological age estimation of living individuals is a crucial part of forensic practice and clinical practice, such as in orthodontic treatment. It is well-known that methods for age estimation in living children should be tested on different populations. Ethnic affiliations in Brazil are divided into several major groups depending on the region, with the south of Brazil being known for its German immigration. (1) Background: This study aimed to evaluate the correlation between chronological age and dental age using Demirjian's method and Cameriere's method in a group of children from Joinville, South Brazil to investigate if both methods can be used to estimate dental age in this population. (2) Methods: The sample consisted of 229 panoramic radiographs (119 were males and were 110 females) from Brazilian children (ages ranging from 6 to 12 years). The chronological age at the time of the panoramic radiographic exam was calculated for each child. The dental age was estimated according to Demirjian's method and Cameriere's method. All continuous data were tested for normality by using the Shapiro-Wilk test. The Pearson correlation coefficient test was applied. An alpha of 5% (p < 0.05) was used for all analyses. (3) Results: The mean chronological age was 8.75 years. According to Demirjian's method, the mean dental age was 9.3 years, while according to Cameriere's method, the mean dental age was 8.66 years. A strong correlation between chronological age and dental age according to Demirjian (r = 0.776 and p < 0.0001) and Cameriere (r = 0.735 and p < 0.0001) was observed for both genders. (4) Conclusions: Both methods presented a good correlation with chronological age in the studied population and could be used to assess dental age in this population.

Age Estimation in Libyan Children Based on Dental Panoramic Radiography

Background: Age estimation plays a key role in the human identification process, and in guiding police investigations. Tooth development is widely used in determining age and state of maturity. Dental age (DA) is of high importance in forensic and pediatric dentistry and also orthodontic treatment planning. Objective: The aim of this study was to assess the accuracy of the Cameriere method in estimating chronological age (CA) of a Libyan sample of 6-year-old up to 13-year-old children through analysis of panoramic radiographs on teeth, considering the relationship between age and measurements of open apices teeth. Materials and methods: Orthopantomographic images of 156 radiographs were selected for the study of which 76 belonged to boys and 80 girls children. The dental age of the subjects was determined through the Cameriere method. Differences and correlations between chronological and dental ages were assessed by paired t-tests and Pearson’s correlation analysis, respectively. Multiple regression analysis was used to predict chronologic age in Libyan from 6-13 years children population. Results: A high positive correlation was found between chronologic age and dental age (as assessed by Cameriere's formula) with r values 0.882, 0.975, and 0.758 for the total, girls and boys study population, respectively. The mean dental age assessed by Cameriere's method was significantly lower than the chronologic age in the Libyan population with boys and the total study population (p &lt; 0.05). Six out of nine parameters were significantly associated with chronologic age (R2=0.996, F (6,155)= 2792.023, p&lt;0.01). Conclusion: Our findings demonstrate that Cameriere’s method is a robust tool for age estimation. These results underscore the high accuracy and importance of assessing dental development for precise age estimation. Based on this research, we can conclude that Cameriere’s method is suitable for dental age estimation in Libyan children.

Perbedaan Tingkat Keakuratan Estiemasi Usia Menggunakan Metode Al-Qahtani Dan Metode Cameriere Pada Gambaran Radiografi Panoramik

Radiography can be used at prenatal age because at this age we can see and assess the stage of formation and development of primary teeth that have not yet erupted. The London Atlas method is well-organized, comprehensive, and evidence-based using tooth development and alveolar eruption. The method for determining chronological age based on open apex measurements was first introduced by Roberto Cameriere. This method looks at the development of the seven permanent teeth of the lower left jaw. Research objective: To determine the difference in the level of accuracy of age estimation using the Al-Qahtani method and the Cameriere method on panoramic radiography images. Materials and Methods: This research design uses analytical observational with a cross sectional research design. The statistical test used is the paired t-test. Results: Based on the results of this study, it is known that the difference in average age in the Al-Qahtani method is that the tooth age is 0.6 years older than the chronological age and in the Cameriere method the tooth age is 0.59 years older than the chronological age. Conclusion: The results of this study show that there are not differences in age estimation using the Al-Qahtani method and the Cameriere method on panoramic radiography images.

