Camelina Meal Research Articles

Lipid Oxidation and Colour Stability of Lamb and Yearling Meat (Muscle Longissimus Lumborum) from SheepSupplemented with Camelina-Based Diets after Short-,Medium-, and Long-Term Storage.

This study investigated the impact of feeding pelleted diets containing camelina (Camelina sativa L. Crantz) hay (CAHP) or camelina meal (CAMP) as a supplement compared with a control pellet (CONP) diet, without vitamin E fortification. The fatty acid profile, retail colour, and lipid oxidative stability of lamb and yearling meat (m. longissimus lumborum) stored for short-, medium-, or long-periods (2 days (fresh), 45 days and 90 days) under chilled to semi-frozen conditions were determined. The CAMP diet altered key fatty acids (p < 0.05) in a nutritionally beneficial manner for human health compared to the other diets, with increased total omega-3, decreased omega-6 fatty acids and decreased omega-6/omega-3 ratio of muscle. Muscle vitamin E concentration was lower (p < 0.05) for both camelina diets (CAMP and CAHP) when compared with the CONP diet, with the average concentrations less than 1 mg/kg muscle for all three treatments. Animal type and storage length were factors that all affected (p < 0.05) colour and lipid oxidative stability of meat. These results emphasise the importance of vitamin E concentration in meat stored for extended periods under semi-frozen conditions to maintain desirable meat colour during retail display, and to avoid off-flavour development of the cooked meat.

Flaxseed and Camelina Meals as Potential Sources of Health-Beneficial Compounds.

Seed meals and cakes, deriving from minor oilseed crops, represent interesting co-products for the presence of a high content of proteins and bioactive compounds that could be successfully explored as valuable plant-derived feedstocks for food and non-food purposes. In this contest, flaxseed (Linum usitatissimum L.) and camelina (Camelina sativa (L.) Crantz) are becoming increasingly important in the health food market as functional foods and cosmetic ingredients. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of genetic characteristics and cultivation sites on the chemical features of seed meals deriving from two flaxseed varieties (Sideral and Buenos Aires) and a camelina cultivar (Italia), cultivated in Central and Northern Italy (Pisa and Bologna). The content of total phenols and flavonoids, seed oil, proteins and fatty acids have been evaluated, together with the chemical profiles of flaxseed and camelina meals. In addition, radical-scavenging activity has been investigated. All the examined seed meals resulted as rich in bioactive compounds. In particular, flaxseed meal is a good source of the lignan secoisolariciresinol diglucoside (SDG) and hydroxycinnamic acid glucosides, while camelina meal contains glucosinolates and quercetin glycosides. Furthermore, all extracts exhibited a very strong radical-scavenging activity, that make these plant-derived products interesting sources for food or cosmetic ingredients with health outcomes.

Life on a piece of cake: performance and fatty acid profiles of black soldier fly larvae fed oilseed by-products

The oilseed crops Crambe abyssinica and Camelina sativa produce oils rich in erucic acid and n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA), respectively. After pressing the oil, a seed cake remains as a protein-rich by-product. Edible insects may convert this seed press cake and the defatted seed meal produced from it into insect biomass suitable for animal feed. Black soldier fly larvae (BSF, Hermetia illucens) can grow on a wide range of organic waste types, but may be hindered by excess protein or the plant toxins characteristic for these two oilseed crops, i.e. glucosinolates and their breakdown products. We tested the effects of 25, 50 and 100% oilseed by-product inclusion in the diet on survival, development, biomass production and fatty acid composition of BSF larvae. Larval performance on diets with up to 50% camelina by-product or 25% crambe by-product was similar to performance on control diet (chicken feed), and decreased with higher inclusion percentages. Larval fatty acid profiles differed significantly among diets, with larvae fed press cake more distinct from control than larvae fed seed meal. Larvae fed camelina press cake had more α-linolenic acid, whereas larvae fed crambe contained most oleic acid. The n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio decreased with increasing proportion of by-product, especially on camelina diets. Lauric acid content was highest in larvae fed 100% camelina meal or 50% crambe meal. These results indicate that BSF larvae can be successfully grown on diets with camelina or crambe oilseed by-products, and that the resulting larval n-6:n-3 PUFA ratio is favourable for animal feed. However, the fate of glucosinolates and their derivatives remains to be determined, to guarantee chemical safety of camelina- or crambe-fed BSF larvae for animal feed.

