Camera Equipment Research Articles

МОНІТОРИНГ МІСЦЕВОСТІ ТА ВИСОТНИХ ПЕРЕШКОД У РАЙОНАХ АЕРОПОРТУ

The urgency of the research. At present, new aviation rules concerning the provision of air navigation information have been introduced in Ukraine. The rules take into account the legislation of the European Union, Eurocontrol documents, ICAO Standards on the accuracy, processing and use of aeronautical data, which include data on terrain and obstacles in the areas of airports. Target setting.One of the factors influencing the safety of civil aviation is the consideration of obstacles on the routes in the form of elevations and high-altitude objects. This is evidenced by accidents and catastrophes of aircraft caused by col-lisions with high-altitude obstacles. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor the ground space in the areas of an airport for the timely detection of obstacles to the updating of the electronic database on terrain and obstacles.Actual scientific researches and issues analysis.Recent open access publications on existing methods of collecting geo-spatial data to determine terrain and obstacles in areas of the airport wer e reviewed.Uninvestigated parts of general matters defining.The analysis of the given sources allows to draw a conclusion that concerning area 1 of the airport which is the territory of the state, the contradictory information on use of this or that method of definition of a relief of district and obstacles is resulted.The research objective. The main purpose of the article is to analyze the methods of monitoring spatial information on terrain and obstacles in area 1 of the airport using space-based radar systems that would meet the requirements of ICAO in this area for the maintenance of electronic databases of terrain and obstacles.The statement of basic materials.The quantitative requirements of ICAO for data on terrain and obstacles in area 1 of theairport are given. The errors of the results of the satellite radar topographic survey (SRTM), which allowed to obtain a digital model of the Earth's topography, were resolutionin the vertical plane 1 m, and in the horizontal plane - 30 m. The method of Permanent Scatterer SAR Interferometry PSInSAR - interferometry of stable reflectors using radars with synthe-sized space-based aperture allows to obtain the accuracy of stable reflectors (natural and man-made objects) in the vertical plane of about 1 m and the error in determining the heights of other objects is 14 m. Currently, the PSInSAR method is used to monitor the subsidence of the earth's surface in cities, which allows to determine the deformation of the earth's surface to the nearest millimeter. The grouping of remote sensing satellites TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X provided global coverage of the earth's surface with a digital terrain model with an accuracy of at least 2 m in height. The spatial resolution was about 1 m. In 2020, a satellite with a synthesized aperture of the Capella-2 radar survey was launched into Earth orbit. This unique micro satellite weighs 107 kg. Its camera equipment currently has an ultra-high spatial resolution of 50 x 50 cm.Conclusions.Modern methods of satellite radar can determine the planned and altitude position of objects in the area of airport 1 (territory of the state) with accuracy and resolution that meets the requirements of ICAO for the maintenance ofan electronicdatabase of terrain and obstacles. It is proposed to perform the first phase of monitoring objects in the country with the help of satellite radar, and in the second phase of monitoring to involve a ground survey - to clarify the attributive information about the objects detected in the first phase.

Luminescence-based early detection of fatigue cracks

Classic non-destructive fatigue crack detection methods reveal the state of the fatigue damage evolution at the moment of application, generally not under operational conditions. The here introduced crack luminescence method realizes a clear visibility of the occurred and growing crack in loaded components during operation. Different established experiments show that due to the sensitive coating a crack formation can be detected even in early stage under the premise the crack reached the surface. The coating consists of two layers with different properties and functions. The bottom layer emits light as fluorescence under UV radiation. The top layer covers the fluorescing one and prevents the emitting of light in case of no damage at the surface. In case of surface crack occurrence, the luminescent light is clearly noticeable by visual observations and also by standard camera equipment which makes automated crack detection possible as well. It is expected that crack luminescence can increase structural safety as well as reduce costs and time for inspections and preventive maintenance.