Validation of method for estimation age of majority by the third molar maturity index on the sample of Ufa population

To test diagnostic accuracy of majority age assessment method by 3rd molar (Cameriere index) in the Ufa sample. The number of orthopantomograms equal 120 from males and females aged from 14 to 23 years without apparent pathological changes of the pulp of teeth 38 and 48 was examined. The measures were conducted using the standard R. Cameriere method. The method of logistic regression, determination of predictive values of sensitivity and specificity were used. The Im3 cut-off point, that was equal 0.08, had a sensitivity of 89% and specificity of 95% in the male sample, accuracy of age group determination was 93%. In the female sample the method sensitivity was 93%, specificity - 97%, accuracy - 97%. The study results confirmed the absence of population variability of the Cameriere index value, that makes it possible to use the majority age determination method by 3rd molar for practical application in the examination of a living person at the territory of the Russian Federation.

Accuracy of the third molar maturity index (I3M) for diagnosing the legal majority of young southern Brazilians.

The numerous techniques for identifying adulthood require research testing the accuracy of each method in different populations. This study verified the accuracy of the third molar maturity index (I3M) proposed by Cameriere et al. (2008) for diagnosing the age of majority in a southern Brazilian population sample. Panoramic radiographs of patients with dental element 38 treated at the School of Dentistry of the University of Passo Fundo (UPF), RS, Brazil, were analyzed. The patients were separated into age groups between 15.00 and 22.99 years. The Cameriere (2008) method was applied to each radiograph. The study sample comprised 671 individuals, with 385 women (mean age 19.67 ± 2.05) and 286 men (mean age 19.5 ± 2.11). The original cut-off value of I3M≤0.08 classified individuals younger and older than 18 years. ROC curve plotting resulted in an overall accuracy of 0.69 and 0.84 for women and men, respectively. The most favorable cut-off value for southern Brazilian men was 0.06, and women showed better results with an I3M adjusted to 0.13. The new cut-off values produced an accuracy of 0.78 for women and 0.84 for men. The original cut-off point to the I3M (0.08) was not the most appropriate for the studied sample. Thus, index adjustments to 0.13 for women and 0.06 for men may improve method performance among southern Brazilian individuals. Key words:Molar, third, radiography, panoramic, forensic dentistry, age groups, imputability.

Comparison of the Cameriere's third molar maturity index and Olze et al.'s stages of radiographic visibility of the root pulp in a Turkish population.

The purpose of this study was to compare the Cameriere's third molar maturity index and Olze et al.'s stages of radiographic visibility of the root pulp in estimating the age of maturity in the Turkish population. The age of majority, which is legally significant, marks the transition from childhood to adulthood. In Turkey, the age of majority is set at 18 years. As the third molars continue to develop at this age, they can serve as an indicator of dental age. A total of 705 panoramic radiographs obtained from individuals aged 15 to 22 years, including children and adults, were included in this study. The left mandibular third molars were evaluated on panoramic radiographs using Cameriere's third molar maturity index and Olze's method of radiographic root pulp visibility (RPV) stages. Minimum and maximum values were noted for each stage, and a median with upper and lower quartiles, as well as mean and standard deviation were calculated. Sensitivity and specificity values were calculated. In males, Cameriere's third molar maturity index demonstrated a sensitivity of 0.77% and specificity of 0.96%, while in females, it showed a sensitivity of 0.57% and specificity of 0.92%. Regarding Olze et al.'s stage 0, the sensitivity and specificity values were 0.86% and 0.79% in males, and 0.85% and 0.75% in females, respectively. Although both methods can be used to distinguish individuals below or above the age of 18, the cut-off value suggested by Cameriere's method resulted in a higher rate of type 2 error (false negativity). Therefore, the method proposed by Olze et al., based on the radiographic visibility of the root pulp, can be employed to differentiate between adults and minors in the Turkish population.

The accuracy of Cameriere methods in Turkish children: chronological age estimation using developing teeth and carpals and epiphyses of the ulna and radius.

