Camelina Sativa Oil Research Articles

Effect of Deodorization of Camelina (Camelina sativa) Oil on Its Phenolic Content and the Radical Scavenging Effectiveness of Its Extracts

The influence of deodorization parameters (temperature (T), steam flow (S), time (t)) on the phenolic content and radical scavenging effectiveness (RSE) of methanolic extracts of camelina oil was investigated and analyzed by response-surface methodology (RSM). The phenolic content can be considered to be a linear function of all three parameters. A positive linear relationship between the content of phenolic compounds in deodorized oils and RSE was observed. Deodorization at 210 °C with a steam flow of 3 mL/h for 90 min resulted in the best preservation of phenolics, amounting to 29.9 mg/kg. The lowest reduction from RSE of 12.4 μM Trolox equivalents (TE)/g oil for the crude oil was observed for oil treated at 195 °C and 18 mL/h for 60 min with RSE of 10.1 μM TE/g oil. The lack of correlation between RSE or total phenolic content and oxidative stability (OS) of the deodorized oils suggests that antioxidants in scavenging radicals react by different mechanisms, depending on radical type and reaction medium.

Effect of replacement of fish oil with camelina (Camelina sativa) oil on growth, lipid class and fatty acid composition of farmed juvenile Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua)

Camelina (Camelina sativa) oil was tested as a replacement for fish oil in diets for farmed Atlantic cod (Gadus morhua). Camelina differs from other plant oilseeds previously used in aquaculture with high lipid (40 %), α-linolenic acid (40 %), antioxidants and low proportions of saturated fats. Dietary treatments were fed to cod (19 g fish⁻¹ initial weight) for 9 weeks and included a fish oil control (FO), 40 % (CO40) and 80 % (CO80) replacement of fish oil with camelina oil. There was no effect of replacing fish oil with camelina oil included at levels up to 80 % on the growth performance. Cod fed CO80 stored more lipid in the liver (p < 0.01), including more neutral lipid (p < 0.05) and triacylglycerol (p < 0.05). Cod fed CO80 decreased in total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in muscle compared to CO40 and FO (p < 0.05), increased in monounsaturated fatty acids (p < 0.01), decreased in total ω3 fatty acids (FO > CO40 > CO80; p < 0.01) and increased in total ω6 fatty acids (FO < CO40 < CO80; p < 0.01). In the liver, long-chain (LC) PUFA such as 20:4ω6, 20:5ω3, 22:5ω3 and 22:6ω3 decreased when fish oil was removed from the diet (p < 0.05), and increased in 18-carbon fatty acids (p < 0.01). Camelina oil can reduce the amount of fish oil needed to meet lipid requirements, although replacing 80 % of fish oil reduced LC PUFAs in both tissues. A comparison of BF₃ and H₂SO₄ as catalysts to transmethylate cod liver and muscle lipids revealed small but significant differences in some fatty acid proportions.

Oxidation stability of biofuel containing Camelina sativa oil methyl esters and its impact on energy and environmental indicators of diesel engine

This report includes assessments of comparative studies on the physical, chemical, and motor properties of stored biofuels produced from Camelina sativa oil. The properties of biofuel containing C. sativa oil methyl esters (CMEs) were compared with the properties of fossil diesel fuel and standardized rapeseed oil methyl ester (RME) and fossil diesel fuel blends. To ensure compliance with the requirements for fatty acid methyl esters established by the EN 14214 standard, pure CMEs were blended with methyl esters of animal origin, the content of which accounted for 32% of the blend. Motor studies were carried out in the VALMET 320 DMG diesel engine while using fuel blends consisting of 30% of a mixture of C. sativa oil and pork lard methyl esters and 70% fossil diesel fuel. Environmental and energy indicators were compared with indicators related to RME and fossil diesel fuel. In the course of the experiments, it was established that when no anti-oxidant was used, the C. sativa oil and pork lard methyl ester mixtures met the requirements of the oxidation standard only during the first month of storage, whereas the physical properties did not change considerably during the whole storage period. Due to the properties of fuels containing C. sativa oil methyl esters, they can be used in cold climate areas in summertime. As a result of performing measurements of emissions of hazardous components, it was observed that throughout the storage period, the maximum reduction of CO reached 7–10%, whereas the decrease in HC was – 5–8% and that of NOx was approximately 4%. The most significant effect was detected in the case of smoke intensity, where the reduction reached 20–25%, and the useful effect increased to 4%.