Using a small UAV for nautical ports inventory

Reliable knowledge of marinas is crucial for the water tourism. The tourist information base of sailing ports on inland waterways should be updated every year. In addition to the basic information about the marinas, aerial photographs of the port and its surrounding are now in demand. A small four-rotor Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) can be an ideal tool for such an inventory. Unlike airplanes or fixed-wings, small and cheap unmanned aircrafts do not require much open space to start an air mission. A properly configured Unmanned Aerial System (UAS) can bring camera equipment to the location where the pictures are to be taken. The drone can hover over an object allowing the operator to take the right shots. After the mission, a UAV can automatically return and make a safe landing. Photos taken with the drone provide potential users (sailors or fishermen) with basic information about the object’s location: size, number of mooring spaces for boats, the difficulty of manoeuvring in the ports, as well as attractiveness of the adjacent area. The article presents an example of the application of DJI Phantom 4 Pro to the inventory of sailing ports on the route of the Great Masurian Lakes in Poland.

Verification of an Internal Close-Range Photogrammetry Approach for Volume Determination during Triaxial Testing

AbstractAccurate strain and volume measurements are critical to phase relationships and strength determination for saturated and unsaturated soils. In recent years, laboratory-based photographic techniques of monitoring soil specimens have become more common. These techniques have been used to reconstruct 3-D models and to determine strain and volumetric changes of triaxial specimens. A new technique that used digital photographs of the soil specimen, captured from within a triaxial testing cell, was utilized. Photographs were processed using photogrammetric software to reconstruct 3-D models of the soil specimens at various times during the triaxial test. By placing camera equipment within the cell, the technique eliminated the need to account for optical distortions that were due to (1) refraction at the confining fluid–cell wall–atmosphere interface, (2) the curvature of the cylindrical cell wall, and (3) the pressure-induced deformation of the cell wall. Previously unreported results from sensitivity studies and accuracy assessments for the internal photogrammetry approach are documented herein. Furthermore, through undrained triaxial compression and extension tests, the viability of determining total and local strains, volume changes, and total volume at any stage of triaxial testing was demonstrated. By comparison with other volume-determination methods that are presented herein, including digital single-lens reflex camera photogrammetry, 3-D scanning, manual measurements, and water displacement techniques, a relative error of 0.13 % was assessed for the internal photogrammetric volume determination technique.

Acoustic camera modeling and compensation technique based on SONAR equation

Acoustic camera is a type of ultrasonic equipment used to detect or classify nearby objects located in water. The distortion of SONAR images acquired from conventional acoustic camera equipment inevitably occurs depending on the platform speed and operating frequency. This has not been huge concern because the platform speeds were low. However, more recently, a high accuracy of acoustic camera images has become essential in accordance with the development of unmanned autonomous systems. Additionally, a high speed of operating platform is also required. Therefore, there is a need for the study of image correction to reduce the distortion of SONAR images acquired from the equipment. In this study, we simulate virtual acoustic camera SONAR images by performing numerical modeling based on the SONAR equation to improve the accuracy of acoustic camera images. To verify the validity of the simulated images, we use the literature data and water-tank experiment data. Finally, we conduct the image compensation both in the direction of motion relative to the platform speed, and in the transverse direction relative to the platform speed and operating frequency.Acoustic camera is a type of ultrasonic equipment used to detect or classify nearby objects located in water. The distortion of SONAR images acquired from conventional acoustic camera equipment inevitably occurs depending on the platform speed and operating frequency. This has not been huge concern because the platform speeds were low. However, more recently, a high accuracy of acoustic camera images has become essential in accordance with the development of unmanned autonomous systems. Additionally, a high speed of operating platform is also required. Therefore, there is a need for the study of image correction to reduce the distortion of SONAR images acquired from the equipment. In this study, we simulate virtual acoustic camera SONAR images by performing numerical modeling based on the SONAR equation to improve the accuracy of acoustic camera images. To verify the validity of the simulated images, we use the literature data and water-tank experiment data. Finally, we conduct the image compensation both...

