Calycopteris Floribunda Research Articles

Phytochemical and antioxidant screening of Cocculus hirsutus and Calycopteris floribunda

Cocculus hirsutus and Calycopteris floribunda are two important Indian medicinal plants that are having multiple health benefits in traditional medicine. The current research aims to investigate the qualitative and quantitative phytochemical screening of ethanolic extracts of the selected plants using standard protocols. The Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were estimated by Folin–Ciocalteu & Aluminum chloride colorimetric methods respectively. Invitro antioxidant activity by DPPH and NO free radical scavenging assay. Results unveiled that the total phenolic content for the ethanolic extract of C. hirsutus and C. floribunda are 157.46±1.12 & 113.25±1.03 GAE per gram of sample in dry weight (mg/g) and total flavonoid content was 69±1.05 & 58±1.23 of RE per gram of sample in dry weight (mg/g) respectively. In the DPPH assay, ethanolic extract of C. hirsutus is effective to inhibit (71.02%) the DPPH free radicals with IC50 values 48.10µg/ml at higher doses that are comparable to standard ascorbic acid (79.26%, IC50 =38.39µg/ml) followed by C. floribunda (65.24%, IC50 =60.49µg/ml). Similarly, in the NO free radical scavenging assay, C. hirsutus (75.19%) exhibited the highest free radical scavenging activity with IC50 values of 44.43µg/ml followed by C. floribunda (71.02%, IC50 =52.14µg/ml).

A REVIEW ON PHYTOCHEMISTRY AND PHARMACOLOGY OF CALYCOPTERIS FLORIBUNDA ROXB. LAM

The medicinal plant Calycopteris floribunda Roxb. Lam. commonly known as “Ukshi” belongs to the family Combretaceae. Calycopteris floribunda is a large evergreen climbing shrub native of Bangladesh and India. It is widely distributed in the central and southern parts of India and also found in south-east Asian countries. The branches store abundant water for its own purpose as well to quench the thirst of the forest dwellers. Hence the forest habitants are referring this plant as a lifesaver. Calycopteris floribunda finds a place in traditional Asian medicinal systems, including Ayurveda, Folk and Unani. The anti-inflammatory flavonoid compound calycopterin is present in the leaves of the plant. In Ayurveda this plant is used to treat for leprosy, malarial fever, dysentery, ulcers, vomiting, wound healing and cytotoxic. It is hepatoprotective, antimicrobial, antiviral and used for numerous ailments. A review on the medicinal plant Calycopteris floribunda was done in the period from 1934 to 2020. Here, we are focusing on the isolation, phytochemical constitution and pharmacological potential of Calycopteris floribunda plant.

A COMPARATIVE ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEMS OF CLIMBING PLANTS IN ARALAM WILD LEFE SANCTUARY, KANNUR

Climbing plants differ from self-supporting plants, such as shrubs and trees, in a range of characteristics. The most notable is the mechanical properties of the stem Comparison of the differentiated anatomical structures recorded in ten species of the climbing plants. The plants selected for the present study are Ampelocissus latifolia,(Vitaceae), Lygodium flexuosum (Lygodiaceae), Centrosema virginianum(Fabaceae), Tinospora cordifolia,(Menispermaceae), Wattakakka volubilis (Asclepiadaceae) Cyclea peltata (Menispermaceae), Calycopteris floribunda (Combretaceae) Pothos scandens(Araceae) Ipomoea separia (Convolvulaceae) and Piper nigrum (Piperaceae). The stems of climbing plants are characterized by the scarcity of supporting cells (fibers) and an increase in the diameter of the xylem vessels. The study con firms that they show a greater diversity of organization than other plant life forms. This anatomical radiation couldprobably not exist without the achievement of a wide range of secondary growth processes. Many dicotyledons, notably those with a climbing habit, show interesting secondary structure which differs from the more usual type described, therefore, sometimes termed anomalous. The variant secondary growth isparticularly widespread in tropical climbers. It is speculated that variant growth can increase stem flexibility, protect the phloem, increase storage parenchyma, aid in clinging to supports, limit physical disruption of vascular tissues during twisting and bending, and promote wound healing after girdling.