Performance and emission of CI engine fuelled with camelina sativa oil

The paper describes the results of the tests of CI Perkins 1104C-44 engine fuelled with camelina sativa oil. The engine was not especially calibrated for fuelling with the vegetable fuel. During the test the engine performance and emissions were analysed. For comparison the same speed characteristic was examined for standard fuelling of the engine with diesel oil. In order to understand the engine performance and emission the mass fraction burnt and the rate of heat release was calculated and compared for the same energy provided to the engine cylinder with the injected fuels. The results show that there is possible to receive relatively good engine performance for fuelling the engine with camelina sativa oil but there is a need to change the calibration parameters of the engine fuel system when the engine is fuelled with this fuel.

EXHAUST EMISSIONS FROM THE ENGINE RUNNING ON MULTI-COMPONENT FUEL

Possible alternative raw materials for producing biodiesel fuel are as follows: Camelina sativa oil, fibre linseed oil and waste animal fat. The aim of this work was to analyse the emissions of the engine running on multi-component fuels containing fossil diesel fuel (D), linseed or Camelina sativa oil fatty acid methyl esters (LSME and CME respectively) and beef tallow (TME) fatty acid methyl esters. The concentration of fatty acid methyl esters (FAME) in the mixtures with fossil diesel fuel varied from 10% to 30%. The mass proportion of LSME (or CME) and TME in the mixtures was 1:4. The lowest NOxconcentration in exhaust gases was observed when the mixtures contained 10% of biofuel. For the mixtures containing CME and LSME, NOx concentrations reached 290 and 295 ppm respectively when the engine rotation speed was 1200 min−1 and 370 and 375 ppm respectively when rotation speed was 2000 min−1. CO concentration was the lowest when fuel contained 30% of the FAME mixture. HC concentration was slightly higher when the mixtures containing LSME were used relative to the mixtures containing CME. The amount of HC did not fluctuate considerably (195÷254 ppm) at rotation speeds between 1200 and 2000 min−1. Lower HC concentration was found in exhaust gas when the fuels containing 10% and 20% of biofuel were used. The lowest concentration of polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) was found when the mixtures contained 30% of biofuel made of LSME or CME corresponding to 30 µg/m3 and 38 µg/m3 at a rotation speed of 1200 min−1 and 640 µg/m3 and 670 µg/m3 at a rotation speed of 2000 min−1 respectively. The greatest amount of smokiness at a high rotation speed of 2000 min−1 was observed when the mixture contained 30% of multi-component biodiesel fuel. It was found that the fuel containing a mixture of 30% of LSME biofuel and 20% of CME biofuel had a small advantage.

Alkali Hydrothermal Synthesis of Na0.1Ca0.9TiO3 Nanorods as Heterogeneous Catalyst for Transesterification of Camelina Sativa Oil to Biodiesel

Orthorhombic perovskite Na0.1Ca0.9TiO3 nanorods were synthesized at low calcination temperature via alkali hydrothermal synthesis. The synthesized nanorods exhibits a square based prism morphology, with a width and length of 200–500 nm and 2–3 μm respectively. The structural, textural and basic characteristics of the catalyst were examined by SEM, TEM, XRD and BET. The growth direction of the nanorods was confirmed to be along the long symmetry [110] zone axis and the exterior surfaces are found to be polar (110) and (002) with either Ti or Ca exposed in those facets. The catalytic activity of the nanorods was investigated for the transesterification of the low-input Camelina Sativa oil and methanol to give the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME). Effects of important reaction parameters such as methanol to oil molar ratio, catalyst dosage, reaction temperature and reaction time on oil conversion were examined. Optimized biodiesel yield of 93 % was achieved with catalyst dosage of 6 % w/w, methanol to oil molar ratio of 36:1 at reaction temperature of 60 °C for 8 h.

