Calliandra Calothyrsus Research Articles

The application of fertilizers on calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) seedlings from several populations in West Java

Nutrient input on calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meiss.) seedlings is a necessity to increase productivity. The study has been carried out to evaluate the growth of calliandra seedlings from several populations in West Java after being treated with bio and chemical fertilizers. The treatment used 2 (two) types of biofertilizers, i.e., Rhizomax and PGPR, and chemical fertilizer from Cabriotop, as well as aqua dest as a control. Calliandra seeds were collected from 3 (three) populations of West Jawa, i.e., Sukabumi, Garut, and Cianjur. The findings showed a positive response to seedling growth after fertilization, either with bio or chemical fertilizer. Biofertilizer was more responsive than chemical in the variables of leaf number, stem segment number, shoot dry weight, diameter, and root dry weight. Seedlings from Garut mainly showed the best growth compared to the Sukabumi and Cianjur seedlings.

Pengaruh Perendaman Benih Kaliandra (Calliandra Calothyrsus) Pada Konsentrasi Larutan Air Kelapa

The formulation of the problem in this study is how is the effect of giving coconut woter solutionconcetration on the growth power of Kaliandra? This study aims to determine the effect and optimal dosageof coconut water solvent for increasing germination of Kaliandra seeds ( Calliandra calothyrsus ). The studywas conducted at Pusat Persemaian Permanen Fatukoa BPDASHL Benain Noelmina for one month fromFebruary to March 2022. The method used was a fully randomized design (factorial CR) with 3 treatmentsand 1 control and 5 replicates. Treatments in this study included L0 (control) 0% concentration (mineralwater), L1 25% concentration (coconut water 250 ml + distilled water 750 ml), L2 50% concentration (coconutwater 500 ml + 500 ml water), L3 concentration 75% (Coconut water 750 ml + Aquades 250 ml). The dataobtained were further tested using Analysis of variance with Duncan’s Multiple Range Test (level 5%). Theresults showed that the concentration of the coconut water solvent had a very significant impact on thegermination power and germination value of seeds, but no significant impact on the germination rate index ofseeds with 50% concentration L2 treatment (coconut water 500ml + 500ml Aquades) as optimal doseconcentration with increasing germination of Kaliandra ( Calliandra calothyrsus ) seeds.

Integrating no-tillage with agroforestry augments soil quality indicators in Kenya’s dry-land agroecosystems

Conservation agriculture with trees (CAWT) is one of the best-bet strategies for enhanced soil quality under extensive and intensive smallholder farming. CAWT is an agroforestry system that integrates legume trees and shrubs into cropping fields under minimum soil disturbance and tillage. This study identified principal soil quality indicators (SQI) under CAWT system. The study further assessed the effects of CAWT components; i.e. tillage (convention or no-tillage), leguminous trees/shrubs (Calliandra calothyrsus, Gliricidia sepium and Cajanus cajan), and their inter-row spacing (1.5 m, 3.0 m or 4.5 m) on the SQI in the dry-land agroecosystems of eastern Kenya. We finally reported on the suitability of the SQI under CAWT intervention towards maize production. The experimental trials were both researcher (Mother-trials; MTs) and farmer (Baby-trials; BTs) hosted and managed. Principal Component Analyses (PCAs) identified soil fertility and textural components as the main factors explaining soil quality under the CAWT system. In particular, the exchangeable bases (ExBas) such as ExCa, ExK, and ExMg), Cation-Exchange-Capacity (CEC), total soil nitrogen (TSN), soil organic Carbon (SOC), pH, available Phosphorus(P), electrical conductivity (EC), clay and bulk density (BD) were identified as the principal soil quality indicators under the CAWT system. Tree species and varied inter-row spacing, significantly affected available P, BD, pH, ExBas, CEC, SOC, and TSN. The tillage systems significantly (P < 0.05) influenced soil pH, ExBas, CEC, SOC and TSN. A high concentration of TSN was recorded in no-tillage (NT) blocks integrated with C.calothyrsus (41.9 and 41.6 Mg N ha−1) and G. sepium (35.7 and 32.3 Mg N ha−1) both spaced at 1.5 m at the MTs and BTs, respectively. Combining NT with C.calothyrsus spaced at 1.5 m or Pigeon pea at 3.0 m significantly increases available P (from 22.9 to 28.8 mg kg−1 and 23.4–26.0 mg kg−1) at the MTs, respectively. Significant rise in ExK (1.91–2.25 cmolc kg−1), ExCa (6.86–8.17 cmolc kg−1), and ExMg (2.35–2.78 cmolc kg−1) were observed in NT block’s sub-plots with G. sepium spaced at 3.0 m at the MTs. Conclusively, a shift towards CAWT showed evidence of improving soil quality, nutrient availability and increasing soil nutrient thresholds that can potentially support maize production. By establishing the minimum datasets for soil quality determination through this study, key stakeholders in agroforestry and conservation agriculture (CA) have an efficient cost-effective and rapid tool for soil quality assessment, especially in dry-land agro-ecosystems.

