Camera Tube Research Articles

An externally validated guide to anatomical interpretation using a direct-vision (‘IRIS’) feeding tube

Background & AimsMost of the 11.5 million feeding tubes placed annually in Europe and the USA are placed ‘blind’. This carries a 1.6% risk that these tubes will enter the lung and 0.5% cause pneumothorax or pneumonia regardless of whether misplacement is identified prior to feeding. Tube placement by direct vision may reduce the risk of respiratory or oesophageal misplacement. This study externally validated whether an 'operator guide' would enable novice operators to differentiate the respiratory and alimentary tracts. MethodsOne IRIS tube was placed in each of 40 patients. Novice operators interpreted anatomical position using the built-in tube camera. Interpretation was checked from recorded images by consultant gastroenterologists and end-of-procedure checks using pH or X-ray checked by Radiologists and a consultant intensivist. ResultsThe 40 patients were a median of 68y (IQR: 56-75), 70% male, mostly medical (65%), conscious (67.5%) and 70% had no artificial airway. Three tubes were removed due to failed placement. In the remaining 37 placements, novice operators identified the airway in 17 (45.9%) and airway+respiratory tract in 19 (51.4%), but redirected all these tubes into the oesophagus. By using direct vision to reduce the proportion of tubes near the airway or in respiratory tract from 0.514 to 0, operator discrimination between the respiratory and alimentary tracts was highly significant (0.514 vs 0: p < 0.0001, power >99.9% when significance = 0.05). In addition, organ boundaries (respiratory tract vs oesophagus, oesophagus vs stomach, stomach vs intestine) were identified in 100%. ConclusionsNovice operators, trained using the guide, identified all respiratory misplacements and accurately interpreted IRIS tube position. Guide-based training could enable widespread use of direct vision as a means to prevent tube-related complications.

Experimental investigations on acoustic-velocity-flame dynamic characteristics of a stratified burner

To reveal the influence of interaction between pilot and main flames on flow and thermo-acoustic instability characteristics, high-frequency measurement devices such as High-Frequency Particle Image Velocimetry (HFPIV), high-speed camera, pressure sensors, and photomultiplier tube were applied to study the acoustic-velocity-flame dynamic characteristics of the stratified burner under ambient temperature and pressure. Results show that the pilot swirling flow significantly influences the acoustic-velocity-flame dynamic characteristics of the stratified burner. When the pilot and main stage are operated with a swirling air jet and swirling flame, the main recirculation zone disappears, the thermo-acoustic instability is strengthened and the frequency of thermo-acoustic instability is locked with the large-scale vortex shedding frequency. When the pilot stage is converted into a swirling flame, the main recirculation zone re-appears down stream of the nozzle outlet, and the high-temperature burned gas is rolled back to improve the combustion stability of the swirling flame. However, in this case, the interaction between the pilot and main flames makes the thermo-acoustic instability frequency not well consistent with large-scale vortex shedding frequency. The interaction between the main stage and pilot stage flames leads to the increase of the flame angle of the main stage. The heat release fluctuation at the flame interaction region is the most intense, and the large-scale vortex in the outer shear layer of the main stage also causes the flame to produce severe oscillation.

Controllable and tunable plasma photonic crystals through a combination of photonic crystal and dielectric barrier discharge patterns

We report five types of patterns with square symmetry, including three novel types obtained by inserting a specially designed grid photonic crystal (PC) into a dielectric barrier discharge system. They are studied using an intensified charge-coupled device camera and photomultiplier tubes. The three novel types of patterns are a square pattern with one structure, a square superlattice pattern with four sublattices and a (1/4)K grid (K grid is the basic wave vector of the grid), and another square pattern with a complex inversion discharge sequence. From the application viewpoint, the five types of patterns can be used as plasma photonic crystals (PPCs). Their band diagrams under a transverse-magnetic wave simulated by the finite element method show that there are a large number of band gaps. Compared with the original PC with only a unidirectional band gap, the five types of PPCs have tunable and omnidirectional band gaps, which is very important in controlling the propagation of electromagnetic waves in the mm-wave region. The experimental results enrich the pattern types in the dielectric barrier discharge system and provide a method for obtaining PPCs with symmetry controllability and bandgap tunability.