POSSIBILITIES OF USING CAMELINA SATIVA OIL FOR PRODUCING BIODIESEL FUEL

Biofuels for diesel engines are produced mainly from rapeseed oil in Lithuania and the Member States of the European Union. In order to minimise an adverse impact of biodiesel fuel on the food sector, it is necessary to look for alternative feedstocks for producing biodiesel fuel including the potential utilisation of the new kinds of oilseed crops and various fatty waste. Camelina (Camelina sativa) could be one of the kinds of such oilseed crops, and therefore the physical and chemical parameters of Camelina sativa oil and biodiesel fuel produced from this oil were determined and the conformity of quality parameters with the requirements of biofuel standard was evaluated. It was found that fatty acid methyl esters made from Camelina sativa oil had a high iodine value (164.6÷169.6 g I2 / 100 g oil), and therefore could be used as fuel for diesel engines only in the mixtures with methyl esters produced from animal fat or used for frying oil. It has been established that similar mixtures can contain 50÷60% of Camelina sativa oil methyl esters. The possibilities of increasing oxidation stability as well as improving the cold flow properties of ester mixtures were investigated. The most effective antioxidant – Ionol (optimal dosage of 500 ppm) and the most efficient depressants Wintron XC-30 (optimal dosage – 1500 ppm) and Infineum R-442 (optimal dosage – 1200 ppm) were selected.

Klimadesign von Pflanzenölkraftstoffen für landwirtschaftliche Maschinen

The use of biofuels in agricultural machinery is an option for complying with climate protection requirements that are presently discussed to be placed on manufacturers of mobile off-road machinery by the European Commission. A mathematical model has been developed that allows calculating greenhouse gas emissions (GHGE) of biofuels for complex production paths in a straightforward, transparent manner and in pattern with the EU’s Fuel Quality Directive (FQD). Therewith it has been shown that both rape seed and camelina sativa oil fuels can save more than 60 % GHGE. Key parameters have been identified and rules for a climate design of vegetable oil fuels have been formulated.

Ethanolysis of camelina oil under supercritical condition with hexane as a co-solvent

Non-catalytic transesterification of camelina sativa oil under supercritical ethanol (SCE) conditions with hexane as a co-solvent was investigated to study the fatty acid ethyl ester (FAEE) yields. This process enables simultaneous transesterification of triglycerides and ethyl esterification of fatty acids in a shorter reaction of time and may reduce the energy consumption due to simplified separation and purification steps. It was found that the co-solvent plays a vital role in reducing the severity of critical operational parameters and maximizes the biodiesel yield. The important variables affecting the ethyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol/oil, reaction time, reaction temperature and co-solvent to oil ratio. Camelina biodiesel samples were analyzed using FT–IR, GC–MS and thermogravimetric analysis (TGA) methods. The fuel properties of camelina biodiesel produced were compared with those of the regular diesel and found to be conforming to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTMs) standards.

Chemical Composition and Oxidative Stability of Selected Plant Oils

AbstractScientific data on the oxidative stability of borage oil, Camelina sativa oil, linseed oil, evening primrose oil and pumpkin seed oil are scarce. Chemiluminescence (CL) methods most commonly used to determine the oxidative stability of oils include measurement of hydroperoxide, intensity of light emitted during the accelerated oxidation process performed at high (&gt;100 °C) temperatures or assisted by forced flow of air/oxygen through the sample. The aim of this study was to investigate the chemical composition and oxidative stability of selected vegetable oils available on the Polish market. Oxidative stability was determined using a fast, novel chemiluminescence‐based method, in which light emitted during oxidation process conducted at 70 °C in the presence of some catalyzing Fe2+ ions is measured. A reaction of the applied type has not been reported so far. High contents of tocopherols and phytosterols were found in the analyzed oil samples. Oxidative stability of the samples was in most cases higher than the stability of refined rapeseed oil, a relatively stable substance from the oxidation point of view.