PHYSICAL QUALITY, IN VITRO DIGESTIBILITY, AND FERMENTATION PRODUCTS OF SILAGE RICE STRAW ADDED VARIOUS TYPES OF LEGUMINOSE

&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D; This study aims to determine the physical quality, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3, and total VFA of rice straw silage added with various legumes. This research was conducted at Farm Sesetan and at the Laboratory of Animal Nutrition and Forage Laboratory, Faculty of Animal Husbandry Udayana University from No- vember to December 2020. The design used was a completely randomized design (CRD) with five treatments and four replications were P0 (90% rice straw + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P1 (60% rice straw + 30% Calliandra calothyrsus + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P2 (60% rice straw + 30% Gliricidia sepium + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P3 (60% rice straw + 30% Indigofera zollingeriana + 5% pollard + 5% mollases), P4 (60% rice straw + 30% Sesbania grandiflora + 5% pollard + 5% mollases). The results showed that the best values for color, odor, and fungus were obtained in tre- atment P0, P1, and P4. Texture variable got the best value in treatment P0, P1, P2, and P3. The highest of dry matter digestibility and organic matter digestibility values were in the P4. The highest production of total VFA and N-NH3 was produced in treatment P1 and P2. Based on the research results, the addition of various types of legumes added to the rice straw silage can improve the physical quality, dry matter digestibility, organic matter digestibility, N-NH3 and total VFA of the silage.&#x0D; &#x0D; &#x0D;

A Novel Mesoporous Activated Carbon Derived from Calliandra calothyrsus via Physical Activation: Saturation and Superheated

In this work, both pyrochar and activated carbon were prepared by physical activation (i.e., saturation and superheated) by involving a thermal agent as a comparison. The effects of three agents on the pore development of activated carbon from a new material, Calliandra calothyrsus, were observed in detail. The BET surface area and the iodine index of the prepared activated carbon were used as pyrochar selection. Proximate, ultimate, XRD, FTIR, TGA, and SEM were used to characterize the physical and chemical properties of the product. Pyrochar pores were found to develop significantly at 350 °C, indicated by an increase in the BET surface area and iodine index. Pyrochar from a temperature of 350 °C was then selected as a precursor of activated carbon. S–SS and SS–S activated carbon samples were declared to have the highest iodine index (870 mg/g) and the highest BET surface area (642 m2/g), respectively. The pore distribution data showed that the superheated agent widened the pore and provided an active site for iodine adsorption, while the saturation agent resulted in a narrower pore for an increase in the BET surface area. S–SS has a lower C fraction and higher O fraction than SS–S. The SS–S samples have both Vol and Volmic for an increased BET surface area. The number of aromatic layers and –OH functional groups of the S–SS sample is more convenient for iodine enhancement than for increasing the BET surface area. Less water droplets and greater energy from superheated resulting pores widen, increasing the aromatic layer and providing additional functional groups.