Odd- and Branched-Chain Fatty Acids in Lamb Meat as Potential Indicators of Fattening Diet Characteristics.

There is a growing interest of researchers in meat authentication in terms of geographical and dietary background of animals, and several analytical methods have been proposed for the purpose of investigating this. We hypothesized that the odd- and branched-chain fatty acid (OBCFA) profile in intramuscular fat (IMF) might suffice to distinguish lamb meat entering the food chain supply on the basis of the type of diet fed to lambs during the fattening period. A total of 30 individual OBCFA profiles, quantified by gas chromatography, of IMF of Manchego lambs were used. During the fattening period (42 days), the lambs were fed three diets differing in concentrate composition: (i) Control, concentrate typical of commercial fattening rations, rich in starch and based on cereals and soybean meal; (ii) Camelina, similar to Control but replacing 50% of the soybean meal with camelina meal; and (iii) Fibrous, concentrate rich in neutral detergent fiber (NDF), based on fibrous by-products and not including cereals nor soybean meal. The OBCFA were grouped into three classes (linear odd, iso and anteiso fatty acids) and were then submitted to a linear discriminant analysis, using the feeding treatments as grouping variable and the OBCFA class contents in IMF as quantitative variables. The results suggested that a high NDF to starch ratio of the concentrate, being the lowest for Control (CON) treatment and the highest for Fibrous (FIB) treatment, would be negatively related to the odd/anteiso ratio and positively related to the iso/(anteiso+odd) FA ratio in IMF. Determination of OBCFA profile in lamb meat would be useful to monitor the feeding regime (starch- or NDF-rich) of lambs entering the food chain supply.

An alternative approach for sustainable sheep meat production: implications for food security

BackgroundA pelleted diet containing camelina hay (CAMH) or camelina meal (CAMM) as a supplement along with a control pellet (CONT) diet formulated with commonly available feeds during summer was used to investigate an alternative pathway for sustainable meat production. Sustainable meat production was based on a simple estimation of income from meat produced versus feed costs if animals were fed for an extended period over summer compared to early slaughter at the beginning of summer. Eighty maternal composite wether lambs (Composite) based on Coopworth genetics and 80 pure Merino wether yearlings were divided into 10 groups within breed (n = 8) using stratified randomisation based on liveweights. Following 1 week of adaptation to experimental diets, animals were fed experimental diets for up to10 weeks.ResultsAnimals were slaughtered after either 8, 9 or 10 weeks of full feeding when the average liveweight of diet/genetic combination reached a weight appropriate for either ‘heavy lamb’ or ‘heavy hogget’ production, which occurred between 8 and 10 weeks of full feeding. There was no diet × breed interactions except for dressing percentage (DP), where Composite lambs fed the CAMH diet had the greatest DP (48.1 ± 0.35) and the Merino yearlings fed the CAMM diet the lowest DP (45.8 ± 0.33). Composite lambs gained 17.6–20.3 kg and Merino yearlings gained 10.7–12.9 kg liveweight. Based on their DP, this resulted in the production of approximately 8.3–9.5 kg additional carcass weight in Composites and 4.9–5.7 kg in Merinos, which in turn produced greater profit per Composite lamb and a small profit per Merino yearling.ConclusionsComposite lambs fed CAMM and CAMH had 5% greater carcass weights at slaughter compared to the CONT group, but dietary treatments did not change carcass weight of Merino yearlings at slaughter. The extended feeding approach offered the producer an estimated economic gain of AUD $20.00 to $25.00 when yearly average prices were used (Method 1) and AUD $40.00 to $47.70 when pre- and post-summer average prices were used (Method 2) per Composite lambs, but extra carcass gain did not result in the same profit per Merino yearling. Among the Composites, the profit for animals fed the CAMH and CAMM were AUD $2.75 to $4.50 greater than CONT group when full year average prices were applied while AUD $3.50 to $5.50 greater than CONT group when pre- and post-summer average prices were applied. However, we acknowledge a combination approach of extended feeding for a portion of animals already on ground and selling the remaining animals pre-summer with joining of additional ewes is the most likely strategy. Considering the scenario of extended feeding for 3 weeks, based on the growth rates observed for Composite lambs, if an additional 2 kg carcass weight per animal can be gained for 50% of the 22 million lambs slaughtered in Australia (= 11 million animals), it would potentially supply an additional 22 million kg of lamb carcasses produced per annum. This is equivalent to producing an extra 1 million lamb carcasses per annum weighing 22 kg each. Feeding Composite lambs for an extended period and selling Merino yearlings pre-summer may be a good option due to faster growth rate of Composites that may help quick turn-over to market.

