Calves Research Articles

Damage types, causes of damage and herd leaving ages in dairy cattle under the scope of livestock insurance and subject to compensation in some districts of Izmir Province of Turkey

In this research, in some districts of Izmir province, damage types, causes of damage, ages at which the damage occured and hot carcass weights of Holstein cattle which are under the scope of state supported livestock insurance and which were slaughtered involuntarily due to various reasons, which died, aborted or whose calves died, were examined. The research data were obtained from the damage reports prepared by Agricultural Insurances Pool (AIP) experts and records kept by slaughterhouses. Damage types that are subject to compensation in dairy cattle are classified by AIP under four groups: involuntary slaughtering, death, abortion and calf death. The distribution percentages of the 215 damage reports into groups of involuntary slaughtering, death, abortion and calf death were found as 53.5, 6.5, 13.5 and 26.5% respectively. The mean herd leaving ages due to death and involuntary slaughtering were found to be 42.6 months and 52.4 months, respectively. In involuntary slaughtering, the causes of damage were separated into five groups as udder disorders, reproduction and calving problems (excluding abortion), digestive tract disorders, foot and leg problems, and injury and other problems. In the 115 cattle that were involuntarily slaughtered, the distribution percentages of the above causes were 51.3, 17.4, 11.3, 7.8 and 12.2%, respectively. The mean carcass weights of involuntarily slaughtered cattle were 224, 216, 198 and 204 kg for winter, spring, summer and autumn, respectively (P<0.10). The overall mean was 216 kg. Although the number of companies active in agricultural insurance is 22, it was observed that the cattle examined in our research were insured by only 4 companies. Livestock insurance is a practice which could help with the healthy development of the livestock sector.

Effect of slaughter age on meat qualitative traits of veal calves

Veal calves breeding holds an important of bovine meat production part over all our country, as for the appreciation by the consumers for its pale coloured flesh, believed to be more digestible, than for favourable use of Frisian males that are slaughtered because they exceed the restocking of beef (Balasini, 2000)...

Prevalence of Liver Termatods and Hydatid Cyst in Livestock, Jiroft, Iran, 2001

Background: Hydatosis is one of the most and common parasitic disease and fasciola hepatica and gigantica has been considered as the most common of infection in herbivorous hepatobiliary system. The parasites not only cause to damage in animal husbandry industry but also can cause one of the parasitic diseases, which are common between human and livestock. This research was a cross-sectional study that was performed in all slaughtered livestock in order to determine the rate of infection to hydatid cyst and hepatic termatods in Jiroft , Iran, 2001. Methods: The liver of 358 goats, 316 calves, and 269 sheep were carefully examined to observe fasciola and the other organ for hydatid cyst. For analyzing the data, chi square test was performed using SPSS software. Results: The findings showed that prevalence of infection to the hydatid cyst was 8.5% in calves, 5.1 % in sheep and 7.8% in goats. The prevalence of fasciola hepatica was 0.9% in calves, 3.7% in sheep and 3 % in goats. Also, the prevalence of fasciola gigantic was 0.9% in calves, 1.6% in sheep and 2.8% in goats. The economical damages due to infected slaughtered livestock were 10,870,000 Rls. Conclusion: Because of the high prevalence of these parasites in slaughtered livestock in Jiroft, it is important to control them for prevention of economically and hygienically damages.

The Frequency of the Shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum, F5 Escherichia coli, Rotavirus, Coronavirus and Salmonella spp. in Young Dairy Calves in Mitidja Area (Algeria)

To estimate the frequency of the shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum, F5 Escherichia coli, rotavirus, coronavirus and Salmonella sp. in 96 dairy farms of Mitidja (Algeria), 220 calves aged from 1 to 45 days (119 diarrheic vs 101 no diarrheic) were examined. The results showed that C. parvum was detected in 23,4% of farms against 18.7% for rotavirus, 14.5% for F5 E. coli, 12.5% for coronavirus and 3 for Salmonella. However, C. parvum is the most isolated infectious germ in calves, followed by rotavirus, coronavirus, F5 E. coli and Salmonella with respective rates 23.6%, 13.6%, 10.4%, 10% and 3%. The prevalence of the agents was higher in diarrheic calves than in no diarrheic, 43 against 9 calves (36.13% vs 8.91%) for C.parvum,18 against 4 (21.84% vs 3.96%) for rotavirus, 22 against 1 (18.48% vs 0.09%) for coronavirus, 18 against 4 for F5 E. coli (15.12% vs 3.96%) and 2 against 1 for Salmonella (1.60% vs 0.09%) respectively. However, the age of the calves seems to play a major role in apparition of different germs. In fact, F5 E.coli was significantly detected in 1-3 days group and rotavirus infection in 4-7 days group. Undeniably, C.parvum was preferentially affected 8-15 and 14-21days age groups, followed by rotavirus. Moreover, coronavirus and Salmonella were mostly frequent respectively in 22-30 and 31-45 days ages groups.