The aim of the present study was to develop a specific formula by measuring the developing teeth, carpal bones, and epiphyses of the ulna and radius to determine the chronological age in Turkish children. The left developing permanent mandibular teeth were evaluated, and the number of teeth with closed apex was recorded. The distance between the inner sides of open apex/apices was measured by using the ImageJ program and divided by the tooth length. The sum of the normalized open apices was also calculated. The carpal area (Ca), covering the epiphyses of ulna and radius and the carpal bones, was measured on the X-rays of left hand. The areas of each carpal bone and epiphyses of the ulna and radius were measured, and these measurements were added together to obtain the bone area (Bo). The Bo/Ca ratio between the total area of carpal bones and the carpal area was calculated to normalize the measurements. The accuracy of the equations formulated by Cameriere was evaluated, and a new regression equation was developed accordingly. The new formula showed no statistically significant difference between the chronological and the estimated age for females, males, and total sample. The new formula, which hit the age with 72.80% accuracy, was more successful in predicting chronological age than other adjusted regression equations. The new regression model, created for the Turkish children by using both developing teeth and hand-wrist bones, was considerably successful in estimating the chronological age.

Ear identification: A multi-ethnic study sample

The external human ear is considered to be highly variable among individuals. Hence, forensic applications could be explored for human identification. This research compares the usefulness of Cameriere's ear identification method, in samples originating from six different countries (Brazil, India, Japan, Russia, South Africa and Turkey) in order to examine possible differences in their accuracy values. A sample of 2,225 photographs of the external human ear (1,134 left and 1,091 right ears) from 1,411 individuals (633 females and 778 males) was collected. The samples included healthy subjects with no systemic disorders and without any craniofacial trauma, maxillofacial abnormalities, auricular anomalies, ear diseases or previous auricular surgery. Cameriere's ear identification method was applied and measurements were performed on the images of each ear, considering four anatomic regions: helix, antihelix, concha, and lobe. The quantified measurement values were converted into a proposed coded number system. A search for identical codes was accomplished to find out the distinctiveness of the morphology of the human ear. The combined codes of left and right ears of each of the 814 subjects were not repeated in this multi-ethnic study sample. Dirichlet's distribution and the inherent study equation showed that the probability of two different individuals having the same code (false-positive identification) was found to be <0.0007. Because of the distinctive metrics of the ratios of external human ears, studies with Cameriere's ear identification method may be valuable for human identification. Studying the differences between the left and right ears of the same individual and across different ethnic groups could contribute to the development of supplementary tools for human identification.

Evaluation of Relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Dental Development in the Children in Age-group of 6-13 years of Malwa Region: A Cross-sectional Study.

To evaluate the relationship between body mass index (BMI) and dental development in the children in age-group of 6-13 years of Malwa region. A total of 250 orthopantomograms (OPGs) of children aged 6-13 years (130 males and 120 females) collected from the Department of Paediatric and Preventive Dentistry, Government College of Dentistry, Indore, Madhya Pradesh, India, who came for their routine dental treatment. The chronological age, height, and weight were recorded, followed by calculating the BMI of each patient using Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) growth charts. The dental age was calculated using Cameriere's method. The comparison of the dental and chronological age was done using Wilcoxon signed-rank test. The dental age of underweight patients was significantly lesser than that of the normal, overweight, and obese patients (p-value of <0.05). The dental age of the obese patients were greatest and significantly greater than that of the underweight, normal, and overweight patients (p-value of <0.05). Dental age is significantly associated with the BMI of children aged 6-13 years. The dental age of obese and overweight children is significantly greater than the chronological age. Predicting the stage of dental development and eruption periods in children with mixed dentition can help with the sequencing and timing of orthodontic, prosthodontic, and surgical procedures. Selkari V, Saxena A, Parihar A, et al. Evaluation of Relationship between Body Mass Index (BMI) and Dental Development in the Children in Age-group of 6-13 years of Malwa Region: A Cross-sectional Study. Int J Clin Pediatr Dent 2023;16(2):333-337.

Dental age assessment: scoring systems and models from the past until the present-how is it presented in the court?