PERKEMBANGAN SUKSESI VEGETASI DI AREA REVEGETASI LAHAN PASCATAMBANG BATUBARA (STUDI KASUS DI PT AMANAH ANUGERAH ADI MULIA KABUPATEN TANAH LAUT)

The purpose of the study was to analyze the development of vegetation succession in the post-coal mining revegetation area of PT Amanah Anugerah Adi Mulia. The method used to collect data in the revegetation area is the Nested Sampling. The data collected in the form of individuals number, types of vegetation, and diameters of poles and trees. Data were analyzed by tabulating matrix and Indeks Nilai Penting (INP). There are 8 main types of revegetation plants, 16 types of natural growth and 40 types of undergrowth plants. There is a trend of increasing the number of plants that grow naturally at the level of seedlings, saplings, poles and trees in the revegetation area. Revegetation plants aged 7 years had the highest number of species. The dominant species at 1 year revegetation age for seedlings was sengon buto (Enterolobium cyclocarpum) with INP= 86,01%, sapling was E. cyclocarpum with INP= 106,15%. The dominant species at 3 years of revegetation age for seedlings was calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) with INP value = 75,57 %, sapling was sengon laut (Paraserianthes falcataria) with INP = 56,73%, pole level was P. falcataria species with INP = 162,85%. The dominant species at 5 years of revegetation age for seedlings was sisir liar (Cudrania cochinchinensis) with INP value = 108,38 %, sapling was C. cochinchinensis with INP = 103,59 %, pole level was mangium (Acacia mangium) with INP = 229,58 %, the tree level is mangium with INP = 211,74%. The dominant species at 7 years of revegetation age for seedlings was mahang (Macaranga gigantea) with INP value = 53,32%, sapling was M. gigantea with INP = 44,31 %, pole level was A. mangium with INP = 98,29 % , the tree level is P. falcataria with INP = 163,15%. Revegetation can facilitate the succession process in post-mining land.

“Rhizosphere upheaval after tree cutting: Soil sugar flux and microbial behavior”

ABSTRACT Cutting trees removes all parts of their photosynthetic area, which affects rhizosphere assembly. However, information regarding the underground alteration process after tree cutting is insufficient. This study aimed to observe the fate of both root exudation and the rhizosphere microbial community following tree cutting. The study included 540 Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn. The experimental layout was a completely randomized block design with 3 blocks (cutting age) × 2 (cutting and not cutting) × 180 trees. Composite soil samples were collected from trees at 0–20 cm depth and stumps at 0, 2, 4, 8, and 12 weeks after cutting to observe the soil sugar content, pH, and functional group population. This study demonstrated that cutting reduced the flux of sugars below ground by 80% and caused rapid acidification (pH less than 5.0) of the soil. Total soil sugar depletion is presumed to be a mechanism by which C. calothyrsus survives and regrows after cutting. Sugar depletion affects significant shifts in the size and structure of the rhizosphere microbial community. Increasing soil acidity is another survival strategy to limit close competitor populations in the rhizosphere. This study confirms that C. calothyrsus is a proper species for developing in the coppice-harvesting-system (CHS) energy estate.

Indigenous versus exotic tree species used in silviculture and agroforestry: An overview from Burundi Seed Centre data