β-Mannanase (CTCZYME ® ) 첨가가 어린 송아지의 성장에 미치는 영향

The objective of this study was to evaluate effects of supplementation of β-mannanase (CTCZYME ⓡ , CTCBIO, Inc.) on feed intake, growth performance and fecal health of calves fed two levels (3% vs. 8%) of palm kernel meal (PKM). A total of nine Holstein calves were divided into three groups, and fed a conventional starter containing 3% PKM (CON), CON+ 0.1% CTCZYME ⓡ (TRT1), or a starter containing 8% PKM+ 0.1% CTCZYME ⓡ (TRT2). No clinical symptom of calves was observed through the trial. We did not find significant differences among the treatments on mean feed intake, growth performance, or fecal health during the four-week experimental period. Feed efficiency tended to be improved by adding CTCZYME ⓡ (0.46, 0.87 and 0.52 for CON, TRT1 and TRT2, respectively). Compared with CON (921 g/d and 786 g/d), TRT2 had lower feed intake (727 g/d) and average daily gain (ADG, 631 g/d) before weaning. However, feed intake (2300 g/d) and ADG (1012 g/d) were similar or even higher in TRT2 than CON (2269 g/d and 560 g/d) after weaning. This was probably due to the effect of a large amount of mannan-oligosaccharide released from PKM by β-mannanase. Salmonella was not detected any fecal samples. No significant difference was observed in the number of fecal E. coli or fecal properties including color, smell, and watery indexes among the treatments. We conclude that a calf starter containing 8% PKM with 0.1% CTCZYME ⓡ is comparable with a conventional starter in feed intake and growth performance of calf, which is beneficial in terms of reduction in feed cost.

Studies on colibacillosis in calves in Egypt I. Mortality among buffalo and Friesian calves.

Summary Studies of the mortality rate among calves over a period of 8 years on the different farms of the General Meat Organization showed that enteritis was responsible for 11 % of losses among the total newborn suckling buffalo calves (representing 41.7 % of total deaths), while in Friesian calves the mortality was 2.7 % (representing 33.7 % of total deaths). Bacteriological examination of the internal organs of 100 dead suckling calves revealed that 62 had died of colibacillosis. E. coli could be isolated most frequently from intestine, kidney, liver, blood, spleen and lung and less frequently from bone marrow and muscles. In calves dying with symptoms of meninyitis E. coli could be isolated from the cerebrospinal fluid. Single, double, triple and quadruple infections were found in rFiesian calves. A total of 492 E. coli strains were isolated, of which 368 could be typed as 0 111, 0 115, 0 35, 0 137, 0 78, 0 9, 0 101, 0 8, 0 26, 0 86, 0 55, 0 119, 0 15, 0 11, 0 125, and 0 126. Zusammenfassung Untersuchungen uber die Colibazillose der Kalber in Agypten I. Mortalitat bei Buffel- und Friesiankalbern Die Untersuchungen uber die Sterblichkeitsquote bei Kalbern in einem Zeitraum von 8 Jahren auf verschiedenen Farmen der “General Meat Organization” zeigten, das die Enteritis 11% der Verluste unter neugeborenen Saugkalbern (dies sinid 41,7% der Gesamtverluste) ausmachte. Die bakteriologische Untersuchung der inneren Organe von 100 gestorbenen Saugkalbern bewies, das 62 an Colibazillose gestorben waren. Am haufigsten wurde E. coli aus dem Darmstrakt, der Niere, der Leber, dem Blut, der Milz und der Lunge und seltener aus dem Knochenmark und der Muskulatur isoliert. Bei Kalbern, die unter den Krankheitserscheinungen einer Meningitis starben, konnten E. coli-Keime auch aus der Zerebrospinalflussigkeit isoliert werden. In den Buffelkadavern wurden Eimel-, Doppel-, Dreifach- und Vierfachinfektionen, in Friesiankalbern dagegen nur Einzel- und Doppelinfektionen gefunden. Von den insgesamt 492 isolierten E. coli-Stammen konnten 368 typisiert werden und zwar als 0 111, 0 115, 0 35, 0 137, 0 78, 0 9, 0 101, 0 8, 0 26, 0 86, 0 55, 0 119, 0 14, 0 11, 0 125 und 0 126. Resume Recherches sur la colibacillose des veaux en Egypte I. Mortalite chez des veaux de buffles et frisons Les recherches faites sur le taux de mortalite chez des veaux provenant de differentes exploitations de la «General Meat Organization» durant une periode de 8 ans, ont montre que les enterites representaient le 11% des pertes chez les veaux nouveau-nes (41,7% des pertes totales). L'examen bacteriologique des organes internes de 100 veaux peris a montre que 62 ont peri de colibacillose. E. coli fut isole le plus souvent a partir du tube digestif, des reins, du foie, du sang, de la rate, des poumons et plus rarement a partir de la moelle osseuse et de la musculature. E. coli fut egalement isole a partir du liquide cerebrospinal chez des veaux peris qui presentaient des symptomes de meningite. On a trouve des infections simples, doubles, triples et quadruples chez les buffles; elles furent par contre simples et doubles chez les veaux frisons. 368 souches d'E. coli sur 492 ont pu etre typisees et ont donne 0 111, 0 115, 0 35, 0 137, 0 78, 0 9, 0 101, 0 8, 0 26, 0 86, 0 55, 0 119, 0 15, 0 11, 0 125 et 0 126. Resumen Estudios sobre la colibacilosis de los terneros en Egipto I. Mortalidad en terneros de bufalas y frisones Los estudios sobre la tasa de mortalidad en terneros durante un espacio de tiempo de 8 anos en varias explotaciones de la «General Meat Organization» revelaron que la enteritis ascendia al 11% de las perdidas entre los terneros recien nacidos (41,7% de las perdidas totales). El examen bacterialogico de los organos internos de 100 terneros lactantes muertos demostro que 62 habian sucumbido de colibacilosis. Con frecuencia maxima se aislo E. coli del tracto intestinal, rinon, higado, sangre, bazo y pulmon, y, mas rara vez, de la medula osea y de la musculatura. En terneros que murieron bajo los sintomas nosologicos de una meningitis, tambien se pudieron aislar germenes E. coli del liquido cefalorraquideo. En los cadaveres de bufalos se hallaron infecciones simples, dobles, triples y cuadruples, mientras que en los terneros frisones solo infecciones simples o dobles. Del total de 492 estirpes E. coli aisladas se pudieron tipificar 368, a saber como 0 111, 0 115, 0 35, 0 137, 0 78, 0 9, 0 101, 0 8, 0 26, 0 86, 0 55, 0 119, 0 15, 0 11, 0 125 y 0 126.