Novel co-axial, disposable, low-cost 3D printed videolaryngoscopes for patients with COVID-19: a manikin study

BACKGROUND COVID-19 continues to present challenges to both patient management and the protection of the airway management team involved, in particular in resource-constrained low-income countries. Among the most concerning complications in affected patients is rapid hypoxemic respiratory failure requiring tracheal intubation and mechanical ventilation. Videolaryngoscopy without peri-intubation oxygenation is the recommended approach in COVID-19 patients. However, the absence of peri-intubation oxygenation during intubation attempts can lead to hypoxia, and result in life-threatening complications in already critically ill patients. OBJECTIVE To develop low-cost disposable 3D printed videolaryngoscope designs with integrated channels for oxygen, suction, WIFI-enabled camera and tracheal tube channels, as well as a flexible transparent barrier anchor to offer optional additional protection to the user and airway management team. DESIGN A manikin study. SETTING AND PARTICIPANTS Three experienced consultant anaesthetists in the Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES To generate novel co-axial videolaryngoscopes that meet International Standards, ISO7376 : 2020 standards for anaesthetic and respiratory equipment (laryngoscopes for tracheal intubation), and to demonstrate successful tracheal intubation of a manikin trainer in a range of configurations (‘easy’ to ‘difficult’) in accordance with the Cormack-Lehane grading of laryngeal view. RESULTS Final design prototypes met the minimum criteria for strength and rigidity according to ISO7376 : 2020, including blade tip displacement under load (65 N and 150 N). Preliminary validation has demonstrated successful tracheal intubation of a manikin trainer in all configurations including ‘difficult’ (Cormack-Lehane Grade 3 view). CONCLUSIONS This low-cost, rapid in-house manufacture could offer a mitigation of supply chain disruptions that can arise during global pandemics. Furthermore, it could offer a low-cost solution in low-income countries where there is an infection risk caused by re-using most current videolaryngoscopes requiring sterilisation before re-use, as well as limitations in the availability of personal protective equipment.

ROBOTIC ASSISTED MINIMALLY INVASIVE CARDIAC SURGERY DA VINCI ROBOTIC SYSTEM. ANALYSIS OF PERIOPERATIVE CONSIDERATIONS

<h3>Introduction</h3> Robotic assisted minimally invasive cardiac surgery is a complex procedure where the anesthesiologist works in situations that require management skills. <h3>Method</h3> The study design is a retrospective observational model, which was performed with chart review. Data were collected from 104 patients who underwent minimally invasive cardiac surgery and were repaired using the Da Vinci robot-assisted minimally invasive approach from November 2019 to March 2022. The variables collected were assigned into three groups: preoperative variables, intraoperative variables and postoperative variables. The preparatory variables were age, sex, personal history of interest, Anesthetic Risk Scale (ASA), European System for Cardiac Operation Risk Evaluation II (EUROESCORE II), preoperative echocardiography, preoperative laboratory tests and diagnosis. Intraoperative variables were type of anesthesia, airway device used, invasive monitor, intraoperative transesophageal echocardiography data, complications, vasoactive drug use, blood product transfusion, extracorporeal circulation times and aortic clamping times, analgesic technique, extubation and surgical outcome. Finally, the postoperative variables were length of stay in the intensive care unit, length of hospital stay and postoperative complications. <h3>Results</h3> On the ASA 101 patients (97.1%) were in the ASA IV group and only 3 patients were in the ASA V group (2.9%). In the Euroescore II 103 patients scored less than 3 (99.03 %) and only one patient scored above 3 (0.9 %). Regarding anesthesia, 71 patients received total intravenous general anesthesia (68,3%) and 32 patients received balanced general anesthesia (30,7%) and in 1 patient this information could not be collected (0,9%)).. For airway management, a left double-lumen tube was used in 21 patients (20.8%), a Vivasight-type camera tube in 47 patients (46.6%) and a bronchial blocker through a conventional tube under fibrobronchoscopic vision in 33 patients (32.6%). In 3 patients this information could not be collected. Only 1 patient suffered serious complications during surgery (0.96 %). Vasoactive drugs were used in 81 patients (78%). Blood products were transfused in 7 patients (6.7%). The analgesic technique used consisted of locoregional blocks in 59 patients (56%), Locoregional block + patient-controlled morphine analgesia (PCA) in 14 patients (13,4%), PCA only in 29 patients (27,8%) and in 4 patients we do not know this information (3,8%). With regard to postoperative complications, 26 patients (25 %) were recorded. One patient died (0.96%). <h3>Conclusions</h3> In minimally invasive robotic-assisted cardiac surgery there are fundamental details to consider before, during and post-intervention such as the selection of the right patient, preoperative assessment, anesthetic technique, airway management, performing a good transesophageal echocardiographic study, hemodynamic behavior of the patient during the intervention, measures to take in case of complications and postoperative management, among others. Little literature exists so far and more studies are needed. ANALYSIS OF ANAESTHETIC CONSIDERATIONS