Process effects on carinata Brassica carinata and camelina Camelina sativa seed meal compositions and diet palatability in Rainbow Trout Oncorhynchus mykiss

Inclusion levels of raw carinata Brassica carinata and camelina Camelina sativa seed meals in animal diets, especially monogastrics, is limited by antinutrients, mainly glucosinolates (GLS), sinapine and crude fiber. The effect of processing on these seed meals composition was assessed by first subjecting cold-pressed (CP) carinata and camelina seed meals to extrusion (EX), solvent extraction (SE) and aerobic conversion (AC), or sequential process combinations to determine which process(es) yielded improved chemical composition. The palatability of the processed meals was then conducted to determine the effects of processing on meal acceptability in fish. Carinata meals generally yielded more crude protein than camelina meals for a given process treatment. Similarly, the fiber contents of carinata meals were generally lower than observed for camelina meals. Largest protein increase was due to oil removal and AC, but not EX. Generally, AC increased the essential amino acids (EAA) of all meals. Although AC increased the crude fiber of all meals, it reduced the GLS of all meals by at least 70 %, with more reduction observed in camelina meals. Palatability of carinata and camelina meals was improved by SE. Extrusion improved the palatability of camelina and AC improved the palatability of carinata. Generally, AC meals were higher in protein and EAA, lower in soluble carbohydrate and GLS than unconverted meals and would be suitable for use in fish diets. Extrusion did not improve the composition or palatability of CPEXSEAC beyond CPSEAC. Generally, CPSEAC carinata would be preferred by feed manufacturers over CPSEAC camelina because of a better EAA profile, higher protein content and lower crude fiber. Reduction of crude fiber in CPSEAC carinata would likely improve the utilization of nutrients, increasing meal utilization in fish and /or monogastrics in general. Digestibility studies should be conducted to improve an understanding of the utilization of the different processed carinata and camelina meals in fish and/ or monogastrics, in addition to processing economics.

Physicochemical, Microbiological and Functional Properties of Camelina Meal Fermented in Solid-State Using Food Grade Aspergillus Fungi

Camelina meal (CAM) was fermented in solid-state using food grade Aspergillus fungi (A. sojae, A. ficuum and their co-cultures), and the physicochemical composition, microbiological and functional properties were investigated. SSF increased the starch contents but reduced (p &lt; 0.05) the contents of soluble carbohydrate. The microbiological counts of the fermented meals were higher (p &lt; 0.05) than that of the unfermented CAM. Phytic acid content reduced (p &lt; 0.05) in the fermented meals. SSF reduced the protein molecular weight and colour attributes of CAM. The fermented camelina meals had increased (p &lt; 0.05) bulk density and swelling capacity but reduced (p &lt; 0.05) water absorption capacity. Thus, the study indicated that SSF with A. sojae, A. ficuum and their co-cultures influenced the physicochemical, microbiological and functional properties of CAM. There is potential for the development of value-added novel food and feed products from solid-state fermented camelina meal.