The aim of this study is to evaluate the accuracy of the methods from the past and present, such as Demirjian, Cameriere, and AlQahtani, as well as to determine the most reliable method for human age estimation under the request from the courts according to the effect size from each method in age estimation. Four hundred eighty-three orthopantomographic images were selected from 318 patients from Centro Hospitalar Universitário Lisboa Norte aged between 6 and 15years old. Several measurements of widths and lengths and classification of tooth development stages were performed, according to each age estimation method. The listing of patients and orthopantomographic images were consulted through SECTRA®. All data was entered and analysed using SPSS version 28. Observations' validity was verified through inter- and intraobserver validation. The correlation coefficients between age and age estimates by the three methods on both sides were close to 90%. Regarding the estimation error correlation coefficient, Demirjian and AlQahtani values were low, whereas Cameriere's was significantly negative; i.e., underestimation increases as age increases. Between left and right, any significant difference in age estimation in AlQahtani and Cameriere methods was not observed, but there were great variability and large effect for the Demirjian method. Comparing females and males, the statistical analysis showed no significant differences and quite small effects in the precision of the estimates for any of the methods. Finally, although significant differences were detected when comparing estimated values and age, small effects were revealed except for the Demirjian method which attained a medium effect and, therefore, less consistency of estimation. Since it was not possible to determine the most reliable method for age estimation, a combined application of different age estimation methodologies is recommended to be use in the courts with relevant statistical data such as effect size.

Comparison of Dental and Skeletal Age Estimating Methods in Children.

Estimating age is a crucial determinant of forensic science. Various methods have been used to estimate dental age (DA) and skeletal age (SA).The aim of the current study was to compare the Cameriere's DA method with the Cameriere's SA method in estimating CA in children. A total of 216 radiographs of 130 females and 86 males (between 9 to 14.99 years of age) were evaluated in northwestern Turkey. DA was calculated on the panoramic images using Cameriere's open-apex method. SA was determined on the lateral cephalograms using the fourth cervical vertebrae method by Cameriere. The DA, SA, and CA data were compared using a paired t-test and Wilcoxon test. The mean CA of all groups was calculated as 12.96±0.30, the mean DA of 12.74±0.68 and the mean SA of 12.89±0.89. In males, the DA method presented an underestimation between ages of 14.00 and 14.99 (p<0.05) and an overestimation between ages 9.00 and 11.99 (p<0.05). In females, the DA method showed an underestimation in the 13.00- and 14.99-year-old age groups (p<0.05) and an overestimation in the 10.00- and 11.99-year-old age groups (p<0.05). The SA method revealed a significant underestimation in females between the ages of 13.00 and 14.99 and in males between the ages of 14.00 and 14.99 (p<0.05). The SA estimation method may provide more accurate results compared to the DA method with children of both sexes aged between 9.00 to 12.99 in the determination of CA.

Validity of age estimation methods and reproducibility of bone/dental maturity indices for chronological age estimation.