A comparison of density estimation methods for monitoring marked and unmarked animal populations

AbstractEffective monitoring of wildlife populations forms the foundation of modern‐day conservation biology. Without reliable estimates of population size, it is not possible to determine population trends, a key requirement in determining species status under international legislation. Carnivores are one of the more difficult taxonomic groups to monitor due to low population densities and elusive behavior. Here, we compare conventional live trapping and two more modern, noninvasive field methods of population estimation: genetic fingerprinting from hair tube sampling and camera trapping for the pine marten (Martes martes). We apply marked spatial capture–recapture (SCR) models to the genetic and live‐trapping data where individuals were identifiable, and unmarked SCR (uSCR), camera‐trap distance sampling (CT‐DS), and random encounter models (REMs) to the camera‐trap data where individual ID was not possible. All five approaches produced plausible and relatively consistent point estimates (0.49–1.20 individuals/km2) despite differences in precision, cost, and effort being apparent. Genetic fingerprinting produced the most precise estimate out of the two approaches for marked animal populations and had the key benefit of being noninvasive but was the most expensive of all the methods. Live trapping produced the highest point estimate while being cheapest, but the most labor intensive and least precise. The camera‐trapping methods for unmarked animal populations were the most time efficient and precise except uSCR with a moderately informative prior (uSCRm), which produced the second least precise density estimate of all the methods compared. The CT‐DS produced the most precise estimate of all the methods, followed by REM and then uSCR with a strongly informative prior (uSCRs). While choice of method of density estimation depends on objectives and funding constraints, as well as the species of interest, we demonstrate the importance of usinga prioriknowledge of target species and consideration of planned statistical analysis to produce appropriate experimental designs with critical consideration required regarding trap spacing and spatial extent. Such considerations broaden the comparability and applicability of these methods and will serve to provide key reference estimates for researchers, wildlife managers, and non‐governmental organizations involved in monitoring wildlife populations.

Similarity phenomena of lean swirling flames at different bulk velocities with acoustic disturbances

In this study, flame responses to acoustic disturbances with different frequencies and amplitudes were experimentally investigated in a lean premixed swirl-stabilized combustor operating at different bulk velocities. The total heat release rate fluctuations and spatial CH* chemiluminescence distributions were captured using a photomultiplier tube and high-speed camera, respectively. The results indicate that the heat release rate exhibits a relatively drastic oscillation and high-order harmonics for low-frequency disturbances. When the bulk velocity and forcing frequency were doubled simultaneously, similar flame structures were observed in the CH* chemiluminescence distributions. As the bulk velocity increases, the gain of the Flame Describing Function (FDF) extends toward the higher frequencies, and the delay time of the flame response decreases. The similarity among FDFs at different bulk velocities was effectively captured by introducing a non-dimensional parameter, defined as the ratio of the flame response delay to the forcing time scale, to replace the dimensional forcing frequency. Furthermore, the availability of the newly defined non-dimensional parameter was verified for flames with different swirl numbers, as this played an important role in determining the flame structures and associated unsteady heat release rate.

A Real-Time Endoscope Motion Tracker.