Método Weibull para la reducción de tiempo de prueba ambiental para divisor óptico

En este artículo se desarrolla un plan de prueba de vida para un divisor óptico estándar, que permite conocer su tiempo de vida útil y su confiabilidad R(t). De acuerdo con el estándar GR-2866, las variables ambientales a analizar son temperatura (T) y humedad (H) y se deben de correr 12 muestras. Durante el análisis, 720 ciclos de T y H fueron realizados durante un periodo de prueba de 30 días (Temp. = 85°, -40° y Hum. = 85%). Así, con la finalidad de reducir el tiempo de prueba, haciendo uso del método Taguchi, el rango de temperatura más significante fue determinado. Con este nuevo rango de temperatura de prueba (T = 100°, -45° y H = 85%) en el modelo de Coffin-Manson, el nuevo tiempo de prueba fue de 10.33 días. Las pruebas experimentales se realizaron mediante el uso de una cámara ambiental y equipo óptico que permitió medir la cantidad de atenuación en decibeles (dB) causada por el estrés de la temperatura y humedad. Para este nuevo rango de prueba los parámetros Weibull son β = 3.19 y η = 92.47.

The design of remote-control system for photographic equipment

In demand of remote control of photographic equipment, we design a remote-control system for photographic equipment. The system uses the stabilizer as the platform to realize the transmission of the state parameters of photographic equipment and stabilizer to the mobile device by the self-designed wireless communication interaction protocol and control protocol. It can also control the camera equipment and stabilizer according their states. The test results show that the remote-control system of the photographic equipment designed in this paper meets the design requirements, facilitates the user’s surveillance filming work and harmonizes the user experience.

Design of a minimum resolution contrast detection system

Aiming at TV camera equipment, a minimum resolution contrast detection system is designed. The system quantitatively controls the brightness of the target background in a closed loop mode, simulates a test pattern with adjustable contrast for the system to be tested under an infinite uniform background, and uses image processing technology and Johnson criteria to replace the traditional human eye observation to complete the objective judgment of the minimum resolution contrast, thus realizing the quantitative measurement of the minimum resolution contrast evaluation parameter of the television camera system. This detection system can realize continuous reading and adjustable brightness ranging from 0.02 to 4.45× 104 cd/m2, and the control precision can reach less than 0.003 cd/m2, thus satisfying the measurement of the minimum resolution contrast of the television camera system within 180mm of the light-transmitting aperture.

Estimating habitat extent and carbon loss from an eroded northern blanket bog using UAV derived imagery and topography

Peatlands are important reserves of terrestrial carbon and biodiversity, and given that many peatlands across the UK and Europe exist in a degraded state, their conservation is a major area of concern and a focus of considerable research. Aerial surveys are valuable tools for habitat mapping and conservation and provide useful insights into their condition. We investigate how SfM photogrammetry-derived topography and habitat classes may be used to construct an estimate of carbon loss from erosion features in a remote blanket bog habitat. An autonomous, unmanned, aerial, fixed-wing remote sensing platform (Quest UAV 300™) collected imagery over Moor House, in the Upper Teesdale National Nature Reserve, a site with a high degree of peatland erosion. The images were used to generate point clouds into orthomosaics and digital surface models using SfM photogrammetry techniques, georeferenced and subsequently used to classify vegetation and peatland features. A classification of peatbog feature types was developed using a random forest classification model trained on field survey data and applied to UAV-captured products including the orthomosaic, digital surface model and derived surfaces such as topographic index, slope and aspect maps. Using the area classified as eroded peat and the derived digital surface model, we estimated a loss of 438 tonnes of carbon from a single gully. The UAV system was relatively straightforward to deploy in such a remote and unimproved area. SfM photogrammetry, imagery and random forest modelling obtained classification accuracies of between 42% and 100%, and was able to discern between bare peat, saturated bog and sphagnum habitats. This paper shows what can be achieved with low-cost UAVs equipped with consumer grade camera equipment and relatively straightforward ground control, and demonstrates their potential for the carbon and peatland conservation research community.

