Caloric Restriction Research Articles

Effectiveness of time-restricted eating with caloric restriction vs. Caloric restriction on biochemical parameters, insulin and metabolic indexes in overweight and obese adults

Effectiveness of time-restricted eating with caloric restriction vs. Caloric restriction on biochemical parameters, insulin and metabolic indexes in overweight and obese adults

Effectiveness of time-restricted eating with caloric restriction vs. caloric restriction on anthropometric parameters in overweight and obese adults

Effectiveness of time-restricted eating with caloric restriction vs. caloric restriction on anthropometric parameters in overweight and obese adults

The Effect of Selenium, Zinc, and their Combined Supplementation on Cardiometabolic Biomarkers-comparing their Effects in the Energy Restriction and High-fat Diet Methods in Obese Rats.

The fat distribution in the body determines the risk of cardiometabolic problems such as heart disease and diabetes. Some dietary supplements, such as selenium and zinc, possess lipolytic and anti-angiogenic functions, which may be a useful strategy in reducing the risk of cardiometabolic complications. This study evaluated the effect of zinc (Zn), selenium (Se), and their combined supplementation on cardiometabolic risk factors in male Wistar rats in two nutritional models, including caloric restriction (CR) and high-fat diet (HFD). The 48 male Wistar rats were divided into three diet groups (HFD and CR and normal diet (ND)). The HFD group was subdivided into four groups (N=8 rats in each group) that received (HFD+Se), (HFD+Zn), (HFD+Zn+Se), and HFD alone as the control group, respectively. After 8 weeks of intervention, biochemical tests were performed on serum levels, including measurement of lipid profile (triglyceride, Cholesterol, LDL and HDL) and glycemic indices (fasting blood sugar, insulin and insulin sensitivity markers). The results showed that supplementation significantly improved the lipid profile (P <0.001). A comparison of glucose homeostasis indices in the study groups also showed a significant difference. The serum level of glucose was higher in the HFD group than in the intervention groups (P <0.001). Also, the rate of improvement of lipid profile and glycemic indexes in the group receiving the combination of two supplements showed a better trend than those receiving zinc and selenium alone. However, the values were statistically significant only for glucose homeostasis indices (P <0.001). Although obesity is a multifactorial condition, controlling other risk factors, zinc and selenium and their combined supplementation can lead to promising solutions for the treatment of obesity-induced glucose and lipid homeostasis disorders.

Enteropancreatic hormone changes in caloric-restricted diet interventions associate with post-intervention weight maintenance

Background & AimsTo explore enteropancreatic hormone changes during isocaloric-restricted dietary interventions and their impact on post-intervention weight maintenance. Methods253 individuals with overweight / obesity and prediabetes were randomly assigned to 25% isocaloric-restricted diets: Control diet, Traditional Jiangnan diet or Mediterranean diet. Serum hormones and clinical indices were evaluated at 0, 3 and 6 months. Body weight values were collected again 6 months after completing interventions. ResultsWe observed decreased fasting and post-glucose load levels of glucagon, amylin, peptide YY, and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) while increased ghrelin at three months after 25% caloric restriction (CR) of three dietary interventions, and most of these changes sustained to six month-treatment. Interestingly, changes in appetite-inhibitory hormones glucagon, amylin and GLP-1 showed positive associations with body weight change while appetite-promoting hormone ghrelin showed inverse association during intervention. Furthermore, subjects with more reduction in amylin and GLP-1, or more increase in ghrelin during intervention showed greater increase in body weight after completing intervention. ConclusionsCR intervention results in consistent hormone signatures regardless of dietary patterns. More changes in amylin, GLP-1 or ghrelin levels during CR is associated with poor weight maintenance after intervention, supporting that CR-induced hormone changes as biomarkers for predicting weight maintenance after intervention. Trial registrationClinicaltrials.gov NCT03856762

Bone mineral density of adult men living with obesity, after a caloric restriction plus probiotics or placebo intervention

Bone mineral density of adult men living with obesity, after a caloric restriction plus probiotics or placebo intervention

Physical activity, but not caloric restriction, is a key factor in improving hdl levels

Physical activity, but not caloric restriction, is a key factor in improving hdl levels