Quantitation of Flavonoids in Barks of Selected Taxa of Combretaceae

The present study was done on the evaluation and quatification of Flavonoids in the barks of selected taxa of Combretaceae viz. Terminalia (Terminalia alata, Terminalia arjuna, Terminalia bellirica, Terminalia catappa, Terminalia chebula, Terminalia pallida, Terminalia paniculata), Anogeissus acuminata, Anogeissus latifolia, Calycopteris floribunda, Combretum albidum and Quisqualis indica The selected species such as was randomly selected for the research and the quantitation of flavonoids were detected and identified by paper chromatography technique (Rf values) and standard methodology. The total flavonoid contents (TFC) varied from 77.94 to 238 mg/g, expressed as Rutin equivalents. We conclude that all the selected taxa Barks of Combretaceae possess and can be regarded as promising candidates for natural plant sources high value dietary rich flavonoids.

A COMPARATIVE ANATOMICAL CHARACTERISTICS OF THE STEMS OF CLIMBING PLANTS IN ARALAM WILD LIFE SANCTUARY, KANNUR

Climbing plants differ from self-supporting plants, such as shrubs and trees, in a range of characteristics. The most notable is the mechanical properties of the stem Comparison of the differentiated anatomical structures recorded in ten species of the climbing plants. The plants selected for the present study are Ampelocissus latifolia, (Vitaceae), Lygodium flexuosum (Lygodiaceae), Centrosema virginianum (Fabaceae), Tinospora cordifolia, (Menispermaceae), Wattakakka volubilis (Asclepiadaceae) Cyclea peltata (Menispermaceae), Calycopteris floribunda (Combretaceae) Pothos scandens (Araceae) Ipomoea separia (Convolvulaceae) and Piper nigrum (Piperaceae). The stems of climbing plants are characterized by the scarcity of supporting cells (fibers) and an increase in the diameter of the xylem vessels. The study con firms that they show a greater diversity of organization than other plant life forms. This anatomical radiation couldprobably not exist without the achievement of a wide range of secondary growth processes. Many dicotyledons, notably those with a climbing habit, show interesting secondary structure which differs from the more usual type described, therefore, sometimes termed anomalous. The variant secondary growth isparticularly widespread in tropical climbers. It is speculated that variant growth can increase stem flexibility, protect the phloem, increase storage parenchyma, aid in clinging to supports, limit physical disruption of vascular tissues during twisting and bending, and promote wound healing after girdling.

Hepatotoxicity of Cadmium and Roles of Mitigating Agents

There are increasing reports on cadmium associated hepatotoxicity, due to these reports this study reviewed relevant literature on cadmium associated hepatotoxicity with emphasis on doses, route of administration, salt forms (cadmium compounds) and the roles of mitigating agents. Reports have shown that continuous exposure of the liver to cadmium has led to hepatotoxicity. Humans are generally exposed to cadmium by two main routes, inhalation and ingestion. In this study, evaluation of relevant literature showed that irrespective of route of administration and salt forms cadmium hepatotoxicity is dose and time dependent. Cadmium associated hepatotoxicity manifested through impaired functions of hepatic biomarkers (transaminases), enzymatic and non enzymatic antioxidants. Histopathological damage to liver architecture manifested as swelling of hepatocytes, focal necrosis, hepatocytes degeneration, dilatation of ribosomes, damage of membrane-bounded lysosomes, nuclear pyknosis and cytoplasm vacuolization. Deterioration of mitochondrial cristae, deposition of collagen fibrils, hypertrophy of kuffer cells, congestion in central veins and sinusoids, infiltration of mixed inflammatory cells and peripheral hemorrhage also occurred. Hepatotoxic effect of cadmium was mitigated by Vitamin C, Vitamin E, Manganese (11) Chloride, N-acetylcysteine and Selenium. Extracts of plant origin including <em>Solanum tuberosum</em>, <em>Calycopteris floribunda</em> and <em>Hibiscus sabdariffa</em> mitigated cadmium induced hepatotoxicity. Chemical substances of animal origin including honey and camel milk were reported to have ameliorated cadmium induced hepatotoxicity. One of the mechanisms of cadmium induced hepatotoxicity is reported to be associated with the up regulation of reactive oxygen species (oxidative stress) which caused oxidative damage to lipid contents of membranes and direct liver injury. Conclusion cadmium is dose and time dependently hepatotoxic irrespective of route of administration, salt form and is ameliorated by some antioxidants and extracts of plant and materials of animal origin which may require further evaluation for clinical application.