Accurate estimation of fish length in single camera photogrammetry with a fiducial marker

Abstract Videogrammetry and photogrammetry are increasingly being used in marine science for unsupervised data collection. The camera systems employed are complex, in contrast to “consumer” digital cameras and smartphones carried by potential citizen scientists. However, using consumer cameras in photogrammetry will introduce unknown length estimation errors through both the image acquisition process and lens distortion. This study presents a methodology to achieve accurate 2-dimensional (2-D) total length (TL) estimates of fish without specialist equipment or proprietary software. Photographs of fish were captured with an action camera using a background fiducial marker, a foreground fiducial marker and a laser marker. The geometric properties of the lens were modelled with OpenCV to correct image distortion. TL estimates were corrected for parallax effects using an algorithm requiring only the initial length estimate and known fish morphometric relationships. Correcting image distortion decreased RMSE by 96% and the percentage mean bias error (%MBE) by 50%. Correcting for parallax effects achieved a %MBE of −0.6%. This study demonstrates that the morphometric measurement of different species can be accurately estimated without the need for complex camera equipment, making it particularly suitable for deployment in citizen science and other volunteer-based data collection endeavours.

The design research of an intelligent vehicle-mounted/maintenance alarm system based on image recognition technology

with the continuous progress of the society, in recent years, the image recognition technology has a rapid development, whose new application fields are expanding. The intelligent automotive electronic information system and traffic monitoring research based on image recognition have become a new means to solve some social problems. At present, cars have become a necessity for many families, but at the same time, it has also brought a series of social problems, for example, the elderly and children were locked in the car and suffocated by the tragedy is often reported. In order to prevent these accidents, this paper proposes an intelligent vehicle-mounted/maintenance alarm system based on image recognition. Using deep learning algorithm of system main control board as the carrier, the system connects the temperature, pressure and CO2 concentration sensor and camera equipment, with the aid of technologies such as 4G communication technology, image recognition, automatically monitoring in the car, when there were something abnormal, it would timely alarm to remind the owner, and start the ventilation system of emergency handling, in order to solve corresponding problems.

Making Memories: Time and Responsibility in Intermedial Metatheatre

That performance can be captured and replayed may be a given, but much less well-understood is the relationship between that stored performance, the memory of a performed act, and the live event. The practice of intermedial theatre offers a unique way to probe that relationship, and the awareness of metatheatre further exposes the links between memory, technology, and performance. This paper argues that intermedial metatheatre, and my own work as a director, video-maker, and video performer for a 2014 production of Daniel MacIvor’s play Never Swim Alone, provides a valuable model for research-creation that can shed light on these questions in an embodied and experiential manner. Engaging with Sarah Kember and Joanna Zylisnka’s notion of performative media, as well as the concept of memory work from Annette Kuhn, I offer thoughts on materiality, time, and mediated memory, captured through technologies like camera and sound recording equipment, and in constructed spaces like studios and rehearsal rooms, represented by projection mapping software and digital projectors in the theatre space. All these are integrated into the network of actors and techniques that make up current practices in intermedial theatrical creation. Can this research begin to unravel ideas of authenticity and liveness when reactivating memories in relation to live actors, and before an audience? And what of our responsibility to the digital representation and the live performer when bringing these memories and moments together? How does the network of technologies and practitioners in intermedial theatre creation and presentation, understand and respect the “lifeness” of a mediated memory?