Use of dietary oil, solvent-extracted meal and protein concentrate from Camelina sativa for rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss, at the early fry stage

A 98-day feeding trial was conducted in a 24-tank freshwater flow-through system (13 ± 0.5 °C) to evaluate the effects of using dietary camelina oil (CO), solvent-extracted camelina meal (SECM), and camelina protein concentrate (CPC) in early fry diets for rainbow trout (initial weight 1g/fish, 50 fish/tank). Triplicate tanks were randomly fed one of eight diets including aCamelina sativafree control diet, two diets containing CO at either 50 or 100% replacement of fish oil, three diets containing 6, 12, or 18% SECM, and two diets containing 6 or 12% CPC. Dietary replacement of 100% of added fish oil with CO, and dietary inclusion of up to 18% SECM or 12% CPC did not result in significant reductions in growth and feed efficiency, or changes in proximate whole-body carcass composition and hindgut morphology of rainbow trout fry. However, fish fed diets containing 18% SECM, did require a longer acclimation period to the feed and, ultimately, gained less weight, presumably due to a poorer protein utilization efficiency in the early days of the trial.

Camelina sativa meal hydrolysate as sustainable biomass for the production of carotenoids by Rhodosporidium toruloides

BackgroundAs the circular economy advocates a near total waste reduction, the industry has shown an increased interest toward the exploitation of various residual biomasses. The origin and availability of biomass used as feedstock strongly affect the sustainability of biorefineries, where it is converted in energy and chemicals. Here, we explored the valorization of Camelina meal, the leftover residue from Camelina sativa oil extraction. In fact, in addition to Camelina meal use as animal feed, there is an increasing interest in further valorizing its macromolecular content or its nutritional value.ResultsCamelina meal hydrolysates were used as nutrient and energy sources for the fermentation of the carotenoid-producing yeast Rhodosporidium toruloides in shake flasks. Total acid hydrolysis revealed that carbohydrates accounted for a maximum of 31 ± 1.0% of Camelina meal. However, because acid hydrolysis is not optimal for subsequent microbial fermentation, an enzymatic hydrolysis protocol was assessed, yielding a maximum sugar recovery of 53.3%. Separate hydrolysis and fermentation (SHF), simultaneous saccharification and fermentation (SSF), and SSF preceded by presaccharification of Camelina meal hydrolysate produced 5 ± 0.7, 16 ± 1.9, and 13 ± 2.6 mg/L of carotenoids, respectively. Importantly, the presence of water-insoluble solids, which normally inhibit microbial growth, correlated with a higher titer of carotenoids, suggesting that the latter could act as scavengers.ConclusionsThis study paves the way for the exploitation of Camelina meal as feedstock in biorefinery processes. The process under development provides an example of how different final products can be obtained from this side stream, such as pure carotenoids and carotenoid-enriched Camelina meal, can potentially increase the initial value of the source material. The obtained data will help assess the feasibility of using Camelina meal to generate high value-added products.

Intestinal Availability and Metabolic Effects of Dietary Camelina Sphingolipids during the Metabolic Syndrome Onset in Mice.

Sphingolipids appear as a promising class of components susceptible to prevent the onset of the metabolic syndrome (MetS). Gut availability and effects of Camelina sativa sphingolipids were investigated in a mouse model of dietary-induced MetS. Seed meals from two Camelina sativa lines enriched, respectively, in C24- and C16-NH2- glycosyl-inositol-phosphoryl-ceramides (NH2GIPC) were used in hypercaloric diets. After 5 weeks on these two hypercaloric diets, two markers of the MetS were alleviated (adiposity and insulin resistance) as well as inflammation markers and colon barrier dysfunction. A more pronounced effect was observed with the C16-NH2GIPC-enriched HC diet, in particular for colon barrier function. Despite a lower digestibility, C16-NH2GIPC were more prevalent in the intestine wall. Sphingolipids provided as camelina meal can therefore counteract some deleterious effects of a hypercaloric diet in mice at the intestinal and systemic levels. Interestingly, these beneficial effects seem partly dependent on sphingolipid acyl chain length.