Preliminary studies on the effect of fenbendazole and oxfendazole on Taenia saginata cysticerci in calves.

Summary Oxfendazole given orally to calves in doses of 50 mg./kg. or 100 mg./kg. body weight and fenbendazole at 100 mg./kg. or 4 × 50 mg./kg. had no lethal effect on 10-week-old cysticerci of Taenia saginata. Zusammenfassung Orientierende Untersuchungen uber die Wirkung von Fenbendazol und Oxfendazol auf Cysticercus bovis beim Kalb Fenbendazol in Dosierungen von 100 mg/kg und 4 × 50 mg/kg sowie Oxfendazol in Dosierungen von 50 mg/kg und 100 mg/kg erwiesen sich als unwirksam gegen 10 Wochen alte Rinderfinnen.

The effect of urethane on newborn calves.

Summary Newborn calves were inoculated subcutaneously with urethan (ethyl carbamate) in a dose of 0.4–0.6 gm./kg. body weight. The crystalline form was administered in a 15–20% solution in saline or distilled water. Each animal received 5–10 injections spaced at 1–2 day intervals. Urethan treated animals showed a reduction of temperature, retardation of growth, and depressed hematopoiesis. The latter was expressed by a mild post-inoculation anemia with lower RBC count, PCV, and hemoglobin values than in the untreated controls. Likewise, the circulating neutrophils were depressed; leukopenia started to appear 10 days after the beginning of injections and was most marked at the 4th week of life. In addition, the circulating lymphoid cells decreased shortly after the injections, but tended to remain at higher levels during the second half of the year. Microscopically, no neoplastic changes were noted, but, hyperplasia of the cortex and “blast cells” in the sinuses of the lymph nodes of the urethan treated animals was a characteristic feature. Zusammenfassung Der Einflus von Urethan auf neugeborene Kalber Neugeborenen Kalbern wurde Urethan in einer Dosis von 0,4–0,6 g/kg (15–20% in 0,9% NaCl-Losung oder destiliertem Wasser) Korpergewicht verabreicht. Jedes Tier erhielt in Intervallen von 1–2 Tagen total 5–10 Injektionen. Bei den behandelten Tieren fiel die Temperatur, das Wachstum verzogerte sich, und die Hamatopoese war vermindert (Senkung der Erythrozytenzahl und des Hamoglobingehaltes sowie der Anzahl der zirkulierenden neutrophilen Granulozyten). Eine Leukopenie wurde 10 Tage nach Beginn der Medikation manifest und erreichte ihr Maximum in der 4. Lebenswoche. Auch die zirkulierenden lymphoiden Zellen verminderten sich bald nach dem Beginn der Medikation; in der 2. Halfte des 1. Lebensjahres zeigten sie jedoch eine Tendenz zu erhohten Werten. Histologisch wurden neoplastische Veranderungen nicht festgestellt. Eine Hyperplasie der Rinde und der “Blasten” in den Sinus der Lymphdrusen waren charakteristisch fur die behandelten Tiere. Resume L'influence de l'urethane sur les veaux nouveau-nes On administre a des veaux nouveau-nes de l'urethane a des doses de 0,4–0,6 g/kg de poids du corps (15–20% en solution de NaCl 0,9% ou dans de l'eau distillee). Chaque animal recoit au total 5–10 injections, a des intervalles de 1–2 jours. Chez les animaux traites, on observe une chute de la temperature, un retard dans la croissance et une diminution de l'hematopoiese (baisse du nombre des erythrocytes et du taux d'hemoglobine, ainsi que du nombre des granulocytes neutrophiles circulants). Dix jours apres le debut de la medication se manifeste une leucopenie, qui atteint son maximum a l'âge de 4 semaines. Les cellules lymphoides circulantes diminuent egalement peu apres le debut de la medication; dans la deuxieme moitie de la premiere annee, on observe une tendance aux valeurs elevees. A l'histologie, on ne met pas en evidence des modifications neoplastiques. Une hyperplasie de l'ecorce et des «blastes» dans le sinus des ganglions lymphatiques se revele caracteristique pour les animaux traites. Resumen El influjo de uretano sobre terneros recien nacidos A terneros recien nacidos se les administro uretano en dosis de 0,4–0,6 g./kg. (15–20% en solucion de ClNa al 0,9% o agua destilada) de peso en pie. Cada animal recibio en intervalos des 1–2 dias un total de 5–10 inyecciones. En los animales tratados descendio la temperatura, el crecimiento se retardo y la hematopoyesis estaba aminorada (descenso del numero de eritrocitos y del contenido en hemoglobina, asi como de la cantidad de granulocitos neutrofilos circulantes). 10 dias despues de comenzar la medicacion se torno manifiesta una leucopenia, alcanzando su maximo en la 4° semana de vida. Tambien disminuyeron las celulas linfoides circulantes poco despues de iniciarse la medicacion; sin embargo, durante la 2° mitad del primer ano de vida mostraban una tendencia hacia valores elevados. Histologicamente no se apreciaron alteraciones neoplasicas. La hiperplasia de la corteza y de los «blastos» en el seno de los ganglios linfaticos eran caracteristicas en los animales tratados.

