Cam Shaft Research Articles

Novel statistical investigation on performance measures of WEDM: Optimization, microstructure and mechanical properties

A comparative performance analysis has been investigated on wire electrical discharge machining (WEDM) responses while machining a hybrid titanium matrix composite (TMC) varying the key input parameters like power (P), peak current (IP) and time-off (Toff). Two novel multi-objective optimization algorithms are developed namely desirable multi-objective genetic algorithm (DMOGA) and desirable multi-objective giant pacific octopus optimizer (DMOGPOO) for tackling various issues in many industries like automobile valve pins in crank and cam shafts, aerospace propeller and biomedical implants. The principal advantage of DMOGA to other algorithm is accuracy and robustness. The novelty fits in the iterative progression of growth of efficient grandee set, uttered as population congregating to a fitness function. Many techniques frequently encounter substandard solutions when evaluating MOO problems, as opposed to solving properly approximated functions of Pareto optimal solutions in targets. DMOGPOO is an enthralling statistical method which mimics the octopus’s predatory behavior, performs better than other multi-objective optimization (MOO) algorithms, where the desirable objective functions is fetched in python using MOGPOO. In a multi-objective foraging environment, the archive was utilized to imitate octopus predatory behavior and establish social hierarchies. DMOGPOO approach is designed with multi-objective formulations to preserve and guarantee enhanced coverage of optimum solutions across all goals. Experimental investigation is accepted on material removal rate (MRR), surface roughness (SR), kerf width (KW) and over cut (OC). Combined desirability in case of DMOGA is 0.716 which improved to 0.813 when DMOGPOO is proposed. MOO is improved with DMOGPOO of 13.547% when contrasted with DMOGA, with MRR of 3.81 mm3/min, SR of 0.79 µm, KW of 0.349 mm, OC of 0.099 mm, and combined desirability of 0.813. Improved optimality set is obtained when DMOGPOO is used. %improvement of MRR is 5.54%, SR is 75.95%, KW is 0.29%, and OC is 4.21%.

Optimization of a multistage liquid desiccant dehumidifier by neural networks & particle swarm techniques

To overcome the inconsistent and limited dehumidification by single stage dehumidification system, a novel multistage, reciprocating dynamic liquid desiccant dehumidification system has been proposed to dehumidify larger space consistently. Experimental investigation on the proposed unit has been conducted by varying air velocity, cam shaft speed, and inlet relative humidity (RH). System's performance in terms of moisture removal rate (MRR), dehumidification efficiency (DE) and energy consumed has been compared with that of a single stage system. It is observed that multistage system performed better than the single stage system in terms higher MRR and efficiency. To optimise the system performance, neural network-based Particle Swarm optimization (PSO) has been employed. Inertia weight distribution for PSO has been obtained by the statistical Taguchi method. PSO optimized results for randomly distributed weights have been compared with the Taguchi given weights. It is found that the performance of the PSO with this method is better than the former in terms of optimized paramters. PSO predicted optimum input variables are found as air velocity of 8.2 m/s, inlet RH of 90% and cam speed of 15.16 rpm. The maximum performance parameters obtained are MRR of 7.549 g/s, Dehumidification efficiency of 0.762 and energy consumption of 2165.4 Watts. Confirmation experiments indicated that PSO predicted results are in well agreement with the experimental results with a maximum deviation of 1.8%. Current work predicts and optimizes the dehumidification performance which minimizes experimentation time and also the cost involved.

Mechatronic design of a modular artificial honeycomb for the automatic extraction of honey from Apis Melliferas bees in Huancayo, Peru

This research develops the mechatronic design of an artificial honeycomb for Apis Melliferas bees, which allows the automatic extraction of honey in the farms of the province of Huancayo, Peru, since Junin produces 208.26 tons of honey annually with traditional and obsolete techniques. This design was executed under the German VDI 2221 standard and contemplates the mechanical, electronic and control system, which are dimensioned according to the theories and laws of: distortion energy, polynomial 3 4 5, involute curve gears, Kirchhoff, Ohm, on-off control, among others. It was possible to design, in Inventor, the honeycomb structure whose cells have a 19° slope for the honey gravity flow, a gear-rack-gear system for the transmission of torque from the servomotor to the cam shaft to move the grid, which opens the flow duct; also, it was possible to design, in Proteus, the electronic system made up by the Arduino UNO, a servomotor of 2. 5 Kg-cm servomotor with rotation restricted to 110° and the 15mm force sensor; finally, the actuator control and the monitoring of the weight according to the on-off logic were programmed in Arduino IDE. According to the simulations performed, the design is technologically feasible.