In Burundi, natural ecosystems are found mainly in protected areas and indigenous species seem to be scarce in silvicultural and agroforestry programs. The indisputable enthusiasm of the population to use Eucalyptus has already completely transformed the Burundian landscape. The present study aims at analyzing the extent of the exotic species use versus indigenous by different stakeholders, among them the Government of Burundi. Sales statistics (2012-2021) from the Burundian Office for the Protection of the Environment seed bank were analyzed. The study reveals that out of 23 species, seeds of only three indigenous tree species are sold. The latter corresponds to 27% of the total seed weight, representing only 0.11% of the total seed number. Eucalyptus div. sp. are the most dedicated to silvicultural programs with 99.63% of total seeds; no indigenous tree species is known for silviculture in Burundi. Concerning agroferestry, indigenous species are represented by Maesopsis emenii, Markhamia lutea and Polycias fulva totaling 29.03 % of total seed weight, equivalent to only 1.17 % of the total seed number. The most used species are exotic, namely Grevillea robusta, Calliandra calothyrsus and Cedrella serrulata, representing 57%, 25.43% and 11.36% of total seed number respectively. Likewise, the Government programs as well as other stakeholders are choosing seed species in the same way. This study showed the exclusive use of exotic species in silvicultural where Eucalyptus div.sp. have won over foresters and the general population due to their rapid growth, high productivity and regeneration regardless soil quality. The present study confirms the quasi-exclusive use of exotic tree species in silvicultural and agroforestry programs by different actors. Our findings suggest the need to seek for alternative indigenous tree species to promote. Relevant policies should be revised and implemented accordingly for the soil conservation and ecosystem restoration as well as reforestation.

Calliandra calothyrsus: A Potential Host for the Indian Lac Insect [Kerria lacca (Kerr.)] Cultivation in India

More than 400 host plants have been reported to support lac insects throughout the world but not all have been exploited for their commercial potential except some traditional hosts. In this study, potentially of four host plants viz., Calliandra calothyrsus, Calliandra surinamensis, Dalbergia assamica Malvaviscus penduliflorus kusmi rangeeni Kerria lacca and was evaluated for and strain of (Kerr.) during three consecutive years 2014-15, 2015-16 and 2016-17. The data on pre and post-harvest parameters ., initial settlement density, mortality, viz fecundity, cell weight, resin weight, broodlac, broodlac ratio and total scrapedlac were recorded based on pre and post-harvest attributes ofrangeeni baisakhi) katki) kusmi jethwi) aghani C. calothyrsus(summer season ( &amp; rainy season ( crop) and summer season ( &amp; winter season ( ). outperformed other hosts during all the three years. In addition to this, is having quick growth, bushy nature and high response C. calothyrsus to coppicing make this host ideal for Lac Integrated Cropping System (LICS).

Utilization of Spiked Pepper (Piper aduncum L.) as Feedstock for Gasification

The massive spread and growth of invasive alien plant species (IAPS) such as Piper aduncum L. (PA) endanger the natural ecosystem. Utilizing their woody biomass as feedstock through gasification to produce renewable energy can reduce risk and provide better incentives to rural communities. Heating value (HV), fixed carbon (FC), volatile combustible matter (VCM), and ash content were used to compare PA with five other tree species – namely, Calliandra calothyrsus L. (CC), Gliricidium sepium L. (GS), Broussonetia papyrifera L. (BP), Eucalyptus marginata L. (EM), and Eucalyptus urophylla L. (EU) – as fuel for gasification. The effects of particle size (ps), air volumetric flow rate (υair), and carbonization and their interactions to cold gas efficiency (CGE), producer gas flow rate (υsyngas), and specific gasification rate (SGR) were also studied. The economics and environmental impact of spiked pepper as feedstock were evaluated by hypothetically putting up a 100 kWe gasification plant in the Upper Bauyan Watershed serving 138 households. With an electrical efficiency of 17.1%, the plant would need 990 tons of PA. Feedstock supply would be adequate even after 20 yr of operation since biomass growth rate would be faster than consumption rate. The computed carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions annually for harvesting was 9.72 tons (shelterwood method) – 781.11 tons for gasification and electrical production against direct combustion, which theoretically emits 1,729.73 tons annually. Financial analysis indicated a profitable investment with a positive net present value of PHP 6,240,257.08 or USD 122,358 (USD 1 = PHP 51), IRR of 12%, payback period of 6.97 yr, and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE) of PHP 8.90 (USD 0.17). Overall, the study indicates the economic feasibility and ecological soundness of utilizing PA as feedstock provided that silvicultural management is applied in replanting indigenous trees in eradicated lands. This method can also be effective in restoring the landscape of affected watersheds.