In vitro Digestibility, In situ Degradability, Rumen Fermentation and N Metabolism of Camelina Co-Products for Beef Cattle Studied with A Dual Flow Continuous Culture System of Camelina Co-Products for Beef Cattle.

Simple SummaryCurrently, vegetable protein sources such as soybean meal and rapeseed meal are expensive and with volatile prices. These economic circumstances are driving the research of potential new protein resources for beef cattle diets that can reduce the ration cost without compromising animal productive yields. As possible candidates, camelina meal and camelina expeller have been studied; they are co-products with a high protein percentage, obtained after oil extraction from the oil seeds of Camelina sativa. The objectives of this study were to characterize these camelina co-products and ascertain if they could be useful ingredients for beef cattle diets. The results indicate that the diets formulated with camelina meal and camelina expeller do not show differences in the efficiency of microbial protein synthesis compared to the current reference proteins, camelina meal diet being the most similar to soybean meal and rapeseed meal diets, and camelina expeller the diet with the highest fermentation potential. The results of soybean meal as an individual ingredient reveal more differences with camelina co-products. In vivo studies are necessary to draw conclusions, but in vitro results obtained suggest that camelina meal and camelina expeller are potential substitutes for rapeseed meal in beef cattle diets.Camelina meal (CM) and camelina expeller (CE) were compared with soybean meal (SM) and rapeseed meal (RM). Trial 1 consisted of a modified Tilley and Terry in vitro technique. Trial 2 was an in situ technique performed by incubating nylon bags within cannulated cows. Trial 3 consisted in dual-flow continuous culture fermenters. In Trial 1, CM, CE and RM showed similar DM digestibility and OM digestibility, and SM was the most digestible ingredient (p < 0.05). Trial 2 showed that CE had the numerically highest DM degradability, but CP degradability was similar to RM. Camelina meal had a DM degradability similar to SM and RM and had an intermediate coefficient of CP degradability. In Trial 3, CE diet tended to present a higher true OM digestibility than SM diet (p = 0.06). Total volatile fatty acids (VFA) was higher in CE and CM diets than in SM diet (p = 0.009). Crude protein degradation tended to be higher (p = 0.07), and dietary nitrogen flow tended to be lower (p = 0.06) in CE diet than in CM diet. The efficiency of microbial protein synthesis was not affected by treatment (p > 0.05). In conclusion, CE and CM as protein sources differ in CP coefficient of degradability but their results were similar to RM. More differences were detected with regard to SM.

High‐oil residue camelina meal, a viable source of protein at low levels in diets for juvenile salmonids

The oilseed Camelina sativa has been studied as a lipid source for farmed salmonids, but recommended inclusion as a protein source has not been determined. This study evaluated low inclusion of camelina high-oil residue meal (HORM) at 20, 40 and 60 g/kg of the diet, to determine an adequate level for Atlantic salmon parr (Salmo salar) and rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss). Salmon and trout were fed experimental diets containing up to 60 g/kg HORM for 16 weeks. At 40 g/kg HORM, trout and salmon growth performance were similar to those fed a control diet. However, at 60 g/kg HORM, trout showed lower final weight, weight gain and feed intake than those fed the control diet. Rainbow trout fed 40 and 60 g/kg HORM showed significantly lower whole body ash (p = .005), slightly lower whole body protein levels and higher fat than the control. In salmon fed 60 g/kg HORM diets, whole body ash (p = .024), and the submucosal layer of the intestine was thicker than the control (p = .007). Current results indicate that up to 40 g/kg HORM can be included in diets for rainbow trout and salmon juveniles.

Feeding Canola, Camelina, and Carinata Meals to Ruminants.