Intermittent compared with continuous calorie restriction for treatment of metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease: a randomized clinical trial

BackgroundCalorie restriction has been demonstrated to be effective in treating metabolic dysfunction-associated steatotic liver disease (MASLD). However, it has been limited by poor long-term adherence. ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare intermittent calorie restriction (ICR) with traditional continuous calorie restriction (CCR) for the treatment of MASLD. MethodsWe conducted a 12-wk, parallel-arm, randomized controlled trial that included 60 adults with MASLD and abnormal glucose metabolism. The participants were randomly assigned to either the ICR group (2 successive days of fasting [∼500 kcal/d] and 5 d of recovery per week) or the CCR group. The primary outcome was liver fat content (LFC) measured by 1H-proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. The secondary and exploratory outcomes included weight, body composition, glucose, insulin, lipids, and liver stiffness. ResultsThe mean reduction in LFC was −20.5% [95% confidence interval (CI): −25.0, −15.9%] in the ICR group and −15.5% (95% CI: −20.3, −10.8%) in the CCR group. Changes in LFC were not significantly different between the 2 groups (P = 0.15), and were homogeneous among different liver segments. The analysis of exploratory endpoints provided clues that the ICR was associated with greater reductions in fat mass and glycosylated hemoglobin. There were no significant differences in changes of weight, lean mass, insulin resistance, triglyceride, and liver stiffness between the 2 groups. Participants showed high adherence to both the ICR and CCR schemes. ConclusionsThe ICR and CCR schemes had similar effects on reducing LFC, suggesting that the ICR 5:2 diet can be an effective alternative for treating MASLD with high adherence. Trial registration numberThis trial was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT04283942.

8572 A 30% Maternal Caloric Restriction Alters Expression of Musashi Targets in the Neonatal and Adult Pituitary Proteomes of FVB Mice

8572 A 30% Maternal Caloric Restriction Alters Expression of Musashi Targets in the Neonatal and Adult Pituitary Proteomes of FVB Mice

Effect of caloric restriction and probiotic supplementation on preservation of muscle quality of men living with obesity: Preliminary data from a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial

Effect of caloric restriction and probiotic supplementation on preservation of muscle quality of men living with obesity: Preliminary data from a randomized, double-blind, clinical trial

Influence of equation selection on adaptive thermogenesis in obese men: Effects of caloric restriction and probiotic supplementation

Influence of equation selection on adaptive thermogenesis in obese men: Effects of caloric restriction and probiotic supplementation

Less Is More: Protective Effects of Caloric Restriction on Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury

Less Is More: Protective Effects of Caloric Restriction on Acute and Chronic Kidney Injury

Effect of three months of calorie restriction combined with probiotics on plasma IL-22 levels in men with obesity

Effect of three months of calorie restriction combined with probiotics on plasma IL-22 levels in men with obesity

Understanding the role of the human gut microbiome in overweight and obesity.

The gut microbiome may be related to the prevalence of overweight and obesity, but high interindividual variability of the human microbiome complicates our understanding. Obesity often occurs concomitantly with micronutrient deficiencies that impair energy metabolism. Microbiota composition is affected by diet. Host-microbiota interactions are bidirectional. We propose three pathways whereby these interactions may modulate the gut microbiome and obesity: (1) ingested compounds or derivatives affecting small intestinal transit, endogenous secretions, digestion, absorption, microbiome balance, and gut barrier function directly affect host metabolism; (2) substrate availability affecting colonic microbial composition and contact with the gut barrier; and (3) microbial end products affecting host metabolism. The quantity/concentration, duration, and/or frequency (circadian rhythm) of changes in these pathways can alter the gut microbiome, disrupt the gut barrier, alter host immunity, and increase the risk of and progression to overweight and obesity. Host-specific characteristics (e.g., genetic variations) may further affect individual sensitivity and/or resilience to diet- and microbiome-associated perturbations in the colonic environment. In this narrative review, the effects of selected interventions, including fecal microbiota transplantation, dietary calorie restriction, dietary fibers and prebiotics, probiotics and synbiotics, vitamins, minerals, and fatty acids, on the gut microbiome, body weight, and/or adiposity are summarized to help identify mechanisms of action and research opportunities.