Evaluation of potential and local forages nutrition as ruminant feed-in Payo Agro-Tourism Area, Solok City, West Sumatera, Indonesia

This study aims to evaluate local forage’s potential and nutritional content in the Payo agro-tourism area of Solok, West Sumatra, Indonesia, to be used as a ruminant feed. This study used a survey method by taking a sample of the forage that grows a lot in the area and then analyzed its nutritional content. The nutritional content analyzed were dry matter, ash, crude protein, crude fiber, crude fat, calcium, and phosphorus minerals. At the same time, the TDN value and the extracted material without nitrogen were calculated based on the formula. The results showed that 12 types of forage have the potential as ruminant feed, namely Panicum maximum, Tithonia diversifolia, Gliricidia sepium, Digitaria sp, Centrocema pubescens, Calliandra calothyrsus, Stachytarpheta jamaicensis, Bidens pilosa, Ipomea triloba, Micania Scandens, Asystasia gangetica, and corn straw. This study shows that Calliandra calothyrsus has the highest crude protein content, and Corn straw contains the lowest crude protein. The highest and lowest TDN values were Gliricidia sepium and Panicum maximum, respectively. Through the linear programming program, these 12 plants can be formulated into 4 ration formulations with 58% TDN and 15-16% crude protein.

Urban trees to attract wild birds in a tropical urban residential complex in Sentul, West Java, Indonesia

In an urban residential complex, in addition to providing environmental services, trees also attract wild birds. The objective of this research was to identify trees planted in tropical urban residential areas that can attract wild birds. The research was conducted in Sentul City Residential Complex, Bogor, West Java, by observing wild birds that visit certain trees as part of their habitat components. Trees provide nectar, fruits, seeds, and insects as food for birds and nest materials. Trees also have important functions as birds’ cover and nesting sites. There were 103 tree species, all basically supporting the life of 51 bird species found in the study area. Examples of nectar producer trees were Spathodea campanulata, Callistemon citrinus, Erythrina crista-galli; fruit producers were Muntingia calabura, Syzygium polyanthum, Ficus benjamina; seeds producers were Leucaena leucocephala, Paraserianthes falcataria. Many trees also attracted insects for bird food, including Acacia mangium, Samanea saman. Conifers and small twigs and leaf petioles/rachis of many legumes, for example, Delonix regia, Calliandra calothyrsus) can be used as nest materials. Careful selection of trees could attract many wild birds to increase the environmental quality of the residential areas.

Adaptation and Growth Performance Evaluation of Nitrogen Fixing Tree/Shrub Species in Dello-menna District of Bale zone, Southeast Ethiopia

Prior integration of any tree/shrub species in a given land use system, there is always the need of undertaking a field trials to assess their adaptability and growth performance under a particular environment. Study was planned and conducted to evaluate the adaptability potential and growth performance of six nitrogen fixing tree/shrub species in Dello-menna district of Bale zone, southeast Ethiopia. The considered species in the study are Cajanus cajan, Flemingia macrophylla, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Leucaena leucocephela. Seedlings were produced in a nursery site and transplanted to the experimental site. The experiment was laid out in RCBD design with three replications, and the management practices employed uniformly for each species throughout the stud period. In the study the necessary growth performance data parameters; plant height, root collar diameter and survival rate were measured and recorded. Thereafter, the data was analysed by GenStat (15th ed) and Excel computerized programs. Results obtained showed that, these growth performance data parameters were significantly (p &lt; 0.05) varied among the tested species. In this respect, F. macrophylla, S. sesban, G. sepium and C. cajan attained the higher mean values in survival rate, plant height and root collar diameter. While L. leucocephela and C. calothyrsus attained the lowest mean values for the entire growth performance parameters. Hence, it can be inferred that the study site matched well with the environmental requirement of F. macrophylla, S. sesban, G. sepium and C. cajan. The species therefore offers much promise for future use in any of agroforestry practices in the area. However, evaluation of their contribution to soil fertility improvement and crop yield needs to be further investigated as this may insights to know their nutrient provision potential while integrated together with annual and/or perennial plants in agroforestry land use system.