In colonoscopy, it is desirable to accurately localize the position of the endoscope's distal tip. Current tip localization techniques are not sufficient for recording the position and movement of the tip, nor is its rotation measured. We hypothesize that integration of multiple tracking modalities can effectively record the endoscope's motion in real time and continuously corrects cumulative errors. A dual modality tracking method is developed to measure the motion of the endoscope's insertion tube in real time, including insertion length, rotation angle, and their velocities. Optical trackballs were used to measure the endoscope insertion tube's motion and cameras were used to correct cumulative errors. The accuracy of insertion length and rotational angle were measured. For speeds ≤ 10 mm/s, the median and 90th percentile insertion position errors were 0.88 mm and 2.2 mm, respectively. The insertion position error increases with the speed, reaching a maximum of 10 mm for speeds < 40 mm/s. 11° and 21° were the median and 90th percentile rotation angle errors for angular speeds < 40°/s. Cumulative errors are sufficiently reduced by the imaging modality. The prototype device can precisely measure an unmodified endoscope's position, rotation, and motion in real time without significant accumulative error. The prototype device is small and compatible with existing commercial endoscopes as an add-on accessory, which could be used for reporting, localizing the lesions in follow up procedures, operational guidance, quality assurance, and training. Clinical and Translational Impact Statement-This preclinical research develops an endoscope tracker that can be integrated into colonoscopy training, automatically record endoscope motion, and be further developed to improve polyp and tumor localization during colonoscopy.

X-ray streak camera tube with two photocathodes

&lt;sec&gt;The time-resolved X-ray spectroscopy measurement system based on X-ray streak camera technology is indispensable diagnostic equipment in the study of laser inertial fusion research and high-energy-density physics. However, limited by the effective photocathode length of the X-ray streak tube, the time-resolved spectral measurement system usually used has the shortcomings of narrow spectrum range and poor spectral resolution.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;In order to overcome the shortcomings, a novel dual-channel streak tube is developed, which consists of a photocathode, a prefocusing electrode group in temporal direction, an electric quadrupole lens electrode group, a main focusing electrode group in temporal direction, a deflector plate, and a phosphor screen. The photocathode has two slits. When X-rays are incident, two electron beams can be emitted simultaneously. The electric quadrupole lens electrode group is composed of 8 arc electrodes. Two electric quadrupole lenses are formed by the 8 arc electrodes in the spatial direction. Two electron beams emitted from the cathode of the streak tube are first accelerated and prefocused by the prefocusing electrode group in the time direction, and then compressed by the main focusing electrode group in the time direction. In the spatial direction, two electron beams are focused by the two electric quadrupole lenses independently. This novel streak tube structure can focus two electron beams at the same time, thereby increasing the effective photocathode length and maintaining the compact structure of streak tube without increasing the aberration.&lt;/sec&gt;&lt;sec&gt;The cathode voltage of the designed streak tube is –12 kV, the distance from cathode to grid is 5 mm, and the cathode-grid field strength is 2.4 kV/mm. The cathode is divided into two sections, the spacing between sections is about 13 mm, the length of each section is more than 20 mm, the magnification of the image converter tube is about 1.56 times, the distance between the cathode and the phosphor screen is 300 mm, and the longest size along the cathode direction is 90 mm. The test results of the performance of the streak tube show that the actual effective cathode length of the developed tube reaches 44 mm, the spatial resolution is better than 15 lp/mm, and the deflection sensitivity is better than 40 mm/kV. The effective cathode and spatial resolution of the tube can be increased to 50 mm and 25 lp/mm by further optimizing the structure of the tube and removing the image intensifier with a high sensitivity image recording system, respectively.&lt;/sec&gt;

Lidar-radar for underwater target detection using a modulated sub-nanosecond Q-switched laser

Here we report on a modulated sub-nanosecond lidar-radar for underwater target detection. The modulated laser source is consisted of a 1064 nm master oscillator power amplifier (MOPA) and a frequency-doubling module, outputting pulse energy of 178.1 mJ at 1064 nm with 0.76 ns pulse duration and 87.6 mJ at 532 nm. By using a Fabry–Pérotcavity containing a KTP crystal and two reflectors, the 532 nm laser pulse is modulated into the burst mode with a repetition rate of 500 MHz. A streak tube camera is used as the signal receiving apparatus. An underwater target detection experiment has been carried out. The results indicate that this lidar-radar could emit a stable and powerful modulated signal, which greatly increases the underwater detection range. The cooperation of the streak tube imaging and modulated laser source for underwater target detection experiments is the first attempt in this field. The clear 3-D and 4-D images of the target underwater across 20 m are obtained in the experiments and the spatial resolution of 9 mm can be achieved.