This systematic review sought to assess the validity of age estimation methods based on bone or dental maturity indices and their reproducibility through a meta-analysis of validation and reproducibility studies. A systematic online search was conducted in PubMed and Google Scholar. Cross-sectional studies were included. The authors excluded articles without information on validity and reproducibility outcomes, articles not written in English or Italian, and those where it was impossible to obtain pooled reproducibility estimates of Cohen's kappa or the intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC) due to a lack of information on the variability measure. The authors tried to follow the preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses (PRISMA) protocol. They also considered the PICOS/PECOS strategy to assess the research questions in their included studies; nevertheless, no particular guideline was reported to be consistently followed in their study. Twenty-three (23) studies were selected for data extraction and critical appraisal. The pooled male mean error of the age prediction was 0.08 years (95% CI: -0.12; 0.29), and the pooled female mean error was 0.09 years (95% CI: -0.12; 0.30). Studies using Nolla's method had a mean error closest to zero with a slight overestimation: mean male age prediction error of 0.02 (95% CI: -0.37; 0.41) and mean female age prediction error of 0.03 (95% CI: -0.34; 0.41). Haavikko's method had a mean error of -1.12 (95% CI: -2.29; 0.06) and -1.33 (95% CI: -2.54; -0.13) for males and females, respectively. Cameriere's method also underestimated the chronological age and was the only method with a higher absolute mean error for males than females (males: -0.22 [95% CI: -0.44; 0.00]; females: -0.17 [95% CI: -0.34; -0.01]). Overall, Demirjian's and Willems's methods tended to overestimate chronological age in both males (Demirjian: 0.59 [95% CI: 0.28; 0.91]; Willems: 0.07 [95% CI: -0.17; 0.31]) and females (Demirjian: 0.64 [95% CI 0.38; 0.90]; Willems: 0.09 [95% CI: -0.13; 0.31]). The prediction intervals (PI) overlapped zero for all methods, rendering the difference between estimated and chronological ages not statistically significant for males and females. Cameriere's method showed the smallest PI for both biological genders, while the Haavikko and other methods had the widest intervals. No heterogeneity was observed in inter-examiner (heterogeneity: Q = 5.78, p = 0.888) and intra-examiner (heterogeneity: Q = 9.11, p = 0.611) agreement, so a fixed-effects model was used. For inter-examiner agreement, the ICC ranged from 0.89 to 0.99, and the meta-analytic pooled ICC was 0.98 (95% CI 0.97; 1.00), which was near-perfect reliability. Concerning intra-examiner agreement, the ICCs ranged from 0.90 to 1.00, and the meta-analytic pooled ICC was 0.99 (95% CI 0.98; 1.00), which was also close to perfect reliability. This study recommended the Nolla and Cameriere methods as preferred approaches while mentioning that the Cameriere method was validated on a smaller sample size than Nolla's, thus requiring further testing on additional populations to better assess the mean error estimates by sex. However, the evidence in this paper is of very low quality and offers no certainty.

Correlation of chronological age with dental age estimated using modified Cameriere’s method and UT-age estimation software — a cross-sectional study

BackgroundEstimating age is essential in both the analysis of human skeletal remains and assessing live persons. The third molar develops over a longer period and is hence used in age estimation for subadults. Since dental age correlates with chronological age better than other growth markers, this study aims to assess the reliability of dental age assessed using the University of Texas (UT) age estimation method and modified Cameriere’s method.MethodsIt is a retrospective cross-sectional study in which the development and maturation of mandibular third molars were examined in 600 orthopantomograms (264 males and 336 females) of South Indian individuals (16–23 years). Dental age was estimated by using an Indian-specific formula based on maturity index value and the UT-age estimation software program. The results were evaluated using the Student’s t-test for both methods and Pearson’s correlation test to compare chronological age with estimated dental age.ResultsPositive correlation was noted between chronological age and estimated dental age for males, females, and the total sample with highly statistically significant differences (p = 0.000). Modified Cameriere’s method underestimated dental age in samples ranging from less than 1 year to more than 2 years. UT-age estimation method underestimated age in samples above 20 years and overestimated age in samples below 20 years. The predictive classification of utilizing the maturity index was 79.17% accurate.ConclusionsDental age was negligibly over and underestimated in UT software method whereas it was overestimated in the modified Cameriere's method. To evaluate the reliability of these two methods, studies with larger sample sizes and population-specific data sets should be performed.Graphical

Evaluation of Third Molar Maturity Index by Cone Beam Computed Tomography in Legal Age Estimation: A Preliminary Study.

This retrospective study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and applicability of the third molar maturity index (I 3M ) for discriminating Turkish minors from adults, and its relationship with chronological age using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). A total of 122 CBCT scans of Turkish individuals (55 boys and 67 girls) aged 13 to 23 years were evaluated using the I 3M cutoff value. Chronological age gradually decreased as the I 3M value increased. The overall accuracy was 95.9%. The sensitivity and specificity of this test were 93.5% and 97.4%, respectively. Positive predictive value was 95.6%. The intraclass correlation coefficient values of the I 3M for the intraobserver and interobserver agreements were 0.998 and 0.996, respectively. This study showed relatively higher reproducibility of measurements on CBCT scans than on panoramic radiographs in the literature. Cone beam computed tomography may be advantageous and preferred over panoramic radiographs in distinguishing the legal age threshold of 18 years according to Cameriere's method when a more extensive investigation is needed to support the solution of challenging and uncertain cases in forensic medicine.