EFFECTIVENESS OF CONCENTRATION OF GROWTH REGULATORY SUBSTANCES ON THE GROWTH OF KALIANDRA (Calliandra callothyrsus) TRUNK

The potential of our energy sources in Indonesia is getting thinner day by day. Energy sources that come from fossils if we take it continuously will run out and cannot be renewed. Therefore, it is necessary to have an alternative source of renewable energy, one of the renewable energies to replace fossil energy, is wood biomass. One of the woods that can be used as a renewable energy source is Kaliandra wood (Calliandra calothyrsus). Calliandra (Calliandra callothyrsus) is a type of tree that can grow throughout the year. The problem faced in generative breeding of Kaliandra is the low seed germination caused by Kaliandra seeds having hard seed dormancy, and the skin has a waxy coating. To overcome the problem of meeting the needs of Kaliandra wood in energy resources, vegetative propagation of plants is needed, one of which is stem cuttings. This study aims to determine the level of effectiveness of the successful growth of Kaliandra stem cuttings using various concentrations of growth regulator Rootone F. The research method used is quantitative by conducting various experiments, namely treatment of Kaliandra stem cuttings without treatment, treatment using Rootone-f hormone with concentration (100 ppm), and treatment using the hormone Rootone-f with a concentration (200 ppm). The results showed that the number of shoots and the number of leaves were the same in each treatment, namely 1 shoot. The length of shoots in the Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 (ppm), produced the largest shoot length of 0.71 cm, the percentage of life in the Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 ( ppm) was 6.67%, and the root length of Kaliandra cuttings on Rootone F hormone treatment with a concentration of 100 (ppm) produced the largest 0.25 cm.

Assessing the utilization of naturalized alien plant species by community to inform its management strategy: A case study in Cibodas Biosphere Reserve, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Handayani A, Zuhud EAM, Junaedi DI. 2021. Assessing the utilization of naturalized alien plant species by community to inform its management strategy: A case study in Cibodas Biosphere Reserve, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 2579-2588. Alien plant species can have two side effects, either positively in terms of the utilization of these species to fulfill human needs, or negatively in terms of their invasion which might threaten biodiversity and reduce land productivity. Yet, it is not clear how an introduced plant species can be carefully managed and utilized (so-called Naturalized Alien Plant Species/NAPS) so that the NAPS does not become Invasive Alien Plant Species (IAPS). Using Cibodas Biosphere Reserves (CBR), West Java, Indonesia as a case study, this study aims to investigate the utilization of Naturalized Alien Plant Species (NAPS) by local communities in the buffer zone of CBR and quantify the utilization of NAPS based on cultural perspective using Index Cultural Significance (ICS) framework. Data were collected by distributing questionnaires and interviewing 90 respondents in three locations around CBR: Bodogol, Cibodas, and Gekbrong. The results showed that the community used 72 Naturalized Alien Plant Species, with 30% of the utilized plants were from Asteraceae family. Centella asiatica was the most widely used species, but the species with the highest Index Cultural Significance value was Artemisia vulgaris. Based on the ICS classification, there were ten species (13.89%) with high significance values, 17 species (23.61%) with moderate significance, 30 species (41.67%) with low significance, and 15 species (20.83%) with very low significance. Species with high significance values were Artemisia vulgaris, Chimonobambusa quadrangularis, Bidens pilosa, Mentha arvensis, Amaranthus spinosus, Centella asiatica, Cyphomandra betacea, Calliandra calothyrsus, Fragaria vesca, and Solanum torvum. Based on these results, the recommended strategy is to regularly harvest the Naturalized Alien Plant Species with high ICS value to control their population and fulfill community needs.