A low-cost wireless endoscope camera: a preliminary report

BackgroundTechnology currently used for surgical endoscopy was developed and is manufactured in high-income economies. The cost of this equipment makes technology transfer to resource constrained environments difficult. We aimed to design an affordable wireless endoscope to aid visualisation during rigid endoscopy and minimally invasive surgery (MIS). The initial prototype aimed to replicate a 4-mm lens used in rigid cystoscopy.MethodsFocus was placed on using open-source resources to develop the wireless endoscope to significantly lower the cost and make the device accessible for resource-constrained settings. An off the shelf miniature single-board computer module was used because of its low cost (US$10) and its ability to handle high-definition (720p) video. Open-source Linux software made monitor mode (“hotspot”) wireless video transmission possible. A 1280 × 720 pixel high-definition tube camera was used to generate the video signal. Video is transmitted to a standard laptop computer for display. Bench testing included latency of wireless digital video transmission. Comparison to industry standard wired cameras was made including weight and cost. The battery life was also assessed.ResultsIn comparison with industry standard cystoscope lens, wired camera, video processing unit and light source, the prototype costs substantially less. (US$ 230 vs 28 000). The prototype is light weight (184 g), has no cables tethering and has acceptable battery life (of over 2 h, using a 1200 mAh battery). The camera transmits video wirelessly in near real time with only imperceptible latency of < 200 ms. Image quality is high definition at 30 frames per second. Colour rendering is good, and white balancing is possible. Limitations include the lack of a zoom.ConclusionThe novel wireless endoscope camera described here offers equivalent high-definition video at a markedly reduced cost to contemporary industry wired units and could contribute to making minimally invasive surgery possible in resource-constrained environments.

High-Temperature Operation Method for Image Pickup Tube

This paper proposes a new operation method for an image pickup tube under high-temperature conditions. The landing energy of an electron beam is set at a value for the secondary electron yield above 1.0. The mesh electrode, which is located in front of the image plate, can act as a potential barrier and control the surface potential of the image plate in the balanced state, where secondary electron yield is 1.0. The polarity of signal charges can be also selected with the proposed method. These effects can suppress image degradation caused at high temperatures. We successfully demonstrated imaging operation around 100 °C.

Automated Drawing Tube (Camera Lucida) Method in Light Microscopy Images Analysis Can Comes True.

Background:In a light microscope, image acquisition with different component depths is difficult, and there are various approaches for solving this problem. One of the common approaches is Camera Lucida (CL). This method has some disadvantages such as time-consuming, handed problems in painting, causing user boring, and produce gray scale output images.Aims and Objectives:In this study, we purposed a novel-combined hardware and software method. In this article, we try to present an automated method for our designed microscope.Materials and Methods:We have done a project with designed code number 377,694 to design and implement an upgraded light microscope. That project was about automatic movement of a stage with closed-looped control of a servomotor. Furthermore, automated camera catches images in predefined positions. That project has acceptable results in different parts, which encourage us to work on this study. This study help specialist have good fixative of all components in a sample. It is about trying to have useful Lucida Camera (drawing tube) in an automated scheme.Results:This method is an acceptable usual way for microscopic specialists, but with some disadvantages. It is time-consuming and boring that effect on the accuracy of results. Hence, how can be good if automated similar method could be implemented is exciting and affective. This studies idea comes from the basis of manual drawing tube (CL) method. In this experimental study, we have taken 400 handed an image of microorganisms. Captured images are from its whole body or various organs. They have been captured in different z-axis positions of stage, and hence components with different depths could be focused. Each patch checked for its edge strength to choose highest resolutions sub image and reconstruct focused image like a puzzle. This process has been continued for all areas to merge and complete reconstructed image as output.Conclusion:Comparing edge strength with other images and mean square error with manual focused on confirm our method with pleasure outcomes. Furthermore, independent focusing of an internal component in a sample body has been surveyed. It helps to have better resolution in internal selected component for more analysis and replace in its primitive image. This article presents efficient consequences with good accuracy and saving time in process period, which could be useful in different microscopes types and various samples type.