Salmonella infection in fattening calves after slaughter.

Summary In the period from June 1965 to December 1966 250 randomly selected calves were examined for salmonellae in each of four slaughterhouses. Salmonellae were isolated from 227 (22.7 %) out of a total of 1000 animals examined. The distribution over the four slaughterhouses was, respectively, 10 (4.0 %), 79 (31.6 %), 37 (14.8 %) and 101 (40.1 %). The Salmonella strains isolated belonged to 16 different serological types. S. typhi murium was found most frequently and represented 51.8% of the strains isolated. It may be concluded that slaughter of Salmonella-excreting calves (positive faeces and/or hair) causes carcass contamination. Such contamination was found in 31 animals (3.1 %). When the results of the present investigation were compared with those obtained in 1962/63 it appeared that the number of animals infected with Salmonella was similar in both investigations. Zusammenfassung Salmonella-Infektionen bei Mastkalbern nach dem Schlachten In der Zeit vom Juni 1965 bis Dezember 1966 wurden insgesamt 250 wahllos ausgesuchte Kalber in vier Schlachthofen auf Salmonellen untersucht. Aus 227 (22,7%) von insgesamt 1000 untersuchten Tieren wurden Salmonellen isoliert. Die Verteilung in den 4 Schlachthofen war jeweils 10 (4,0%), 79 (31,6%), 37 (14,8%) und 101 (40,1 %). Die isolierten Salmonella-Stamme gehorten 16 verschiedenen Serotypen an. Salmonella typhimurium war mit 51,8 % der am haufigsten isolierte Stamm. Aus den Untersuchungsergebnissen kann geschlossen werden, das durch die Schlachtung Salmonellen-ausscheidende Kalber (positiv Kot und/oder Haare) die Kontamination von Tierkorpern verursacht wird. Solche Infektionen wurden bei 31 Tieren (3,1 %) gefunden. Wenn man die Ergebnisse dieser Untersuchungen mit denen von 1962/63 vergleicht, wird deutlich, das die Zahl der mit Salmonellen infizierten Tiere in beiden Untersuchungen ahnlich war. Resume Salmonellose chez des veaux d'engraissement apres l'abattage Entre juin 1965 et decembre 1966, on prend au hasard 250 veaux dans quatre abattoirs et on les examine quant a la presence de salmonelles. On isole des salmonelles chez 227 sur 1000 animaux examines (22,7%). La repartition dans les quatre abattoirs est de resp. 10 (4,0%), 79 (31,6%), 37 (14,8 %) et 101 (40,1 %). Les souches de salmonelles isolees appartiennent a 16 serotypes differents. La souche la plus frequemment isolee est Salmonella typhi-murium (51,8 %). On peut deduire des resultats des analyses que l'on provoque la contamination du corps des animaux par l'abattage de veaux excreteurs de salmonelles (matieres fecales et/ou poils). On trouve de telles infections chez 31 animaux (3,1 %). Si l'on compare les resultats obtenus avec ceux de 1962/63, il apparait clairement que dans les deux series d'analyses le nombre des animaux infectes par des salmonelles est semblable. Resumen Infeccion salmonelosica en terneros de engorde tras el faenamiento Durante el tiempo comprendido entre Junio de 1965 y Diciembre de 1966 se examino un total de 250 terneros, elegidos al azar en cuatro mataderos, con respecto a la presencia de salmonelas. En 227 (22,7%) animales de un total de 1000 examinados se aislaron salmonelas. La distribucion en los 4 mataderos era como sigue: 10 (4,0%), 79 (31,6%), 37 (14,8%) y 101 (40,1%). Las estirpes Salmonella aisladas pertenecian a 16 serotipos diferentes. Salmonella typhi-murium era con 51,8 % la cepa aislada con frecuencia mayor. De los resultados de las pesquisas se puede derivar que la contaminacion de las canales es originada por la matanza de terneros portadores de salmonelas (positivo el estiercol y/o los pelos). Infecciones semejantes se encontraron en 31 animales (3,1 %). Comparando los resultados de estos examenes con los de 1962/63, se aprecia con claridad que en ambas experiencias era parecido el numero de los animales infectados con salmonelas.

Milk ejection in primiparous heifers in the presence of their calves.