Simple SummaryThe world population is estimated to reach 9 billion people by 2050, which is estimated to increase the demand for food, fuel, and fiber by 60%. Domesticated ruminants play a vital role in this scenario because they can consume food byproducts that are nonedible for humans, contributing to livestock sustainability. Meals extracted from oilseed plants, such as soybean, canola, carinata, and camelina, are examples of food byproducts. Soybean meal is likely the byproduct most used worldwide, due to its availability and high-quality nutritional composition. However, the dependency on monocultures such as soybean is problematic due to price fluctuation and, in some countries, import dependency. Canola, camelina, and carinata meals have been investigated in the past two decades. Therefore, we aimed to summarize the results from studies in which canola, camelina, and carinata meal were fed to ruminants in order to evaluate how comparable these are to soybean meal and other common protein supplements in terms of animal digestion and performance. Based on this review, we conclude that canola meal is at least as good as soybean meal; and that camelina and carinata meal can be a valuable alternative feedstuff for livestock animals.Soybean meal (SBM) is a byproduct from the oil-industry widely used as protein supplement to ruminants worldwide due to its nutritional composition, high protein concentration, and availability. However, the dependency on monocultures such as SBM is problematic due to price fluctuation, availability and, in some countries, import dependency. In this context, oilseeds from the mustard family such as rapeseed/canola (Brassica napus and Brassica campestris), camelina (Camelina sativa), and carinata (Brassica carinata) have arisen as possible alternative protein supplements for ruminants. Therefore, the objective of this comprehensive review was to summarize results from studies in which canola meal (CM), camelina meal (CMM), and carinata meal (CRM) were fed to ruminants. This review was based on published peer-reviewed articles that were obtained based on key words that included the oilseed plant in question and words such as “ruminal fermentation and metabolism, animal performance, growth, and digestion”. Byproducts from oil and biofuel industries such as CM, CMM, and CRM have been evaluated as alternative protein supplements to ruminants in the past two decades. Among the three plants reviewed herein, CM has been the most studied and results have shown an overall improvement in nitrogen utilization when animals were fed CM. Camelina meal has a comparable amino acids (AA) profile and crude protein (CP) concentration to CM. It has been reported that by replacing other protein supplements with CMM in ruminant diets, similar milk and protein yields, and average daily gain have been observed. Carinata meal has protein digestibility similar to SBM and its CP is highly degraded in the rumen. Overall, we can conclude that CM is at least as good as SBM as a protein supplement; and although studies evaluating the use of CMN and CRM for ruminants are scarce, it has been demonstrated that both oilseeds may be valuable feedstuff for livestock animals. Despite the presence of erucic acid and glucosinolates in rapeseed, no negative effect on animal performance was observed when feeding CM up to 20% and feeding CMN and CRM up to 10% of the total diet.

Effect of dietary chromium supplementation on meat nutritional quality and antioxidant status from broilers fed with Camelina-meal-supplemented diets

Poultry meat is a valuable source of nutrients and the enrichment with health-promoting substances such as polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) is an important factor for consumers’ choice. Camelina meal (Camelina sativa) is an animal feedstuff used to achieve this goal, but the administration of n-3 PUFA-enriched diets in broiler nutrition can accelerate the oxidative processes in meat leading to a decreased quality of final product. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the organic Cr as chromium picolinate (CrPic) on meat quality, fatty acid profile of fat and oxidative stability of meat from broilers fed supplemented dietary Camelina meal. An experiment was conducted on 240 Ross 308 broiler chicken aged 14 days which were assigned to 6 dietary treatments in a randomized complete block design with a 2 × 3 factorial arrangement. Within the treatment arrangement two concentrations of Camelina meal (0% and 3%) and three concentrations of Cr3+ (0, 200 and 400 μg/kg) were used. Dietary treatments were: (1) Control diet (C) containing a corn–soybean diet with no added Camelina meal or Cr3+; (2) a C diet containing an additional 200 μg/kg of Cr3+ as CrPic; (3) a C diet containing an additional 400 μg/kg of Cr3+ as CrPic; (4) a C diet containing an additional 3% Camelina meal; (5) diet 2 containing an additional 3% Camelina meal; (6) diet 3 containing an additional 3% Camelina meal. Chromium supplementation significantly (P<0.05) increased the CP concentrations and significantly (P<0.05) decreased the crude fat concentrations in breast samples. The Camelina meal groups presented higher values of unsaturated fatty acids, particularly n-3 fatty acids (P<0.05). In CrPic groups, increased retention of Zn and Fe (P < 0.05) was observed in breast samples, compared to control group, and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances values were significantly (P<0.05) smaller. Myoglobin fraction (metmyoglobin and oximyoglobin) concentrations differ significantly (P<0.05) from the control group, under the influence of Cr3+ supplements. This study found that broilers fed with CrPic supplements showed improved mineral composition and oxidative stability of breast meat, proving an effective protection of lipid molecules from oxidation in PUFA-enriched meat.