Ethnomedicinal practices in different communities of Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka for treatment of wounds

Ethnopharmacological relevanceUttara Kannada district is located in the heart of the Western Ghats, one of the biodiversity hotspots, in Karnataka state of India. The thick evergreen forests are home to several ethnic communities. The study was under taken for documentation and analysis of ethnomedicinal plants in the treatment of wounds. Materials and methodsField trips were made in Uttara Kannada district to identify the key informants. The collection of information was through semi-structured open ended interviews with a questionnaire. The questionnaire was designed to obtain the information about their experience in the field of treatment, number of patients treated per week, knowledge about the medicinal plants, vernacular names, parts of the plants used and other ingredients added during the drug formulations. Plants mentioned for treatment were photographed in the field, cuttings of the samples were taken and voucher specimens are deposited in the herbarium of P.G. Department of Botany, Karnatak University, Dharwad. The information such as botanical name, status, family, vernacular name habit and habitat, statistical analysis like percentage of parts used, Use value (UV) and Informants Consensus Factor (ICF) are provided. ResultsPresent study resulted in recording 106 medicinal plant species of 55 families and 86 formulations to treat different types of wounds by 44 key informants. Among the 106 plants recorded four species are endemic to India and 22 species have the nativity outside India. Rest of the species have nativity both in India and elsewhere. The highest number of species belonged to Apocynaceae and Rubiaceae (6 species each). Trees are used more often (35.84%), followed by herbs (28.30%), shrubs (23.58%), climbers (11.32) and parasites (0.80%). Leaves are the major part of the plants used in the formulations (28.57%). The highest Use value is for Calycopteris floribunda (1.80), followed by Rauvolfia serpentina and Achyranthes aspera (1.67). The different types of wounds treated by traditional healers are classified into 15 categories and the highest ICF scored is for the burns (0.66). ConclusionsEthnomedicinal survey in Uttara Kannada district of Karnataka revealed uses of 106 plants in traditional practices for curing various types of wounds. The statistical analysis confirmed high degree of sharing the knowledge amongst 44 key informants. Information about the largest number of remedies was obtained from the Havyaka Brahmin ethnic community which has strong Sanskrit background.

Traditional Medico-Botanical Knowledge of Local Communities in Hosanagara Taluk of Shimoga District in Karnataka, India

Ethno-medico-botanical knowledge was documented in Hosanagara taluk in Shimoga districtof Karnataka, India using a questionnaire. The data of 86 plant species for treating 47 human and 16 veterinary ailments were analyzed by informant consensus factor (ICF), use value (UV), and fidelity level (FL). The wound category received high ICF of 0.86. Vallaris solanacea (UV=0.61) for bone fracture and wound and Tabernaemontana alternifolia (UV=0.54) for snakebite were preferred by healers. The FLs for a specific disease was maximum (100%) for Aristolochia indica, Calycopteris floribunda, Thottea siliquosa, Tridax procumbens, and Tabernaemontana divaricata. In this study, 14 hitherto unknown ethnomedicinal formulations are reported.