A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of the Effect of Caloric Restriction on Skeletal Muscle Mass in Individuals with, and without, Type 2 Diabetes.

Severe caloric restriction interventions (such as very-low-calorie diets) are effective for inducing significant weight loss and remission of type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, suggestions of associated significant muscle mass (MM) loss create apprehension regarding their widespread use. We conducted a systematic review and meta-analysis to provide a quantitative assessment of their effect on measures of MM in individuals with, or without, T2DM. EMBASE, Medline, Pubmed, CINAHL, CENTRAL and Google Scholar were systematically searched for studies involving caloric restriction interventions up to 900 kilocalories per day reporting any measure of MM, in addition to fat mass (FM) or body weight (BW). Forty-nine studies were eligible for inclusion, involving 4785 participants. Individuals with T2DM experienced significant reductions in MM (WMD -2.88 kg, 95% CI: -3.54, -2.22; p < 0.0001), although this was significantly less than the reduction in FM (WMD -7.62 kg, 95% CI: -10.87, -4.37; p < 0.0001). A similar pattern was observed across studies involving individuals without T2DM. MM constituted approximately 25.5% of overall weight loss in individuals with T2DM, and 27.5% in individuals without T2DM. Subgroup analysis paradoxically revealed greater BW and FM reductions with less restrictive interventions. Our review suggests that caloric restriction interventions up to 900 kilocalories per day are associated with a significant reduction in MM, albeit in the context of a significantly greater reduction in FM. Furthermore, MM constituted approximately a quarter of the total weight loss. Finally, our data support the use of less restrictive interventions, which appear to be more beneficial for BW and FM loss.

Role of Intermittent Fasting In Starving Cancer Cells

Introduction. An absolute burden of over 35 million new cancer cases is predicted by 2050. Although significant progress has been made in the field of oncology via the use of surgical removal, radiation treatment, chemotherapy, and the introduction of immunotherapy, the overall rates of survival and prognoses for cancer patients are still unsatisfactory. In the last decade, intermittent fasting (IF) has become increasingly popular for weight control and potential health benefits. Additionally, research has primarily focused on investigating the impact of IF on metabolism, mitochondrial function, stress responses, repair mechanisms, and autophagy. The aim of the study. To make a literature review about the role of intermittent fasting in starving cancer cells. Materials and methods. This narrative review involved a comprehensive search through databases such as PubMed and Google Scholar. Distinct keywords such as - ″intermittent fasting″, ″intermittent fasting regimens″, ″calorie restriction″, ″oncology″, ″chemotherapy″ and ″tumor microenvironment″ were used. Results. IF exhibits significant impacts on the immune system's ability to fight against tumors by strengthening the ability of hematopoietic stem cells to replenish themselves and enhance immunosuppression. Under an IF program, certain tissues and organs exhibit enhanced resilience to various stressors. Emerging research shows that IF has the potential to enhance the effectiveness and tolerance of anticancer medicines, regulate carcinogenic influences, reprogram clock genes' rhythmic expression in tumor environments, inhibit tumor growth by modifying natural processes like insulin signalling, heme oxygenase-1, prevent the proliferation of myeloid-derived suppressor cells and priming the tumor microenvironment to support drug delivery that targets tumors. Cancer treatment via IF notably shields normal cells while raising the efficacy of chemotherapy (CT) and reducing CT-induced inflammation via several immunological, biochemical, and molecular mechanisms. Conclusions. Regularly practising fasting for more than one day may confer notable health benefits by protecting healthy normal cells against the deleterious effects of chemotherapy and radiation. The synergistic therapeutic impact of intermittent fasting alongside chemotherapy on tumors suggests that it enhances the efficacy of chemotherapy while also notably reducing chemotherapy-induced inflammation. While intermittent fasting shows promise for certain cancers, such as breast cancer, its efficacy for other types remains uncertain, necessitating further research and personalized treatment plans.