Finite Element Analysis and Mechanical Properties of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer

Human understanding of materials keeps increasing at an accelerating rate and this accounts for the wide range of synthetic and naturally occurring materials which have been used across different fields for industrial, domestic and other applications. This study investigates the mechanical behavior of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) materials through computational modeling using SolidWorks for component design and MATLAB for simulation and analysis. The aim is to explore the advantages of CFRP as a potential alternative material for structural applications, considering its lightweight properties and enhanced performance. For the models developed, the maximum stress values observed for Cast Alloy Steel were 121.1 N/mm2 (MPa) for the connecting rod and 95.9 N/mm2 (MPa) for the cam shaft, whereas CFRP exhibited slightly lower values of 113.1 N/mm2 (MPa) and 87.8 N/mm2 (MPa) respectively. The maximum stress values for Aluminum Alloy in the propeller were 162.1 N/mm2 (MPa), while CFRP showed a slightly lower value of 161.4 N/mm2 (MPa). These results from the computational analysis of CFRP materials showcases their superior mechanical characteristics when compared to Alloy Steel and Aluminum, also providing valuable insights into the potential benefits of CFRP as a lightweight and high-performance material, supporting its consideration as an alternative option in structural engineering applications.

Comparison Study of Aluminum Camshafts alloyed with different ratio of Silicon

There has always been a drastic requirement of innovative designs in the automotive industry. To accomplish this, advanced materials and newer techniques have been constantly utilized. Designers in the automotive industry always look forward towards innovation in design of cam shafts or innovation in its course of action. Weight reduction in automobile parts, constantly plays a major part in all automobile parts. Innovation in design of cam shafts could be brought about by the use of computer aided engineering. Currently, use of composite materials is widespread in order to bring about the required change in the property of materials. Nowadays, Aluminum-Silicon alloy is rapidly used for its greater strength-to-weight ratio, increased wear resistance, less density and its property of less thermal expansion coefficient. In the present work, three types of Aluminum-Silicon cast alloy materials Al-SiC 9, Al-SiC 10 and Al-SiC 12 were modeled using Creo Elements software. It was analysed for structural deformation; viz; stress, deformation and strain using ANSYS static structural 14.5 software. From the results obtained, it was clearly evident that the Aluminum-Silicon cast alloy Al-SiC 12 material shows low stress and deformation values among all three types of Aluminum-Silicon cast alloy materials that was taken for taken in for analysis.

Development of automotive cam shaft using aluminium – silicon carbide composite – An effectiveness study

In the Internal Combustion (IC) motors, camshaft is essentially significant as it changes over its rotating movement into direct movement of the cylinder in the ignition chamber. A Camshaft significantly influences the motor presentation in IC Engines as it decides the valve timings. These camshafts are made utilizing chilled cast iron. In this venture, we have intended to supplant the utilization of solid metal with Al-SiC composites in camshafts. The Ai-SiC composite is huge regarding its materialistic properties like high unambiguous strength, low warm development coefficient, high firmness and great warm conductivity. The subsequent Al-SiC (Metal Matrix Composite) has further developed qualities than its singular constituents (Aluminium, Silicon and Carbon). On utilizing Al-SiC composite camshafts in IC motor four wheelers, the current issues of solid metal camshafts including power misfortune because of rubbing at low and high motor paces could be survived and subsequently increment the existence of the camshaft. These composite camshafts act as an option in contrast to the metallic (combination) camshafts which can limit the vibrations, commotion caused because of those vibrations and be savvy. We have displayed a cam shaft utilizing Solidworks 21 programming and Finite Element Analysis (FEA) of the CAD model under both static and dynamic circumstances utilizing ANSYS is performed to comprehend its way of pressure behaving significantly under high application.