Summary Twenty-four primiparous heifers were separated from their calves immediately after parturition in such a way that they could neither see nor hear each other. Several hours later, cannulas were introduced into the teats of the heifers. The calves were brought in front of their dams but suckling or contact with the udder was avoided. Calves and dams were watched for 15–20 minutes. The presence of the calf induced definite milk ejection starting after a short latency in 13 of the heifers. Good maternal behaviour and milk ejection were usually allied. These results are discussed in connection with the functions of the limbic system and the hypothalamus. Zusammenfassung Die Milchejektion bei primiparen Farsen wahrend der Anwesenheit der Kalber Es wurden 24 Farsen direkt nach der Geburt von ihren Kalbern getrennt, und zwar so, das sie sich weder horen noch sehen konnten. Einige Stunden spater wurden in die Zitzen der Farsen Kannulen eingefuhrt. Die Kalber wurden so an den Kopf der Farsen gebracht, das weder Saugen noch ein Kontakt mit dem Euter moglich war. Kalber und Farsen wurden wahrend 15–20 Minuten beobachtet. Bei 13 Farsen wurde durch die Anwesenheit der Kalber ein eindeutiger Milchflus hervorgerufen. Gewohnlich traten gutes Mutterverhalten und Milchejektion zusammen auf. Diese Resultate werden in Zusammenhang mit den Funktionen des limbischen Systems und des Hypothalamus diskutiert. Resume Ejection de lait chez des genisses primipares en presence de leurs veaux On separe vingt quatre genisses primipares de leurs veaux, immediatement apres la naissance, de telle sorte qu'ils ne puissent ni se voir, ni s'entendre. Quelques heures plus tard, on introduit des canules dans les trayons des genisses. Les veaux sont mis en presence de leurs meres, sans qu'il y ait possibilite de tetee ou de contact avec la mamelle. On observe veaux et genisses pendant 15–20 minutes. La presence du veau induit une nette ejection de lait, debutant apres une breve latence, chez 13 genisses. En general, un bon comportement maternel va de pair avec une ejection du lait. On discute ces resultats, en correlation avec les fonctions du systeme limbique et de l'hypothalamus. Resumen Evacuacion lactea en vaquillonas primiparas estando presentes sus terneros Veinticuatro vaquillonas primiparas se separaron de sus terneros inmediatamente despues del parto, de manera que no se podian ver ni oir entre si. Algunas horas despues se introdujeron canulas en los conductos galactoforos de las vacas. Los terneros se colocaron frente a sus madres, sin que pudiesen mamar ni entrar en contacto con la ubre. Los terneros y vaquillonas se observaron durante 15–20 minutos. En 13 vacas inducia la presencia del ternero correspondiente la evacuacion definitiva de leche, iniciandose despues de una latencia breve. Por lo general, estaban relacionados el comportaminto maternal bueno y la evacuacion de leche. Estos resultados se discuten en conexion con las funciones del sistema limbico y del hipotalamo.

Bovine lymphosarcoma: the effect of inoculations on newborn calves. 3. Fifth and sixth years of observation.

Bovine lymphosarcoma: the effect of inoculations on newborn calves. 3. Fifth and sixth years of observation.

Salmonella infection in fattening calves at the farm.

Summary In the period from April 1968 to May 1969 6,837 faeces samples from 20 farms were examined for Salmonella. From 49 (0.7%) samples, coming from 44 (3.2%) calves, Salmonellae were isolated. Of the Salmonella-strains isolated 95.9% belonged to S. typhi murium and S. dublin. The percentages of positive calves from farms sending calves to one slaughterhouse and from farms sending calves to a second were 1.1% and 6.6%, respectively. Differences between the percentages of infected calves in different slaughterhouses may therefore be related to differences in the degree of infection of calves coming from various regions. Zusammenfassung Salmonellainfektion in Mastkalbern auf Farmen Von April 1968 bis Mai 1969 wurden 6837 Kotproben aus 20 Bestanden auf Salmonellen untersucht. Aus 49 (0,7%) Proben, die von 44 (3,2%) Kalbern stammten, wurden Salmonellen isoliert. Von den isolierten Salmonellen gehorten 95,9% zu den Arten S. typhi murium und S. dublin. Der Prozentsatz positiver Kalber, die aus mehreren Bestanden an zwei verschiedene Schlachthofe geliefert wurden, betrug 1,1% bzw. 6,6%. Die Unterschiede im Auftreten infizierter Kalber an verschiedenen Schlachthofen beruhen auf dem unterschiedlichen Infektionsgrad der verschiedenen Regionen. Resume Salmonellose chez veaux a l'engrais. D'avril 1968 a mai 1969, on a examine 6837 echantillons fecaux provenant de 20 exploitations, quant a la presence de salmonelles. On isole des salmonelles dans 49 echantillons (9,7%) provenant de 44 veaux (3,2%). Parmi les salmonelles isolees, 95,9% appartenaient aux especes S. typhi murium et S. Dublin. Le pourcentage des veaux positifs, provenant de plusieurs exploitations et livres a deux abattoirs differents, est de 1,1%, resp. 6,6%. Ces differences dans le pourcentage des veaux infectes livres aux differents abattoirs sont dues au degre d'infection variable dans les differentes regions. Resumen Infecciones salmonelosicas en terneros de engorde en explotaciones Desde Abril 1968 hasta Mayo de 1969 se examinaron 6837 muestras de heces de 20 explotaciones en cuanto a la presencia de salmonelas. De 49 muestras (0,7%), procedentes de 44 terneros (3,2%) se aislaron salmonelas. De las salmonelas aisladas pertenecian el 95,9% a las especiens S. typhimurium y S. dublin. El porcentaje de terneros positivos, que fueron enviados por varias explotaciones a dos mataderos diferentes, ascendia a 1,1% y 6,6 %, resp. Las diferencias en la presentacion de terneros infectados en los distintos mataderos se deben a los grados diferentes de infeccion en las regiones correspondientes.