Microwave-Assisted Catalytic Transesterification of Camelina Sativa Oil

Catalytic conversion of Camelina Sativa oil to biodiesel through both conventional heating and microwave radiation was investigated. Three different types of catalysts: homogeneous catalysts (NaOH and KOH), heterogeneous metal oxide catalysts (BaO and SrO), and sol−gel derived catalysts (BaCl2/AA and SrCl2/AA) were evaluated for their efficacy in biodiesel production. The following conditions were obtained for the catalysts based on the maximum biodiesel yield: potassium hydroxide/methanol to oil ratio of 1:9, catalyst concentration of 1% (w/w), and reaction time of 60 s; sodium hydroxide/methanol to oil ratio of 1:9, catalyst concentration of 0.5 wt %, and reaction time of 60 s; barium oxide/methanol to oil ratio of 1:9, catalyst concentration of 1.5% (w/w), and reaction time of 4 min; strontium oxide/methanol to oil ratio of 1:9, catalyst concentration of 2 wt %, and reaction time of 4 min. In the case of sol−gel derived catalysts, different catalyst loading rates in the range of 1−10 mmol/g were evaluated. Low biodiesel yields of 10−25% on the sol−gel derived catalysts were observed. On the basis of energy consumptions in the transesterification processes with both conventional heating and microwave-heating methods evaluated in this study, it was estimated that the microwave-heating method consumes less than 10% of the energy to achieve the same yield as the conventional heating method. The fuel properties of camelina biodiesel produced were compared with those of the regular diesel and found to be conforming to the American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards.

Biodiesel Production from Jatropha Curcas, Waste Cooking, and Camelina Sativa Oils

Process parameter evaluation and catalyst performance study was conducted for biodiesel production using jatropha curcas, waste cooking, and camelina sativa oils. Conversion of triglycerides to methyl esters involves esterification and/or transesterification, depending on the nature of the feedstock. A two-step transesterification process (acid esterification followed by alkali transesterification) was employed to produce biodiesel from high free fatty acids (FFA) in jatropha curcas and waste cooking oils, and a single-step transesterifcation process (alkali transesterifcation) was used for camelina sativa oil conversion. Catalyst selection is vital in transesterification process because it determines biodiesel yield and cost. Transesterification of jatropha curcas and waste cooking oil was optimized by using H2SO4 and ferric sulfate catalysts in the acid esterification step and a KOH catalyst in the alkali transesterification, respectively. Heterogeneous metal oxide catalysts including BaO, SrO, MgO, and CaO were used for the transesterification of camelina sativa oil. Jatropha curcas oil was observed to have yields in the range of 90−95%, with a maximum of 95% obtained at the following process conditions: acid esterification, methanol to oil molar ratio of 6:1, 0.5% of H2SO4, and 40 ± 5 °C; alkali tranesterification, methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, 2% of KOH, and 60 °C. Waste cooking oil yielded biodiesel in the range of 85−96%, with a maximum of 96% observed at the following optimized process conditions: 2 h reaction at 100 °C, methanol to oil molar ratio of 9:1, and 2% of a ferric sulfate catalyst. Comparative experiments on camelina sativa oil conversion showed that the most effective catalyst was BaO that showed >80% yield of camelina to biodiesel. Fuel properties of biodiesel produced from the three different feedstocks were determined and compared with the ASTM standards for biodiesel and petroleum diesel.

Evaluation of alkyl esters from Camelina sativa oil as biodiesel and as blend components in ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel

Methyl and ethyl esters were prepared from camelina [ Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz] oil by homogenous base-catalyzed transesterification for evaluation as biodiesel fuels. Camelina oil contained high percentages of linolenic (32.6 wt.%), linoleic (19.6 wt.%), and oleic (18.6 wt.%) acids. Consequently, camelina oil methyl and ethyl esters (CSME and CSEE) exhibited poor oxidative stabilities and high iodine values versus methyl esters prepared from canola, palm, and soybean oils (CME, PME, and SME). Other fuel properties of CSME and CSEE were similar to CME, PME, and SME, such as low temperature operability, acid value, cetane number, kinematic viscosity, lubricity, sulfur and phosphorous contents, as well as surface tension. As blend components in ultra low-sulfur diesel fuel, CSME and CSEE were essentially indistinguishable from SME and soybean oil ethyl ester blends with regard to low temperature operability, kinematic viscosity, lubricity, and surface tension.