Effect of Chemical Composition of Boriding Agent on the Optimization of Surface Hardness and Layer Thickness on AISI 8620 Steel by Solid and Liquid Boriding Processes

Abstract Surfaces of cam shafts made of AISI 8620 steels were hardened by boriding processes in both solid and liquid mediums. Various chemical agents were used to achieve boride layers on the surfaces of the cam shafts in these processes. It was aimed to examine effects of the chemical agents on microhardness and thickness of the boride layers obtained. It was concluded that a bath composition of 5% B4C-90% SiC-5% KBF4 was appropriate for the hardest and thickest boride layer achieved in the solid medium, and a composition of 70% Na2B4O7-30% B4C in the liquid medium.

Control System Upgradation with Linear Actuator in Coil Unloading Machine

Abstract: In this paper, we are going to see about the project is to unload the coil for the dispatching process from metal plate to place in thermo coal with the help of linear actuator. The process of coil unloading is automated with the help of HMI, sensors, motors and linear actuator. This process is carried out through ladder logic methodology. The linear actuator application machine process is the machine based on the PLC (PROGRAMMABLE LOGIC CONTROLLER) controller. Earlier PLC controllers are huge programmed size, spare parts are rare, inbuilt programming that could not change as per the requirements and the absolute models which is difficult to learn. The cam shaft mechanism takes over time to assemble the coil position. And also coils pick up and drop step by step process is difficult.To overcome this problem used the advanced PLC controllers model SIEMENS-S7 1200 instead of earlier telemechanic PLC controller because in this SIEMENS-S7 1200 model PLC the HMI is used to display the coil positions.

DECREASING DEFORMITIES AND IMPROVING ASSEMBLY QUALITY OF A CAM LOBE BY USING SIX SIGMA TECHNIQUES

In this paper analysis defined that what are the various types of defects and troubles that are occurring in cam lobe manufacturing industry while manufacturing cam lobes and cam shaft assembly stations. Six sigma is a data driven methodology which is used to define each step in the manufacturing process. By defining each step. Six sigma analysis can evaluate troubleshoots occurred in specific process. By this paper analysis can solve the rejections in manufacturing line by knowing the current capabilities. After the reorganization problems and implemented tools given some suggestions to improve capability and reduction in variation of process. Implemented suggestions are successfully approved by the company then rejections are reduced in suggestion manner by six sigma techniques.

РЕЗУЛЬТАТЫ СТЕНДОВЫХ ИСПЫТАНИЙ ПЛУНЖЕРНЫХ ПАР ВОССТАНОВЛЕНЫХ С ПРИМЕНЕНИЕМ НАНОКОМПОЗИЦИОННОГО ХРОМИРОВАНИЯ

The article presents the results of bench tests of serially manufactured plunger pairs of high-pressure fuel pumps (fuel injection pumps) of YAMZ-238ND3 diesel, restored using existing technology with the use of chromium-based electroplating and restored using the proposed technology with the use of chromium-based nanocomposition electroplating. The studies were conducted according to the OST 23.1-364-81 on mass-produced plunger pairs, plunger pairs restored according to the standard technology of restoration at repair enterprises and plunger pairs restored according to the proposed technology in the laboratory of applying hardening coatings of the Saratov State Agrarian University named after N. I. Vavilov. The method of bench accelerated wear tests implied the addition of abrasive particles to diesel fuel. The abrasive material consisted of quartz particles with dimensions of 3...5 microns at an abrasive concentration of 0.015 g/kg. The tests were carried out using the stand KI-22205-01 GOSNITI at the number of revolutions of the cam shaft 830 min-1. The test time was 130 hours. Every 10 hours, the starting cycle fuel supply was recorded on the reference fuel pump, which did not participate in the testing process. After the tests, the plunger pairs were checked for water tightness using the installation of the KI-759 model. The limiting value limiting the operability of the plunger pairs of the YAMZ-238ND3 injection pump was the starting cyclic fuel supply, which should not be lower than 180 mm3/cycle. As a result of the tests, it was found that all the tested fuel injection pumps did not reach the limit state. At the end of the tests, the cyclic starting supply of plunger pairs restored by nanocomposition galvanic chrome plating decreased by an average of 7.6%; restored by base chrome plating – by an average of 10.5%; serial – by an average of 13.8%. The hydraulic density of plunger pairs restored by nanocomposition galvanic chrome plating averaged 18 s, restored by base galvanic chrome plating – 16 with, serial – 15 s.