Exploring Technological Alternatives to the Visual Inspection Method in the Built Environment

Buildings show symptoms and suffer injuries or failures that demand efficient approaches and sustainable solutions in order to maintain or improve their condition. In previous studies, the authors of this paper proposed a network methodology which stores and analyzes information on the degradation of the built environment in different cities, based on a visual inspection methodology for data collection. The demand for accurate information analysis of facades, along with the inspection time for each facade, creates a need for new information collecting techniques. Therefore, this article aims to evaluate technological equipment incorporated in the traditional inspection methods that can work as a complement to achieve better and more advanced results. For this, an experiment was carried out in the city of Brno, Czech Republic, where five building facades in the city center were analyzed in order to qualify and validate a mobile georeferenced scanner, static georeferenced scanner and thermographic camera equipment for potential incorporation into the current inspection method. Quantitative and qualitative analyses are included, together with some of the capabilities and potential uses of these technological resources for an improvement in the network methodology.

Pengidentifikasian dan Pencarian Manusia Berbasis Citra Menggunakan Unmanned Aerial Vehicle

Indonesia often suffers from disasters triggered by natural damage caused by human actions such as floods and landslides. The difficulty of finding victims of natural disasters is the cause of the slow process of evacuation of victims. Because the time required to perform a search is relatively long, it causes a large number of unsaved victims. The availability of camera and UAV equipment and image processing and control technologies can be used to facilitate the search for victims of natural disasters. Image processing is an image processing technique that converts the input image into another better quality image. An image processing device mounted on a UAV that can fly at a certain height can search with missions that have been entered on the software mission planner. This tool is also more accurate because it comes with a GPS that reports the coordinates of the UAV. From the tests conducted with three high variations of 5 meters, 10 meters and 15 meters, obtained an average photo of 28, 51 and 85 photos for each height respectively. This identification system works well. It is known from that detected objects can be captured images. There are differences of number images being captured in each height, this happens because the camera specification is not supporting, as well as the influence of wifi router signal is disconnected at a certain distance. The distance between the UAV and the wifi router will affect the process of detecting objects as well as image capture.

Using 360-Degree Video for Immersive Learner Engagement

A 360-degree video is a powerful tool that can bring learners into environments that would otherwise be inaccessible. These videos are simultaneously recorded in all directions, allowing the viewer to control viewing direction. Viewers can experience these videos on a computer, smartphone, or tablet or with a virtual reality headset. Camera and software equipment needed to produce 360-degree videos is affordable, allowing Extension educators to produce their own videos. This article addresses the practical aspects of producing 360-degree-video content that can be shared online or in a classroom setting.

Exploration of photography for medical teaching and scientific research specimens

Medical specimen photography is an indispensable step in medical education and scientific research. On the basis of a large number of shooting practices, a set of photography skills have been summed up, including the medical specimens shooting principles, sampling methods, camera equipments, backgrounds, light source and parameters. During medical specimen photography, we should make sure true process, accurate samples, clear image quality, layered main backgrounds, beautiful pictures and correct selection and usage of photographic equipments. Accordingly, a set of disposable small photo studios which are suitable for medical specimen shooting have been built to help medical workers improve the quality of photography in medical education and research specimens. Key words: Specimen; Photography; Parameters

An evaluation of video cameras for collecting observational data on sanctuary-housed chimpanzees (Pan troglodytes).

Video cameras are increasingly being used to monitor captive animals in zoo, laboratory, and agricultural settings. This technology may also be useful in sanctuaries with large and/or complex enclosures. However, the cost of camera equipment and a lack of formal evaluations regarding the use of cameras in sanctuary settings make it challenging for facilities to decide whether and how to implement this technology. To address this, we evaluated the feasibility of using a video camera system to monitor chimpanzees at Chimp Haven. We viewed a group of resident chimpanzees in a large forested enclosure and compared observations collected in person and with remote video cameras. We found that via camera, the observer viewed fewer chimpanzees in some outdoor locations (GLMM post hoc test: est. = 1.4503, SE = 0.1457, Z = 9.951, p < 0.001) and identified a lower proportion of chimpanzees (GLMM post hoc test: est. = -2.17914, SE = 0.08490, Z = -25.666, p < 0.001) compared to in-person observations. However, the observer could view the 2 ha enclosure 15 times faster by camera compared to in person. In addition to these results, we provide recommendations to animal facilities considering the installation of a video camera system. Despite some limitations of remote monitoring, we posit that there are substantial benefits of using camera systems in sanctuaries to facilitate animal care and observational research.