Legal age estimation using Cameriere's third molar method

Background/Aim: Biological (dental) age represents the level of development of organic systems. The estimation of dental age plays a big role in dentistry, the law, forensics, and criminology. Cameriere's method is a simple and noninvasive way to determine the dental age, measuring the width of the open apex in left mandibular third molars. The modified Cameriere method is utilized for assessing the legal age of individuals and is based on the analysis of tooth 38 (left mandibular third molar). As the hardest tissue in the human body, teeth remain structurally unchanged long after a person's death. In addition to their durability, the morphology of teeth is unique to each individual, proving direct evidence of identity. Examination of accuracy, reliability and applicability of Cameriere's third molar index method for legal age assessment in cases in which the chronological age is unknown. Material and methods: Two hundred and fourteen orthopanthomograms, acquired from the Dentistry Clinic of Vojvodina's radiographic database, were used in this study. The radiograms were analyzed using the Kodak program. The age range considered was between 15 and 25 years, regardless of gender and ethnic background. The calculations were done using Cameriere's formula and third molar index (I3M). The optimal threshold value that separates minors from adults is I3M &lt; 0.08. Results: The accuracy for the male examinees had a value of 81.33% and for the females, a value of 79.98%. Conclusions: Cameriere's third molar index method in legal age assessment has been proven partially accurate in our population and has justified its use in forensic purposes.

Forensic medical diagnostics of age by the Cameriere method

Was to conduct the comparative analysis of the age groups' separation accuracy (<18 years old; ≥18 years old) by orthopantomogram depending on the examination's side in Russian population sample. The number of orthopantomograms equal 600 (190 of male and 410 of female) aged from 14 to 23 were investigated. Index value of third molar (Im3) was calculated by the R. Cameriere method, in female and male, on the right and left sides. Index of third molar on the right and left sides shows a high correlation. In the male sample the result specificity was 0.97 on the left and 1.0 on the right, the sensitivity was 0.96 on the left and 0.94 on the right. In the female sample the values were as follows: the specificity was 0.96 on the left and 0.98 on the right, the sensitivity was 0.92 on the left and 0.94 on the right. The results showed the possibility of Im3 (0.08) use to determine the target age group for Russian citizens of both sexes regardless of examination side.

Comparison of Demirjian and Cameriere methods and development of modified Cameriere and Demirjian formula more efficient for North Indian population.

Accurate age estimation is of utmost importance in several branches of life, be it disaster victim identification (DVI), sports, fashion, education, and many more. Several studies/formulas have been proposed over the years from various parts of the world and amongst them, Cameriere's method of age estimation is now being accepted globally, and the related work is still one of the most thought about. The aim of this study was to access the relationship between dental age (DA) and chronological age using Cameriere and Demirjian age estimation method in the north Indian population and develop a population-specific regression formula and validate it in the north Indian population. Orthopantomograms (OPG) of 762 children of north India with age groups between 7 and 16 years were collected. Seven left permanent mandibular teeth were analyzed using both Cameriere and Demirjian's age estimation method. The resultant data were subjected to statistical analysis. The mean differences between CAge and DAge with age were 1.21 (males), 0.14 (males) and 1.72 (females), 0.28 (females) respectively, which shows significant disparity, wherein Demirjian follows overestimation and Cameriere follows the underestimation trend. Therefore, we modified these methods using the linear regression model. The modified Demirjian and Cameriere formula after validation shows a better fit in the north Indian state of the Uttar Pradesh population.

Evaluation of a machine learning algorithms for predicting the dental age of adolescent based on different preprocessing methods.