Расчет кулачков вогнутого профиля в системе MATHCAD

The article shows the features of the cam with concave profile, the method of kinematic calculation of the pusher when it moves along a concave and rounded surface. The formula for determining the magnitude of the pusher velocity on the concave surface of the cam is refined. A method for determining the coordinate center for the radius of the concave surface of the cam is proposed. To increase the speed of the plunger and intensify the fuel injection process in high-pressure pumps of lowspeed diesel engines, it is recommended to use cams with concave profile. The calculation is performed using the Mathcad system of the stroke, speed and acceleration of the pusher depending on the angle of rotation of the cam shaft. Using the Mathcad program for cams with a concave profile, graphs of the pusher lift, changes in its speed and acceleration are constructed.

Experimental Investigation and Neural network based parametric prediction in a multistage reciprocating humidifier

Cooling of the buildings is very much mandatory in summer and to meet this, considerable energy will be spent for cooling purpose across the world. Present work focuses on the multistage evaporative cooling pads where four different packing are used to analyze the different humidification output parameters. Cam shaft which is powered by the motor gives reciprocating motion to the cooling pads which is made to dip inside the stagnant water. Input operating parameters such as air velocity, cam shaft speed and the number of cooling pads are varied and the output parameters like pressure drop, cooling effect, coefficient of performance, relative humidity drop and energy consumption rate are determined. Results indicated that, there is an increase in COP, pressure drop and the energy consumption rate with the rise in the air velocity. Artificial neural network has been used for predicting the performance parameters of the experimental results. 3-15-4 structured MLP based network is considered and is trained by using trainscg, trainlm and using trainbr networks. Results indicated a good prediction capability of ANN techniques with MRE of test data lying below 12%. Trainbr outperformed the other two networks as the correlation coefficient was much higher and MRE was lower for both training as well as test data.

The influence of carbonitriding conditions on microstructure and mechanical properties of 25CrMo4 low-alloy steel

Carbonitriding is an important industrial process applied for the improvement of the mechanical characteristics of the component of many steels employed in several machines parts like cam shafts, crank shafts and gears to enhance fatigue strength and wear resistance. In this study, the influence of the gaseous carbonitriding on the enhancement of surface characteristics and mechanical properties was investigated using different parameters for low alloy steel. The analysis and characterization of the treated material were carried out employing optical microscopy (OM) and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and X-ray diffraction methods (retained austenite and residual stresses). Microhardness and tensile tests were performed and the fracture mechanisms of the various materials were ultimately examined and discussed. The main contribution of this research work is to show and optimize the selection of the appropriate parameters for this kind of steel in industrial field. Diffusion mechanism and microstructure proved that the process of high temperature gas carbonitriding allowed enhancing the mechanical properties of material. This process resulted in a rise of the yield strengths and a loss in a pronounced ductility associated with the brittle intergranular fracture surface caused by the nitride precipitation in the grain boundaries.

Кинематический расчет кулачков выпуклого профиля с использованием программы MATHCAD

The article shows the features of the construction of cams with a convex profile, the method of kinematic calculation of the pusher when it moves along a convex and rounded surface is given. A technique is proposed to determine the coordinate center of the radius of the convex surface of the cam. Calculations of the stroke, speed and acceleration of the pusher depending on the angle of rotation of the cam shaft are performed using the Mathcad system. Using the Mathcad program for cams with a convex profile, graphs of the pusher lift, changes in its speed and acceleration are constructed. The proposed method of calculating the cams of a convex profile of various sizes with the determination of the lifting height, speed, acceleration of the pusher and the construction of their graphs in the Mathcad system will allow designing cams and copiers necessary for processing cam shafts.