Gut microbiome and metabolites mediate the benefits of caloric restriction in mice after acute kidney injury

The role of gut microbiome in acute kidney injury (AKI) is increasing recognized. Caloric restriction (CR) has been shown to enhance the resistance to ischemia/reperfusion injury to the kidneys in rodents. Nonetheless, it is unknown whether intestinal microbiota mediated CR protection against ischemic/reperfusion-induced injury (IRI) in the kidneys. Herein, we showed that CR ameliorated IRI-elicited renal dysfunction, oxidative stress, apoptosis, and inflammation, along with enhanced intestinal barrier function. In addition, gut microbiota depletion blocked the favorable effects of CR in AKI mice. 16S rRNA and metabolomics analysis showed that CR enriched the gut commensal Parabacteroides goldsteinii (P. goldsteinii) and upregulated the level of serum metabolite dodecafluorpentan. Intestinal colonization of P. goldsteinii and oral administration of dodecafluorpentan showed the similar beneficial effects as CR in AKI mice. RNA sequencing and experimental data revealed that dodecafluorpentan protected against AKI-induced renal injury by antagonizing oxidative burst and NFκB-induced NLRP3 inflammasome activation. In addition, we screened and found that Hamaudol improved renal insufficiency by boosting the growth of P. goldsteinii. Our results shed light on the role of intestinal microbiota P. goldsteinii and serum metabolites dodecafluorpentan in CR benefits to AKI.

Long-Term Randomized Controlled Trials of Diet Intervention Reports and Their Impact on Cancer: A Systematic Review.

Most randomized controlled trials (RCTs) assessing the impact of diet on cancer have been short term (<1 year), mostly evaluating breast cancer survivors. Given the many-year interval that is generally required for an intervention to have an impact on cancer risk or prognosis, as well as the fact that lifestyle strategies such as diet modification frequently fail due to lack of adherence over the long term, we focused this systematic review only on longer-term (≥1 year) intervention reports. Diet intervention reports focused on reducing cancer risk in overweight and obese individuals target caloric restriction (every day, some days, or most hours of each day). This study is a systematic review of RCTs lasting at least 1 year, testing dietary interventions with a primary or secondary endpoint of cancer or a biomarker linked to cancer. Fifty-one reports met our review criteria. Twenty of fifty-one (39%) reports are RCTs where the primary endpoint was cancer or a cancer-related biomarker, while the other reports evaluated reports where cancer or a cancer-related biomarker was a secondary endpoint. Thirteen of twenty (65%) primary reports evaluated isocaloric, and the remaining eight evaluated low-calorie diets. All but one of the primary and two secondary isocaloric diet reports evaluated the benefit of a low-fat diet (LFD), with the other three evaluating a Mediterranean diet (MedD). More LCD vs. isocaloric diet primary reports (71% vs. 38%) demonstrated cancer or cancer-related biomarker benefit; the difference in chance of benefit with secondary reports was 85% for LCD vs. 73% for isocaloric diets. Three of three MedD reports demonstrated benefit. Sixty-nine percent (20/29) of the secondary reports came from two large reports: the WHI diet modification trial (15 secondary reports) and the polyp prevention trial (5 secondary reports). Nineteen of twenty-two (86%) primary reports enrolled only women, and three enrolled both men and women. No study that met our criteria enrolled only men, comprising 1447 men in total vs. 62,054 women. Fifteen of twenty (75%) primary reports focus on healthy women or women with breast cancer. Adherence findings are discussed when provided. More long-term RCTs evaluating cancer and cancer-related biomarker endpoints are needed, especially for cancers at sites other than the breast.

Mechanisms by Which Pharmacotherapy May Impact Cancer Risk among Individuals with Overweight and Obesity.

Diets geared to reduce cancer risk in overweight and obese individuals focus on (1) caloric restriction (every day, some days, or most hours of each day); (2) changes in macronutrient intake; or (3) a combination of the prior two strategies. Diets generally fail because of nonadherence or due to limited sustained weight loss. This is in contrast to a diet supplemented with a weight loss medication, so long as the participant continues the medication or after bariatric surgery, in which adherence tends to be much higher. Among individuals who regain weight after surgery, weight loss medications are proving beneficial in maintaining weight loss. Both maximum and sustained weight loss are essential for all forms of effective metabolic improvement, including cancer risk reduction. The focus of this report is to assess the state of research on the consequence of pharmacotherapy use on weight loss and proposed weight loss-independent effects on subsequent cancer risk reduction, including the potential role of medication use in conjunction with metabolic (bariatric) surgery (MBS). Finally, we present Notices of Funding Opportunities (NOFOs) by the National Cancer Institute (NCI) to better understand the mechanism(s) that are driving the efficacy of pharmacotherapy in cancer risk reduction.