Crack luminescence as an innovative method for detection of fatigue damage

Abstract. Conventional non-destructive testing methods for crack detection provide just a snapshot of fatigue crack evolution at a specific location in the moment of examination. The crack luminescence coating realizes a clear visibility of the entire crack formation. The coating consists of two layers with different properties and functions. The bottom layer emits light as fluorescence under UV radiation. The top layer covers the fluorescing one and prevents the emitting of light in case of no damage at the surface. Several different experiments show that due to the sensitive coating even the early stage of crack formation can be detected. That makes crack luminescence helpful for investigating the incipient crack opening behavior. Cracks can be detected and observed during operation of a structure, making it also very interesting for continuous monitoring. Crack luminescence is a passive method and no skilled professionals are necessary to detect cracks, as for conventional methods. The luminescent light is clearly noticeable by unaided eye observations and also by standard camera equipment, which makes automated crack detection possible as well. It is expected that crack luminescence can reduce costs and time for preventive maintenance and inspection.

Distance Calculation from Single Optical Image

Accurate and fast distance calculation with respect to a single optical image is useful for real-time 3D construction and acquisition, however currently rare distance calculation methods theoretically base on an optical single image, and the traditional distance calculation method with a single image has limitations due to assumption that the step edge in the image must be strictly horizontal or vertical, which is difficult to fulfill in real applications because the slope of a practical edge could be any other value except for zero and infinity. In this paper, a distance calculation method with a single defocused image containing an oblique step edge is proposed, and no special camera equipment or unique external condition is required. First, the basic theory of coordinate system rotation has been introduced to simplify the sampling process of neighbor points and eliminate the influence resulted from slope of the step edge; one-dimension point-spread-function of the original distance calculation method is expended to two-dimension, taking into account coordinate transform, and a comprehensive distance calculation based on an oblique step edge with any slope is deduced; The relationship between the precision of distance calculation and the slope of the step edge is analyzed and proved in theory. Finally, a serial of simulation are conducted to validate our proposed distance calculation method, and the experimental results prove the applicability, validity and high precision of our method.

Evaluation of drag models for particles and powders with non-uniform size and shape

One of the key issues with the application of drag models for non-spherical particles is the incorporation of differently shaped particles. Under real world conditions, every single grain in a powder or granule has a unique geometry which strongly affects its drag coefficient. To incorporate the effects of different particle shape factors on their trajectories in the flow field, a drag analysis of crushed coal slag particles with sizes between 400 μm and 850 μm was performed within this work. The particle shapes were examined using brightfield microscopy and an optical particle analyzer. Also, the drop velocities of particles in still air were measured using a “Sony DSC-RX100 IV” standard digital camera at a frame rate of 1000 pictures per second instead of more costly special-purpose high speed camera equipment. A novel particle classification was introduced based on the obtained data. This data was also used as an input for three different drag models from literature. In order to evaluate the practicality of each drag model, a simple test rig in form of an air tunnel separator was built. It basically consisted of a box where freely falling slag particles were deflected by a free stream of air. The particle mass spreading at the bottom of the air flow separator was compared to numerical results. Numerical simulations of the setup were performed using Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) and a numerically efficient Euler-Lagrange approach in order to calculate the particle trajectories. It was concluded that the simple particle classification method provided satisfying calculated results. A special drag formulation for crushed coal slag particles was developed on the basis of two drag models from literature. The customized drag model improved the calculated results significantly. It can be added to nearly every commercial CFD code on the market without significant increase on computational cost and the proposed procedure also appeared to be well suited for the determination of drag model characteristics of other particulate materials in many fields of research.