Machine learning (ML) algorithms play a key role in estimating dental age. In this study, three ML models were used for dental age estimation, based on different preprocessing methods. The seven mandibular teeth on the digital panorama were measured and evaluated according to the Cameriere and the Demirjian method, respectively. Correlation data were used for decision tree (DT), Bayesian ridge regression (BRR), k-nearest neighbors (KNN) models for dental age estimation. An accuracy comparison was made among different methods. We analyzed 748 orthopantomographs (392 males and 356 females) from eastern China between the age of 5 and 13 years in this retrospective study. Three models, DT, BRR, and KNN, were used to estimate the dental age. The data in ML is obtained according to the Cameriere method and the Demirjian method. Coefficient of determination (R2), mean error (ME), root mean square error (RMSE), mean square error (MSE) and mean absolute error (MAE), the above five metrics were used to evaluate the accuracy of age estimation. Our experimental results showed that the prediction accuracy of dental age was affected by ML algorithms. MD, MAD, MSE, RMSE of the dental age predicted by ML were significantly decreased. Among all the methods, the KNN model based on the Cameriere method had the highest accuracy (ME = 0.015, MAE = 0.473, MSE = 0.340, RMSE = 0.583, R2 = 0.94). The results show that the prediction accuracy of dental age is influenced by ML algorithms and preprocessing method. The KNN model based on the Cameriere method was able to infer dental age more accurately in a clinical setting.

Accuracy of the Cameriere's method and its variant the European Formula for age estimation in subadult peruvian population

To determine the accuracy of the Cameriere method and its variant, the European Formula, in a sub-adult Peruvian population; and determine a chronological age predictor equation. Descriptive, observational, cross-sectional and retrospective study. It was used 257 digital panoramic radiographs of patients in mixed dentition from 5 to 12 years of age belonging to the "Dental Cientifica" Dental Center of the Universidad Cientifica del Sur in the city of Lima, Peru. All morphological variables and gender of the subjects were used as predictor variables for age estimation. To evaluate the accuracy of each estimation method, the age of each individual was compared with the estimated age using the mean prediction error. Multiple linear regression was used to generate the predictive equation for chronological age. It was found that the mean prediction error between the chronological age with respect to the age estimated by the Cameriere method Formula and the European Formula was 0.73±0.55 years and 0.77±0.57 years, respectively. A model was generated whose predictor variables for age were s and N0, both variables were statistically significant and the Adjusted R2 for the number of variables was 75.96%. It was determined that Cameriere's Formula was more accurate than the European Formula; however, there was no statistically significant difference between the two. Additionally, it was possible to establish a specific linear regression formula for a Peruvian population aged 5 to 12 years with an adequate predictive capacity.

The Cameriere, Haavikko, Demirjian, and Willems methods for the assessment of dental age in Croatian children.

This study aimed to evaluate the accuracy and precision of the Cameriere European formula, Demirjian, Haavikko, and Willems methods for estimating dental age in a sample of children with permanent dentition in Croatia. The study consisted of a sample of 1576 panoramic radiographs; a sub-sample of 84 OPGs, in which all first seven mandibular teeth were maturated, was excluded from the study. A final sample of 1492 (704 males and 788 females) aged 6.0 to 13.9years was evaluated. Seven mandibular teeth from the left side of the mandible were analyzed, and dental age (DA) was determined by the Cameriere European formula, Demirjianmethod from 1976, Haavikko, and Willems methods and compared to chronological age (CA). In addition, the mean age difference (DA-CA), the mean absolute error (MAE) between dental and chronological age, the percentage of the individuals of dental age within ± 0.25 to ± 2years of chronological age, and intra-observer and inter-observer statistics were calculated. The Cameriere European formula estimated the best dental age compared to the chronological age; the mean underestimation was - 0.4years for both sexes, Haavikko underestimated by - 0.17years, while Demirjian and Willems overestimated by 1.02years and 0.48years, respectively. The most significant difference showed the Demirjian method in 11-year-old and 12-year-old females. The MAE were 0.50years, 1.01years, 0.61years, and 0.78years in males and 0.51years, 1.18years, 0.61years, and 0.70years in females for the Cameriere European formula, Haavikko, Willems, and Demirjian methods, respectively. Furthermore, the Cameriere European formula showed the highest proportions of individuals with DA within ± 0.5year difference of the CA, 61.5% in males and 59.6% in females. In addition, the Cameriere method showed the best intra-observer and inter-observer agreements. Although the Demirjian method was used previously in Croatian children for legal, medical, and clinical purposes, the Cameriere European formula, Haavikko, and Willems were more accurate in the tested sample. According to our findings, the Cameriere European formula showed the best accuracy and precision in dental age assessment in Croatian children following Haavikko, and we recommend it as the method of the first choice in forensic and clinical analyses.