Bilayer lead oxide X-ray photoconductor for lag-free operation

Polycrystalline Lead Oxide (poly-PbO) was considered one of the most promising photoconductors for the direct conversion X-ray medical imaging detectors due to its previous success in optical imaging, i.e., as an optical target in so-called Plumbicon video pick-up tubes. However, a signal lag which accompanies X-ray excitation, makes poly-PbO inapplicable as an X-ray-to-charge transducer in real-time X-ray imaging. In contrast, the recently synthesized Amorphous Lead Oxide (a-PbO) photoconductor is essentially lag-free. Here, we report on our approach to a PbO detector where a thin layer of a-PbO is combined with a thick layer of poly-PbO for lag-free operation. In the presented a-PbO/poly-PbO bilayer structure, the poly-PbO layer serves as an X-ray-to-charge transducer while the a-PbO acts as a lag prevention layer. The hole mobility in the a-PbO/poly-PbO bilayer structure was measured by photo-Charge Extraction by Linearly Increasing Voltage technique at different temperatures and electric fields to investigate charge transport properties. It was found that the hole mobility is similar to that in a-Se—currently the only commercially viable photoconductor for the direct conversion X-ray detectors. Evaluation of the X-ray temporal performance demonstrated complete suppression of signal lag, allowing operation of the a-PbO/poly-PbO detector in real-time imaging.

How Was the World's First Single-Tube Color Video Camera for Home Use, Born?

It was Toshiba IK-12 who overcame such a common sense that the shooting of a TV camera was a job of expert engineers. TV cameras using image pickup tubes were already put into practical use in the 1970s. It had many functions to adjust the size, light intensity, color tone, etc., and it could only be operated by an experienced professional engineers. Under such circumstances, the world's first home-use color video camera IK12 released in 1974 was the small and light weight. It included various innovations. The number of adjustment points has been reduced as much as possible so that anyone can use it, and a compact and lightweight design has been devised so that even women can use it. The IK12 opened up a new market for home video cameras and created an era where everyone could shoot. The basic technologies and ideas of digital cameras and mobile phones were built at this time. How was the groundbreaking single-tube color video camera for home born? I would like to verify these from a technical point of view. I think these will often be helpful for young researchers and engineers who will lead the next generation.

Synchronization of a camera and x-ray tube in digital radiography system in UNNES medical physical laboratory

Much development of medical devices has been made in the field of radiology. An example is the development of analog radiology into digital radiology. The result of a digital radiographic x-ray is a digital radiograph that can be processed further with image processing techniques. After that it can be printed (printed image) or sent by a teleradiology method. To increase the digital image results, a delay was needed between the opening of the camera lens and the x-ray exposure. Then a delay circuit optimization is needed between the DSLR (digital single lens reflex) cameras, and x-ray exposure on Arduino Uno-based analog radiographs which are used as a unit delay and relay. In the unit delay, a push button triggered a millisecond, so that the Arduino IDE program was needed to set a delay. The relay functioned as a separator between the DC (Direct Current) on the camera and the AC (Alternating Current) on the x-ray tube. The results obtained were that the longer the x-ray exposure, the more intensity. Variation in delay time was regulated in the Arduino IDE program to get the best image quality with the least intensity of light to reduce radiation side effects in patients.

Charged Particle Pickup Tube Detector Used in Experimental Applications and Classroom Demonstrations

Acharge pickup detector was developed at the University of Colorado for use in classroom demonstrations and in the dust accelerator at the Institute for Modeling Plasma, Atmospheres and Cosmic Dust (IMPACT). The detector can be used in a physics classroom to help high school and introductory-level physics students connect electromagnetic phenomena with measurement techniques that are common to experimental physics and in electronics courses to demonstrate the use of a charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA). Construction of a similar detector would develop students’ basic machining and electronics skills, which are crucial in most undergraduate experimental physics opportunities. The detector is designed to nondestructively determine the velocity and charge of particles. The detector is compact (8.6 cm x 5.4 cm x 4.1 cm), simple, and lightweight. It is built with off-the-shelf components with simple machining, resulting in a low-cost (∼$100) detector that maintains the high sensitivity (0.2 fC) necessary for characterization of most hypervelocity dust particles, as well as a wide variety of other applications accessible to introductory-level physics students such as charged particles in a dust storm, pith balls, or charged raindrops. This paper focuses on both characterization of the detector using the accelerator at IMPACT and the basics of the undergraduate-level physics principles, electronics principles, mechanical design, and lab applications.

Enhanced Visual Wireless Electrochemiluminescence Immunosensing of Prostate-Specific Antigen Based on the Luminol Loaded into MIL-53(Fe)-NH2 Accelerator and Hydrogen Evolution Reaction Mediation.