Pachypodol, a flavonol from the leaves of Calycopteris floribunda, inhibits the growth of CaCo 2 colon cancer cell line in vitro

Calycopteris floribunda Lam., commonly known as 'goichia lata or goache lata', is a large climbing woody shrub from Bangladesh, and well distributed in a number of other south-east Asian countries. Traditionally, C. floribunda has been used in colic, as an antihelminthic, astringent and carminative, and for the treatment of diarrhoea, dysentery, jaundice and malaria in many countries including Bangladesh. Pachypodol (5,4'-dihydroxy-3,7,3'-trimethoxyflavone) has been isolated from the leaves of C. floribunda by repeated column chromatography on silica gel, and the structure confirmed by spectroscopic means. While the general toxicity of pachypodol was determined by the brine shrimp lethality assay, the cytotoxic potential of this flavonoid has been evaluated by the Promega's CellTiter 96 Non-Radioactive Cell Proliferation Assay using the CaCo-2 colon cancer cell line (IC(50) = 185.6 microM). A summary of the biological activities of pachypodol reported to date is also presented.

Toxicity studies of Calycopteris floribunda Lam. in calf, rabbit and rat

The toxicological evaluation of the plant Calycopteris floribunda Lam. was done in calf, rabbit and rat. The phytochemical screening revealed the presence of flavonoids, alkaloids, tannins and saponins. Morbidity and mortality was observed in methanol extract-treated rats and rabbits. In rabbits (25 g/kg/day) and calves (35 g/kg/day) fed fresh leaves showed morbidity and mortality with premonitory clinical signs like depression, downer status, polyuria and characteristic forelimb paresis (seen only in rabbits). The serum urea, alanine-amino transferase, glucose and total cholesterol concentrations were significantly ( P < 0.05) increased compared to control values. Necropsy of calves revealed the congestion of liver, lung and petechiae on epicardium. The present study indicated the toxic nature of the plant in calf, rabbit and rat.

Flavonols and other components of the leaves of Calycopteris floribunda

Flavonols and other components of the leaves of Calycopteris floribunda

Antimicrobial Activity of Crude Extract from &lt;i&gt;Calycopteris floribunsa&lt;/i&gt;

Petroleum ether, chloroform, ethyl acetate and ethanol extracts of Calycopteris floribunda leaves were investigated for their antimicrobial activities against ten human pathogenic bacteria and five phytopathogenic fungi using disc diffusion and poisoned food method respectively. The extracts showed good antibacterial and antifungal activity against the organisms tested herein. The chloroform extract exhibited the largest zone of inhibition (35 mm in diameter with 2 mg/disc extract) against Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and the highest inhibition of fungal radial mycelial growth (71.5% with 100 mg extract/ml medium) was recorded against Alternaria alternata using the same extract. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) values were determined by broth macrodilution method and the lowest was recorded against P. aeruginosa (MIC 250 μg/ml) among the bacterial isolates and A. alternata (125 μg/ml) among the fungal isolates. The crude chloroform extract was found to be active against most of the fungal pathogens. So it may be used as a novel antimicrobial agent for controlling a number of pathogens. Keywords: Antimicrobial activity; Calycopteris floribunda; leaf extractDOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/bjm.v25i2.4877 Bangladesh J Microbiol, Volume 25, Number 2, December 2008, pp 137-139

Chromosome numbers in some Indian medicinal plants

The present paper deals with the meiotic chromosome numbers of 12 taxa and their ploidy. The seven new genera investigated arePseudarthria viscida n=11,Uraria hamosa n=11,Calycopteris floribunda n=24,Adenostemma lavenia n=10,Synedrella nodiflora n=19,Ichnocarpus frutescens n=10,Wrightia tinctoria n=10. The five species studied areClematis gouriana n=8,Hibiscus furcatus n=64,Spilanthes acmella n=26,Cordia wallichii n=21. The chromosome numbers are recorded for the first time.