Transesterification of Camelina Sativa Oil Using Heterogeneous Metal Oxide Catalysts

Camelina sativa oil provides a reliable solution for biodiesel production by providing a sustainable, low-input biofuel feedstock option in some climates. In the present study, optimization of the transesterification of camelina sativa oil using different heterogeneous metal oxide catalysts, i.e., BaO, SrO, MgO, and CaO, was evaluated. The results of comparative experiments showed that the most effective catalyst was 1 wt % BaO, which showed an >80% yield of camelina to biodiesel conversion in 3 h at 100 °C. The relative order of the effectiveness of the catalysts was BaO > SrO > CaO > MgO. These catalysts were characterized with X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and Brunauer−Emmett−Teller (BET) to obtain their physical and chemical properties. The important variables affecting the methyl ester yield during the transesterification reaction are the molar ratio of alcohol/oil, catalyst amount, and reaction temperature. The fuel properties of biodiesel produced were compared to American Society for Testing and Materials (ASTM) standards for biodiesel.

Camelina sativa oil and lipid changes in postmenopausal women

Camelina sativa is a novel plant source of alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) with a similar fatty acid profile to flaxseed. A double‐blind parallel‐arm pilot study investigated the lipid lowering effects of daily consumption of camelina sativa oil for 6 weeks. Twenty overweight women (mean ± SD; 28.0 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were randomized to one of two groups: 2T/d camelina oil (CO)(8g ALA/d) (n=10) or 2T/d sunflower oil (SO)(0g ALA/d)(n=10). Subjects consumed an ad libitum diet; test foods provided as baked goods. Weight significantly increased over time for both groups (CO: 70.8 ± 4.9 kg vs. 75.3 ± 7.8 kg; SO: 77.2 ± 10.2 kg vs. 79.4 ± 10.7 kg)(P&lt;0.05). A significant decrease for total cholesterol (TC) (CO: 4.5%; SO: 7.8%) and high‐density lipoprotein (HDL) (CO: 22%; SO: 18%) was observed for both groups (P&lt;0.05). A decrease (SO: 3.3%; P&gt;0.05) in plasma low‐density lipoprotein (LDL) was found whereas an increase of 7% (p&gt;0.05) occurred for the CO group. Results suggest that changes in the lipid profile are attainable with a plant‐based polyunsaturated fatty acid despite significant weight gain. The safflower oil was more effective at producing positive lipid changes than the camelina sativa oil. Future research is warranted with more controlled feeding interventions to minimize weight gain. Funding was provided by Biobased Institute of Montana (USDA‐CREES 2005‐34510‐15726).

Anti‐inflammatory effects of camelina sativa oil in postmenopausal women

Camelina sativa is a novel plant source of alpha‐linolenic acid (ALA) with a similar fatty acid profile to flaxseed. A double‐blind parallel‐arm pilot study investigated the anti‐inflammatory effects of daily consumption of camelina sativa oil for 6 weeks. Twenty overweight women (mean ± SD; 28.0 ± 2.6 kg/m2) were randomized to one of two groups: 2T/d camelina oil (CO)(8g ALA/d) (n=10) or 2T/d sunflower oil (SO)(0g ALA/d)(n=10). Subjects consumed an ad libitum diet; test foods provided as baked goods. Weight significantly increased over time for both groups (CO: 70.8 ± 4.9 kg vs. 75.3 ± 7.8 kg; SO: 77.2 ± 10.2 kg vs. 79.4 ± 10.7 kg)(P&lt;0.05). C‐reactive protein decreased 19.4% and increased 57% for the CO and SO groups, respectively (P&gt;0.05). Plasma interleukin‐6 concentrations increased 2.8% for the CO group and 17.5% for the SO group (P&gt;0.05). Results from this pilot study suggest that CO, an omega‐3 rich oil may provide anti‐inflammatory responses as compared to SO despite weight gain. Future research is warranted with more controlled feeding interventions that minimize weight gain. Funding was provided by Biobased Institute of Montana (USDA‐CREES 2005‐34510‐15726).