A sensitive prostate-specific antigen (PSA) detection method using a visual-readout closed bipolar electrode (BPE) system has been introduced by integration of hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) in cathodic pole and electrochemiluminescence (ECL) of luminol loaded within the MIL-53(Fe)-NH2 (L@MIL-53(Fe)-NH2) in the anodic pole. The cathode of the BPE was electrochemically synthesized by 3D porous copper foam, followed by decorating with nitrogen-doped graphene nanosheet and ruthenium nanoparticles. As an alternative, we employed carboxylate-modified magnetic nanoparticles (MNPs) for immobilization of the primary antibody (Ab1) and utilized the L@MIL-53(Fe)-NH2 conjugated to secondary antibody (Ab2) as a signaling probe and coreaction accelerator. After sandwiching the target PSA between Ab1 and Ab2, the MNP/Ab1-PSA-Ab2/L@MIL-53(Fe) were introduced to a gold anodic BPE. Finally, the resulting ECL of luminol and H2O2 at the anodic poles was monitored using a photomultiplier tube (PMT) or digital camera. The PMT and visual (camera)-based detections showed linear responses from 1 pg mL-1 to 300 ng mL-1 (limit of detection 0.2 pg mL-1) and 5 pg mL-1 to 200 ng mL-1 (limit of detection 0.1 pg mL-1), respectively. This strategy provides an effective method for high-performance bioanalysis and opens a new door toward the development of the highly sensitive and user-friendly device.

142 Effect of follicular size on oocyte recovery rate, quality, and in vitro developmental competency following maturation, fertilization, and culturing in Bos indicus cows

Applied reproductive technologies include AI, multiple ovulation and embryo transfer, IVF, cloning, ovum pickup, and zygote intra-fallopian tube transfer in farm animals. Modern commercialized dairy farming is ever more relying on in vitro embryo production for maximal utilisation of superior genetics of female animals. Follicular size influenced the quality of the oocytes and their in vitro developmental competence in Bos taurus cows. However, this information is lacking in Bos indicus cows. Therefore, the objectives of the present study were to determine the effect of follicular size on recovery rate, quality, and in vitro developmental competence of the oocytes in Bos indicus cows. The ovaries (n=508) of 5- to 8-years-old Bos indicus cows, body condition score 2.75±0.25, having mixed parity and clinically normal reproductive tracts, were collected. These follicles on the ovaries were divided into 2 groups based on their size: (1) &amp;lt;6mm diameter and (2) ≥6mm diameter. The data on recovery; quality; maturation; cleavage rates; 4-cell, 8-cell, and 16-cell stages; and morula rate were analysed by Chi-squared test using SPSS version 20 software (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA, 2016) system for windows. Results revealed that oocytes with grade I+II quality (68.4v. 42.1%; P&amp;lt;0.05) were higher, whereas grade III+IV quality (31.6v. 57.5%; P&amp;lt;0.05) were lower, in ≥6mm as compared with &amp;lt;6mm groups, respectively. Moreover, the 4-cell (34.5v. 18.7%), 8-cell (15.4v. 7.7%), 16-cell (8.7v. 2.2%) stages and morula rate (4.5v. 0.3%) were higher (P&amp;lt;0.05) in ≥6mm as compared with &amp;lt;6mm groups, respectively. However, the maturation and cleavage rates did not differ (P&amp;gt;0.05) between both groups. It is concluded that oocytes having follicle size ≥6mm have better quality in terms of morphological grades and in vitro developmental competence in Bos indicus cows. It is implied that for maximum production of embryos through ovum pickup, the most appropriate follicular size for aspiration is ≥6 mm.

Triangular lattice pattern with invisible Kagome lattice in dielectric barrier discharge system

We present the triangular lattice pattern with the invisible Kagome lattice in the dielectric barrier discharge system with two water electrodes for the first time. The spatio-temporal dynamics studied by an intensified charge-coupled device (ICCD) show that the complex pattern is composed of four different sublattices: Kagome lattice, halos, and big and small spots (B and S). The invisible Kagome lattice is similar to the dark discharge because of its spatio-temporal randomness. Based on the novel discharges (B and S) occurring at the falling edge of applied voltage, the dynamics of surface charges is investigated and demonstrated with a high speed video camera and photomultiplier tubes. Furthermore, the formation of restricted random structures is considered to be the effect of previous discharges which rearrange the surface charges.