Apparent Faecal Digestibility of Essential Amino Acids from Ω3 Pufa Diets for Laying Hens

ABSTRACT The apparent faecal digestibility of the essential amino acids from Ω3 PUFA layer diets and feeding solutions to avoid possible adverse effects of such diets were investigated in two experiments conducted on Lohmann Brown laying hens. Experiment 1 used 72 layers assigned to three groups (C1, E1-1, E2), while experiment 2 used 96 layers assigned to four groups (C2, E1-2, E3, E4). All experimental diets have been enriched in Ω 3 PUFA by supplementing a conventional diet (C1, C2) with 5% flaxseed meal and 2% camelina meal. Diets E2 and E4 had an increased level of Cu (150 mg/kg), diets E3 and E4 were supplemented with 0.0125% enzyme mix, while diets E1-1 and E1-2 were only supplemented with 5% flaxseed meal and 2% camelina meal. The digestibility coefficients of the studied essential amino acids (threonine, valine, phenylalanine, isoleucine, leucine, lysine, cystine, methionine) were lower (p≤0.05) in groups E1-1 and E2 from experiment 1, than in the control group (C1). In experiment 2, the supplemental enzyme mix (E3) increased (p≤0.05) the digestibility coefficients of phenylalanine, lysine, cystine and methionine, compared to the diet with camelina and flaxseed meals (E1-2). The simultaneous inclusion of copper and enzyme mix in the E4 diet increased (p≤0.05) lysine digestibility compared to group E1-2 and sulphur amino acids digestibility, compared to the other groups (C2, E1-2 and E3). In both experiments, only the feed conversion ratio was different (p≤0.05) in favour of the control groups (C1 and C2), compared to the other groups.

Mechanical properties of aquaculture feed pellets using plant-based proteins

This study investigated the properties of fish pellets made with plant-based ingredients intended for rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus mykiss) or other Salmonids. Plant protein from camelina meal (CMM),...

Effects of replacing canola meal with solvent-extracted camelina meal on microbial fermentation in a dual-flow continuous culture system

Camelina is an oil seed crop that belongs to the Brassica family (Cruciferae). Camelina meal is a by-product from the biofuel industry that contains on average 38% crude protein and between 10 to 20% of residual fat, which limits the inclusion levels of camelina meal in dairy cow diets as the main protein supplement. Thus, we conducted a solvent extraction on ground camelina seed on a laboratory scale. The objectives of this study were (1) to assess the effects of replacing canola meal (CM) with solvent-extracted camelina meal (SCAM) in lactating dairy cow diets; and (2) to determine the effects of SCAM on microbial fermentation and AA flow in a dual-flow continuous culture system. Diets were randomly assigned to 6 fermentors in a replicated 3 × 3 Latin square with three 10-d experimental periods consisting of 7 d for diet adaptation and 3 d for sample collection. Treatments were 0, 50, and 100% SCAM inclusion, replacing CM as the protein supplement. Diets contained 55:45 forage:concentrate, and fermentors were fed 72 g of dry matter/d equally divided in 2 feeding times. On d 8, 9, and 10 of each period, samples were collected for analyses of pH, volatile fatty acids (VFA), N metabolism, NH3-N, digestibility, and AA flow. Statistical analysis was performed using the MIXED procedure of SAS (SAS Institute Inc., Cary, NC), and linear and quadratic effects of SCAM inclusion were assessed. Total VFA concentration and pH were not affected by diets. Molar proportion of acetate decreased, whereas molar proportion of propionate increased with SCAM inclusion. Total branched-chain VFA concentration was the least in fermentors fed diet 0, and greatest in fermentors fed diet 50. Digestibility of NDF decreased in fermentors fed SCAM diets, and dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein true digestibility were similar across diets. Concentration of NH3-N linearly decreased, and non-NH3-N linearly increased with SCAM inclusion. Bacterial efficiency (calculated as g of bacterial N flow/kg of organic matter truly digested) tended to be greater in fermentors fed diet 100. Outflow of Arg linearly increased with SCAM inclusion, whereas overall AA flow was not affected by diet. In conclusion, replacing CM with SCAM increased propionate molar proportion and non-NH3-N flow, and decreased NH3-N flow and concentration, which may improve animal energy status and N utilization. Inclusion of SCAM did not change most AA flow, indicating that it can be a potential replacement for CM.