Serum antibodies and immunoglobulins of newborn calves.

Summary Precolostral sera of 12 calves from dams vaccinated with either live parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) virus plus live Al(OH3)-adsorbed Mycoplasma bovirhinis vaccine or PI-3 virus alone were found to contain immunoglobulin of antibody character. Its content in the precolostral sera varied from calf to calf ranging from 1/35 to 1/1000 of that found in adult animals. The precolostral immunoglobulin separated by means of immunoadsorption was found to be antigenically related to IgG of adult animals. The patterns of elution curves of precolostral calf sera from Sephadex G-200 and DEAE cellulose as well as the IgG separation from immunoadsorbent suggest that precolostral IgG has heterogeneous properties in respect of molecular weight and electrophoretic mobility. Zusammenfassung Serumantikorper und Immunglobuline bei neugeborenen Kalbern Die Seren von 12 Kalbern, deren Muttertiere entweder mit einer Vakzine aus lebendem Parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) Virus und lebendem, an Al(OH)3 adsorbiertem Mycoplasma bovirhinis, oder mit PI-3 Virus allein immunisiert worden waren, enthielten vor der Kolostrumaufnahme Immunglobulin mit Antikorpercharakter. Der Titer in den vor der Kolostrumaufnahme entnommenen Seren variierte inerhalb der Kalbergruppen und betrug zwischen 1/35 und 1/1000 dessen in erwachsenen Tieren. Das durch Immunadsorption isolierte prakolostrale Immunglobulin besas eine Antigenverwandtschaft mit dem IgG erwachsener Tiere. Auf Grund des Musters der Elutionskurven von Sephadex G-200 und DEAE-Zellulose als auch auf Grund der IgG Isolierung aus einem Immunadsorbens zeigte sich, das das prakolostrale IgG bezuglich des Molekulargewichts und der elektrophoretischen Beweglichkeit sich heterogen verhalt. Resume Anticorps seriques et immunoglobulines chez des veaux nouveaux-nes Les serums de 12 veaux, dont les meres avaient ete immunisees avec un vaccin Parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) vivant et un vaccin adsorbe avec Al(OH)3 de Mycoplasma bovirhinis ou avec un virus PI-3 seul, presentaient des immunoglobulines a caracteres d'anticorps avant l'absorption de colostrum. Le titre des serums avant l'absorption de colostrum variait selon le groupe des veaux et se situait entre 1/35 et 1/1000 de celui des animaux adultes. L'immunoglobuline precolostrale isolee par immunoadsorption possedait un caractere antigenique commun avec l'IgG des animaux adultes. Sur la base des courbes d'elution de Sephadex G-200 et DEAE-Cellulose, et de l'isolement d'IgG avec un immunoadsorband, l'IgG precolostrale s'est revelee heterogene en ce qui concerne son poids moleculaire et sa mobilite electrophoretique. Resumen Seroanticuerpos e inmunoglobulinas en terneros recien nacidos Los sueros sanguineos de 12 terneros, cuyas madres habian sido inmunizadas bien con una vacuna de virus vivo parainfluenza 3 (PI-3) y Mycoplasma bovirhinis vivo, adsorbido a Al(OH)3, o con virus PI-3 solo, contenian, antes de ingerir calostro, inmunoglobulina con caracter de anticuerpos. El titulo en los sueros recogidos antes de la ingestion de calostro variaba segun los grupos de terneros y oscilaba entre 1/35 y 1/1000 parte de los de los animales adultos. La inmunoglobulina precalostral aislada mediante inmunoadsorcion presentaba un parentesco antigenico con la IgG de los animales adultos. A la vista del modelo de curvas de elucion en Sefadex G-200 y celulosa DEAE, asi como en vista del aislamiento de la IgG de un inmunadsorbente, se vio que la IgG precalostral se comporta heterogeneamente con respecto al peso molecular y el movimiento electroforetico.

An abnormal outbreak of ringworm among Sudanese calves.