Impact of material properties on the dynamics of cam shaft

A camshaft is a long cylindrical shaft having oblong moving pieces referred to as cams that are utilized in changing the turning motion into straight motion. The aim of this work is to control the valve timing in an internal combustion engine. The crankshaft through idler gears and timing gears drives the camshaft that is considered one of the most significant segments in the four-stroke engine. To meet the higher power output, the camshaft has to run at higher speeds. Because of this, the camshaft is subjected to vibrations due to the centrifugal force of the rotating elements mounted along with the shaft. In this study, the model of a camshaft is planned in Solidworks, and ANSYS software is used for the analysis. Static structural analysis and modal analysis will be done on the camshaft using Aluminium silicon carbide, Spheroidal graphite cast iron, and EN-18 steel with respective properties. The comparison will be done for the three materials based on stress, deformation, weight, safety factor, and natural frequencies to determine the better material for the manufacturing of the camshaft and better results obtained with EN18 material.

Performance Study of Air Driven Engine Being Modified From Conventional Four Stroke Engine without Cam Modification

This research presents a novel mechanism to convert a conventional100-cc four stroke driven engine into a 2 stroke compressed air driven engine without doing any modifications in the cam shaft. This allows for a faster valve operation & also helping the existing engines to be converted into air driven engines with removal of intake and exhaust manifold and also provides a platform to curb the growing menace of air pollution by using the existing old engines to be used as air driven engine. Also, cycle of operation of the Air Engine has been representedon P-V diagram and theoretical efficiency has been calculated which is a function of pressure ratio and temperature, and comes out to be around 80 percent (@ Prr. Ratio of 10& Temp of 550K). Variation of rpm with percentage valve opening is seen at different pressure ratios and the maximum speed of the engine (after doing said modifications and running through compressed air)is observed to be 1573 rpm at a pressure of 9 bar with the developed mechanism for the existing 4 stroke maestro engine.

Study of inspection technique for precision component on indexing table

This work presents inspection method for component of indexing table. The indexing table employs a vee and 3 balls kinematic location system. The 6 points contact kinematic design concept of ball and vee groove was used, because the ball and vee groove system can attain good repeatability and has good rigidity. The vee plays an important role as the indexing angle and locking mechanism. Also eccentricity is an important factor as alignment between the rotation center of the rotary table. So, the concentricity between the center of the vee plate and the center of the rotary table is required to be as close as possible to make an accurate vee plate. The indexing table uses the kinematic design concept of vees and balls. But contact stress in the vee is often very high, so the plastic deformation could occur on the vee due to the loaded balls. The elastic deformation of cam shaft is described in this paper.

Features of determining the efficiency of the cam wave generator of the wave gear

The object of study is a wave gear with a cam wave generator. One of the requirements for wave gears is to increase their efficiency. The article considers a refined method for determining the efficiency of a flexible bearing, taking into account the deformation of the flexible wheel, hard wheel, outer ring of the flexible bearing, cam shaft, shaft of the flexible wheel, as well as contact deformations of teeth, FB balls, roller paths of the outer and inner rings of the flexible bearing. According to the proposed method, the influence of the resistance moment, gear wheel displacement coefficients and radial deformation of a flexible wheel on the efficiency of a flexible bearing is investigated. The obtained dependencies expand knowledge about the influence of various factors of wave transmission of the efficiency of flexible bearings.

Reducing Defects on Cam Shaft by Six Sigma Methodology

The efficiency of an IC engine is mainly depends on opening and closing of inlet and outlet valves. The valves are operated by cam shaft. So cam shaft must be free from defects to maintain proper combustion of a internal combustion engine. Thus we are focusing to reduce the defects and improving quality in the manufacturing process and operations of a cam shaft in manufacturing industry for different automotives. In camshaft manufacturing the considerable defects are material selection, changing their mechanical properties while machining, temperature defects, casting defects, tolerances and surface roughness. So manufactured cam shaft has to overcome above defects for safe operating of valves. Six Sigma is a business technique and a methodical philosophy utilization of which prompts achievement in benefit through quantum gain in item quality, consumer loyalty and efficiency. The goal was to diminish the quantity of deformities to as low as 3.4 parts per million chances. Methodology used: DMAIC is one of the tool of six sigma used to improve the process and also to find root causes for any problem to reduce the defects occuring in any industry. we are using DMAIC tool to reduce defects and improve quality. DMAIC stands for define, measure, analyze, improve, control.

Reducing Defects on Cam Shaft by Six Sigma Methodology

Reducing Defects on Cam Shaft by Six Sigma Methodology