An internet-based platform with a low-calorie dietary intervention improves cardiometabolic risk factors in overweight and obese people in China: Half-year follow-up results of a randomized controlled trial.

To explore the effectiveness of the Metawell programme on cardiometabolic risk factors in China, which combines meal replacement biscuits, a wireless scale, and a mobile phone application. In this two-arm, parallel-design randomized study, 220 participants were randomly assigned to an intervention (n = 110) and a control (n = 110) group. Participants in the intervention group were instructed to use meal replacement products and scales for weight loss and monitoring, whereas participants in the control group received printed materials containing a sample diet and face-to-face weight loss education at enrolment. The trial lasted 6 months, including a weight loss period in Months 1-3 and a weight maintenance period in Months 3-6. Generalized estimating equations were used to compare differences between the two groups. The median (interquartile range) ages of the intervention and control groups were 32.00 (28.00, 39.00) years and 33.00 (28.25, 41.00) years, with body mass indices of 28.20 (26.30, 30.95) kg/m2 and 27.70 (26.02, 29.70) kg/m2, respectively. Participants in the intervention group experienced significantly greater decreases in waist circumference, hip circumference, triglycerides, total cholesterol: high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, fasting blood glucose, fasting insulin, and homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance index compared to the control group (p < 0.01). Among participants who did not regain weight during the maintenance period after weight loss, the reductions in systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly greater in the intervention group than in the control group (p < 0.05). The Metawell programme of caloric restriction and remote monitoring can be adapted to overweight and obese people in China to reduce their cardiometabolic risk factors. Furthermore, there was a better improvement in blood pressure in participants who maintained the effects of weight loss.

Neurodegeneration: Effects of calorie restriction on the brain sirtuin protein levels

BackgroundCalorie restriction (CR) is suggested to activate protective mechanisms in neurodegenerative diseases (NDDs). Despite existing literature highlighting the protective role of Sirtuin (SIRT) proteins against age-related neurodegeneration (ND), no study has explored the total levels of SIRT 1, 3, and 6 proteins simultaneously in brain homogenates by ELISA following intermittent calorie restriction. Applying CR protocols in mice to induce stress, we aimed to determine whether ND would be more pronounced with ad libitum (AL) or with CR. MethodsMice were randomly assigned to ad libitum (AL), Chronic CR (CCR), or Intermittent CR (ICR) groups at 10 weeks of baseline age (BL). SIRT 1, 3, and 6 protein levels were measured in the homogenized whole-brain supernatants of 49/50 weeks old mice by the ELISA method. Neuronal morphology was evaluated by the cresyl violet on the hippocampus. Neurodegeneration (ND) was assessed by the fluoro-jade and ImageJ was used for quantifications. ResultsIn the ICR group, SIRT1 levels were elevated compared to both the AL and BL groups. Similarly, the CCR group exhibited higher SIRT1 values compared to the AL and BL groups. While SIRT3 levels were higher in both the ICR and CCR groups compared to the AL and BL groups, this disparity did not reach statistical significance. SIRT6 levels were also higher in the ICR group compared to both the BL and AL groups, with the CCR group showing higher values compared to the BL and AL groups as well. Image quantification demonstrated significant neurodegeneration in the AL group compared to the CCR and ICR group, with no observed alterations in nerve cell morphology and number. ConclusionThis study revealed that the levels of SIRT 1, SIRT 3, and SIRT 6 in brain tissue were notably elevated, and there was less evidence of ND at the 50-week mark in groups undergoing continuous calorie restriction and intermittent calorie restriction compared to baseline and ad libitum groups. Our findings illustrate that CR promotes increased SIRT expression in the mouse brain, thereby potentially mitigating neurodegeneration.