Summary A severe outbreak of ringworm among thirty, 6–12 months old calves, is described. The causative agent was identified as Trichophyton verrucosum on (a) the appearance of the lesions, (b) the demonstration of large characteristic ectothrix arthrospores 2–7 μ. in diameter in skin scraping and (c) the heavy infection of hair follicles with mycelia and spores. It is suggested that the failure to isolate the causal organism may have been due to its destruction by intense ultraviolet radiation in the atmosphre. The exceptionally short duration of the disease among the calves, at most 30 days, may also be explained on this basis. Neguvon (6%) resulted in clinical recovery in the remarkably short period of 6 days. Zusammenfassung Ein ungewohnlicher Ausbruh von Ringflechte bei sudanesischen Kalbern Es wird ein schwerer Ausbruch der Ringflechte bei dreisig Kalbern im Alter von 6–12 Monaten beschrieben. Der verantwortliche Erreger wurde anhand des Auftretens von Hautlasionen, der Ausbildung von groflen, charakteristischen Ektothrix-Formen der Arthrosporen mit 2–7 μ Durchmesser in den Hautgeschabseln sowie der schweren Infektion der Haarfollikel mit Pilzgeflechten und Sporen als Trichophyton verrucosum identifiziert. Vermutlich ist der Grund dafur, das es nicht gelang, den ursachlich verantwortlichen Erreger zu isolieren, darin zu suchen, das dieser durch die starke UV-Strahlung unter freiem Himmel zerstort wurde. Die ungewohnlich kurze Dauer der Erkrankung — sie betrug maximal 30 Tage — kann ebenfalls dadurch erklart werden. Neguvon (6%ig) erbrachte eine klinische Gesundung in der beachtlich kurzen Zeit von 6 Tagen. Resume Apparition inhabituelle de dartres chez des veaux soudanais On decrit l'apparition grave de dartres chez 30 veaux âgee de 6–12 mois. L'agent infectieux responsable fut identifie comme Trichophyton verrucosum sur la base des lesions cutanees, de l'apparition de grosses formes ectotrix caracteristiques des arthrospores d'un diametre de 2–7 μ et de l'importante infection des follicules pileux avec des entrelacements de filaments myceliens et des spores. L'impossibilite d'isoler l'agent infecieux fut probablement due aux rayons ultra-violets, les animaux etant a ciel ouvert. La duree inhabituellement courte de la maladie (30 jours au maximum) peut egalement s'expliquer de cette maniere. Neguvon (6%) une guerison clinique dans le bref laps de temps de 6 jours. Resumen Un brote insolito de dermatomicosis en terneros sudaneses Se describe la aparicion grave de tina pelada en 30 terneros de 6–12 meses de edad. El agente etiologico causal se identifico como Trichophyton verrucosum en lesiones cutaeas, con la aparicion de grandes formas ectotrix caracteristicas de las artroesporas de un diametro de 2–7 μ en raspaduras cutaneas, y en la infestacion grave de los foliculos pilosos con entrelazamientos de filamentos micelianos y de esporas. Se supone que la imposibilidad de aislar el agente causal se debe probablemente a su destruccion por radiacion ultravioleta intensa en la atmosfera, ya que los animales se hallaban al descubierto. La duracion harto corta de esta enfermedad — 30 dias a lo sumo — se puede explicar de la manera expuesta. Neguvon al 6% ocasionaba la recuperacion clinica en el lapso breve de tiempo de 6 dias.

Cryptosporidium parvum Oocyst Shedding in Neonatal Calf Diarrhea Syndrome in Southern Taiwan

The objective of this study was to investigate the relationship between oocyst shedding of Cryptosporidium parvum and diarrhea in dairy calves in southern Taiwan. A total of 48 neonatal calves from six different farms known to be positive for Cryptosporidium parvum bovine genotype were included in this study. Feces were collected from each calf every three days during their first month of life. The consistency of each fecal sample was noted, and the number of oocysts per gram (OPG) of feces was calculated using modified Ziehel-Neelsen stain (MZN). In addition, a commercial antigen-based ELISA diagnostic kits for C, parvum, rotavirus, coronavirus and E. coil F5 was employed to identify the presence of common enteropathogenic agents in 66 randomly selected diarrheic samples. The results were as the following: Oocysts were detected in the feces of 79.2% (38/48) calves within the first month of life. Oocysts were first detected in 60.5% (23/38) of positive calves at 4 days of age (the time of the second sampling). The highest oocyst detection rate (71.1-78.9%) occurred between 7 and 16 days of age (the third to the sixth sampling). The oocystexcretion period varied from the first to the eighth sampling. Of the 66 diarrhea samples analyzed for the enteropathogenic agents, 6 (9.1%) and 1 (1.5%) were found to have the single pathogen C, parvum and 1 E, coil F5, respectively, and 59 (89.4%) were C, parvum association with rotavirus, coronavirus and/or E, coil. The ratio of diarrheic feces was significantly (P＜0.05) higher on the oocyst initial excretion day compared to oocyst pre-excretion period or oocyst-disappearance period. In addition, more calves became diarrhea during the periods of elevated OPGs, and the occurrence of diarrhea rapidly decreased after the oocyst disappearance in the feces. Based on these findings, we concluded that C. parvum infection plays an important pathogenic role in neonatal calf diarrhea syndrome in southern Taiwan.

Some Aspects of the Humoral Immune Response in IBR Vaccinated Cows

Infectious bovine rhinotracheitis (IBR) is an acute respiratory disease with major economic consequences in cattle, caused by bovine herpesvirus type 1 (BoHV-1). Despite complex control and eradication strategies, the BoHV-1 infection continues to persist mainly due to the latently infected animals and also to its high contagiousity. Also, the efficacy of vaccines in prevention of infection has been questioned by some authors. The present study carried out on 941 bovine divided on three experimental groups (I: 0-8 months female calves, II: 8-18 months male calves and III: adult cattle), was intended to evaluate some aspects regarding the specific and non- specific humoral immune status in young and adult bovine IBR vaccinated with a live attenuated marker vaccine. In order to detect the presence of specific antibodies, a blocking enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) HerdCheck - IDDEX was performed on 941 serum samples (95, 72% of the farm population) collected from Limousine bovines with age ranged from 2 weeks to 7 years old. This method allows the detection and differentiation of infected cattle (positive results) from vaccinated cattle with a gE - negative vaccine (marker vaccine) (negative results). To monitor two nonspecific immune parameters: total immunoglobulins level and circulating immune complexes (CIC), bovine serum samples were submitted to the following nephelometric tests: zinc sulphate turbidity assay for the total protein concentration (Haskova modified method) and the 4,2% polyethylene glycol (PEG) precipitation technique in order to estimate the level of CIC.