Battle of the Biofuels

With skyrocketing petroleum prices and war in the oil-producing nations of the Middle East, biofuels are increasingly touted as desirable alternatives to petroleum. But can they really help free us from a petroleum economy? How do they compete with conventional fuels and each other on a cost basis? What are the environmental impacts? Researchers at the University of Minnesota have published a wide-ranging study that offers some answers. Currently, corn grain ethanol and soybean biodiesel are the two predominant alternative transportation fuels in the United States. Both can be used in conventional car and truck engines in blended form, and biodiesel can also be used in pure form (“B100”). Both are available at an increasing number of wholesale and retail locations across the nation. However, both require significant energy to produce, have their own environmental impacts, and could divert corn and soybeans from the nation’s food supply. Exactly what the energy balance and environmental impacts are and whether these fuels should be subsidized has been the subject of heated debate among scientists, policy makers, and the public. Researchers from the University of Minnesota and St. Olaf College led by ecology professor G. David Tilman hoped to inform this debate by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the full life cycles of these biofuels. According to the study, published in the 25 July 2006 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a viable alternative fuel must meet four criteria: show superior environmental benefits over the fossil fuel it displaces, be economically competitive with that fossil fuel, be producible in sufficient quantities to make a meaningful impact on energy demands, and provide a net energy gain over the energy sources used to produce it.

Effect of added rosemary extract on oxidative stability of Camelina sativa oil

The protective effect of added rosemary extract (RE) on the oxidative stability of highly unsaturated Camelina sativa oil was followed by periodic determination of its peroxide value (PV) during storage in darkness at room temperature. In camelina oil containing RE, a peroxide value of 10 mmol O2 / kg, the upper limit for unrefined oils, was not attained after 11 months’ storage. Compared to unprotected camelina oil the formation of hydroperoxides in oil containing RE was reduced by more than 40 %. The effect of RE against oxidation of camelina oil was also measured by the Rancimat test. In fresh camelina oil treated with RE the induction period was extended by 60 % as compared to untreated oil. Also, RE was more effective in preventing oil from oxidation when the oil was stored in darkness than in daylight.

Effects of growth conditions on fatty acids and tocopherols in Camelina sativa oil

Oil samples obtained from the seed of Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz were analysed for the content of fatty acids and tocopherols. The evaluation of the results in this report includes three promising cultivars from a collection of seven summer cultivars and varieties grown in field trials 1997 at five remote localities representing Central Europe, Northern Europe and Scandinavia (7–17° E, 48–60° N). At all experimental sites identical cultivation practices with small modifications were used. The analyses reconfirmed the known specific profile of fatty acids in camelina oil. The average content of oleic acid (18:1 n−9) was 14.87 ±0.17%, linoleic acid (18:2 n−6) 15.23 ±0.17%, α-linolenic acid (18:3 n−3) 36.82 ±0.27%, gondoic acid (20:1 n−9) 15.48 ±0.16% and of erucic acid (22:1 n−9) 2.83 ±0.07%. The analyses for tocopherols (T) revealed the average content of α-T at 28.07 ±2.58 ppm, γ-T 742 ±14.80 ppm, δ-T 20.47 ±0.92 ppm and of plastochromanol (P-8) 14.94 ±1.05 ppm. Neither β-T nor tocotrienols were detectable. The average content of total tocopherols was 806±15.70 ppm. Both the analyses for fatty acids and for tocopherols disclosed considerable qualitative differences between the oil samples. The variation was ascribed to the combined effects of climatic and soil conditions under which the crop was grown.