Critical variability exists in the digestible value of raw materials fed to black tiger shrimp, Penaeus monodon: The characterisation and digestibility assessment of a series of research and commercial raw materials

The digestibility of a suite of raw materials was determined when fed to black tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) in a series of three experiments. A total of 29 commercial and research raw materials were evaluated using the diet replacement digestibility method. Each of the reference and test diets were fed to tanks of shrimp for one-week prior to commencing faecal collection. The collected faecal samples were kept separate from any feed residue through using a discrete feeding period, after which uneaten feed was removed before a separate faecal collecting period. The same reference diet and soy protein concentrate diet were used across each of the three experiments and demonstrated consistent digestibility using this method. Most raw materials demonstrated some utility for use in diets for shrimp, with digestible protein or energy values >0.800. However, there were some raw materials (e.G. camelina meal) that provided very little nutritive value for shrimp. This study presents data on the digestibility and digestible nutrient content of a wide variety of raw materials, providing a clear basis for progressing to formulating shrimp diets on a digestible protein and energy basis, thereby optimising dietary formulation, maximising ingredient utilisation and reducing impacts of uneaten feed.

Intramuscular fatty acid profile of feedlot lambs fed concentrates with alternative ingredients

The effect of concentrates based on unconventional ingredients on the intramuscular fatty acid profile of lambs was evaluated. A total of 105 lambs were assigned to one of three treatments: Control (concentrate based on cereals and soybean meal like commercial concentrates), Camelina (where 50% of crude protein from soybean meal was replaced by camelina meal), and Fibrous (concentrate based on several fibrous by-products, such as soybean hulls and wheat bran, as well as camelina meal and other unconventional ingredients). After 42 days in feedlot, the lambs were sacrificed, and the fatty acid profile of intramuscular fat was determined by gas chromatography. Total meat lipids (1.25 g/100 g of meat) were not modified by the treatments. The Camelina treatment showed minor effects on the intramuscular fat composition. In contrast, the Fibrous treatment showed the highest contents of trans-11 18:1 (vaccenic acid), cis-9 trans-11 18:2 (rumenic acid) and α-linolenic acid. Thus, the non-traditional Fibrous concentrate assayed in the present study might improve the meat quality of light lambs from a nutritional point of view.

Effects of concentrates rich in by-products on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits of light lambs

The effects of feeding concentrates with alternative ingredients to cereal and soybean meal on growth performance, carcass characteristics and meat quality traits of feedlot lambs were studied. A total of 105 non-castrated male lambs were randomly assigned to one of three treatments (5 replicates per treatment): Control (CON, similar to commercial concentrates), Camelina (CAM, where camelina meal replaced 50% of the crude protein from the soybean meal in the CON concentrate), and Fibrous (FIB, concentrate without cereals and soybean meal, with camelina meal in addition to several by-products, and 20% less energy). The CAM treatment performed as well as the CON one. The FIB treatment increased feed conversion rate and tended to improve the redness and the oxidative stability. The CAM and FIB were economically more favourable. We found that a concentrate for feedlot lambs based on alternative ingredients, including several by-products, could be a feasible alternative to typical cereal-soybean meal-based concentrates.