First in vivo results with the DLR-VAD in calves

First in vivo results with the DLR-VAD in calves

Bone marrow depletion with haemorrhagic diathesis in calves in Germany: characterization of the disease and preliminary investigations on its aetiology.

Since 2007 a new fatal haemorrhagic diathesis in calves has been observed in all areas of Germany. Analysis of 56 cases submitted for necropsy allowed its characterization. Calves fell ill within the first month of life independent of breed and sex. Only single or a few animals per herd were affected. Petechial and ecchymotic haemorrhages in many organs and tissues, particularly in skin, subcutis and gastrointestinal tract, were major findings in all animals. Microscopically a severe depletion of bone marrow cells was always observed. Lymphocytic depletion (43%) and inflammatory lesions (46%) were less frequently observed. Blood analysis of five animals indicated an aplastic pancytopenia. The resulting thrombocytopenia is regarded as major pathomechanism of this Haemorrhagic Disease Syndrome (HDS). Pedigree analysis gave no indication of hereditary disease. Tests for specific toxins such as S-(1,2-Dichlorovinyl)-L-cysteine (DCVC), furazolidone, or mycotoxins resulting in bone marrow depletion were negative. Bacterial infections, Bovine Viral Diarrhoea Virus, and Bluetongue Virus were ruled out as cause of the disease. HDS shares similarities with a circoviral infection in chickens (chicken infectious anaemia). A broad-spectrum PCR allowed detection of circoviral DNA in 5 of 25 HDS cases and in 1 of 8 non-HDS cases submitted for necropsy. Sequencing of the whole viral genome revealed a high similarity (up to 99%) with Porcine Circovirus type 2b. Single bone marrow cells stained weakly positive for PCV2 antigen by immunohistochemistry in 1 of 8 tested HDS animals. This is the first report of circovirus detection in cattle in Germany. The exact cause of HDS still remains unknown. A multifactorial aetiology involving infection, poisoning, immunopathy, or a genetic predisposition is conceivable. Additional research is necessary to clarify the pathogenesis and the potential role of PCV2 in HDS.

Causes of Failure of Conservative Treatment of Club Foot

Background: Club foot is a global problem with an estimated incidence of 1 in 1000 live births. 1 It causes deformity and disability of the foot. This deformity is treated conservatively by serial plaster castings initially but in case of failure of this method surgical correction of the deformity is done. This study was designed to find out the factors that caused failure of the conservative treatment. Study Design: Cross sectional. Sample size : There were 50 patients with 78 club feet. Targeted Population: All the patients with club foot deformity those presented in the outpatient Department of Orthopedics Surgery and Traumatology Unit-I, King Edward Medical University / Mayo Hospital Lahore, were included in this study. Results: The average age of patients at the time of presentation for treatment was 9.3 weeks. Male to female ratio was 1.54:1. There were 32 unilateral 18 bilateral deformities. 54 Calves were thin. Conclusion: In this study all the patients presented for delayed treatment. During this time even soft and supple club foot deformities became rigid and required surgery for their correction Males were affected more than the females which is com-parable with other similar studies. More patients had bilateral club foot deformity. Among the unilateral cases right foot was more involved than the left. All the patients had severe deformity. There were more patients with thin calves. It was due to retracting fibrosis of soft tissues which resulted in rigidity of the deformity and caused failure of the conservative treatment. Key Words: Club foot Surgery.

Management of heifers to achieve sound reproductive performance

Most beef producers replace up to 20% of their mature cows each year with heifers. Those heifers represent the future genetics and profit potential of the operation. However, beef producers today are faced with several decisions that impact the productivity of their operations, of which selecting and managing replacement beef heifers is critical to sustaining an ever decreasing profit margin. The unique challenge that each cow/calf producer is faced with is that these decision now will affect the profitability of an operation for at least a decade. The mindset for a cow/calf producer needs to take into account how the heifers that are selected now, as replacements, will affect their operation in ten to twelve years from now. Yearling beef heifers that conceive early in their first breeding season and calve early as 2-yr-olds will have greater lifetime productivity than heifers that calve at older ages. In addition, heifers that produce their first calves early in the calving season tend to continue to calve early in subsequent calving seasons, resulting in increased production and efficiency. Therefore, management decisions regarding replacement heifers should focus on factors that promote early onset of puberty and early calving. To ensure that heifers conceive early in the breeding season, it is critical that they attain adequate weight to initiate their first estrous cycle before the onset of the breeding season. Current management practices target heifers to reach 60 to 65% of their estimated mature body weight by the start of the breeding season, but little is known about the importance of the timing of this weight gain. Reproduction was not affected adversely in beef heifers when weight gain from weaning to breeding was delayed until the last half of development. Managing heifers to attain puberty with minimal feed inputs and then taking advantage of compensatory gains when forages are available may have economic advantages. Therefore, we evaluaManagement of heifers to achieve sound reproductive