Ethanol Extract Activity Test of 70% Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn. Leaves as a Lowering of Blood Glucose Levels in Hyperglycemic Rats

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is an increase in blood glucose levels due to impaired metabolism of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins. Red kaliandra leaf (Calliandra calothyrsus Meisn.) contains tocopherol, carotenoid, flavonoid, saponin, and tannin compounds are natural sources of non-enzymatic antioxidants. The active compound has inhibitory activity against the α-glucosidase enzyme so that it can be potential as an antidiabetic. This study aims to determine the activity of 70% ethanol extract of red calliandra leaves on the decrease in blood glucose levels in male white rats Sprague Dawley hyperglycemia strain. Test animals were divided into 6 groups consisting of normal controls (standard feed), negative controls (alloxan induction), positive controls (metformin HCL dose 51.38 mg/kg), group I dose (50 mg/kg), dose II (100 mg/kg), and dose III (200 mg/kg). Data were analyzed using one way ANOVA and continued by Tukey test. The results showed that doses 1, 2, and 3 can reduce blood glucose. Dose 3 had a decrease in the percentage of 58.08% which was comparable to a positive control (metformin HCl dose 51.38 mg/kg) of 63.85%.

Riparian plant diversity in relation to artisanal mining sites in Cikidang River, Banten, Indonesia

Abstract. Takarina ND, Sinaga IL, Kultsum TR. 2021. Riparian plant diversity in relation to artisanal mining sites in Cikidang River, Banten, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 401-407. Artisanal mining usually occurs in gold mining activities near the river banks and consequently, this will affect the downstream ecosystem include riparian habitat and its plant diversity. Here, this study aimed to assess the effects of artisanal mining sites on the riparian plant diversity in Cikidang River, Lebak District, Banten Province, Indonesia. The study was conducted by placing 10 sampling stations along 4 km of Cikidang River with width of 20 m. Riparian plant species were collected and identified from 10 m x 10 m sampling plots in each station. Plant diversity was assessed using Shannon-Wiener, Simpson, Margalef, and Pielou indices. There were in total 18 families and 42 plant species have been identified. Compositae and Poaceae were plant families that common here. Ageratum conyzoides was the most common species followed by Impatiens platypetala, Cibadium surinamense, Wollastonia biflora, Calliandra calothyrsus, and Pityrogramma calomelanos. Shannon-Wiener diversity index was in the range of 1.040-1.561. There was a positive correlation between riparian diversity with the distance to mining sites with decreasing diversity trends toward artisanal mining sites. Riparian habitats located far (&gt; 1 km) from the mining sites have more species. While species observed in riparian habitats near (0.3-1 km) the mining sites were accounted only for 26.1% of total species found. To conclude, the presence of artisanal mining sites can affect the nearby riparian plant diversity.

Adaptation and Growth Performance Evaluation of Nitrogen Fixing Tree/Shrub Species in Dello-menna District of Bale Zone, Southeast Ethiopia

Prior integration of any tree/shrub species in a given land use system there is always the need of undertaking a field trials for the adaptability and growth performance evaluation for particular environment. Study was designed and conducted to evaluate the adaptability potential and growth performance of six nitrogen fixing tree/shrub species in Dello-menna district of Bale zone, southeast Ethiopia. The considered species in the study are Cajanus cajan, Flemingya macrophylla, Gliricidia sepium, Sesbania sesban, Calliandra calothyrsus and Leucaena leucocephela. Seedlings were produced in a nursery site and transplanted to the experimental site. The experiment was laid out in RCBD design with three replications, and the management practices employed uniformly for each species throughout the stud period. In the study the necessary growth performance data parameters; plant height, root collar diameter and survival rate were measured and recorded. Thereafter, the data was analyzed by GenStat (15^th ed) and Excel computerized programs. Results obtained showed that, these growth performance data parameters were significantly (p < 0.05) varied among the tested species. In this respect, Flemingya macrophylla, Sesbania sesban, Gliricidia sepium and Cajanus cajan attain the higher mean values in survival rate, plant height and root collar diameter. While Leucaena leucocephela and Calliandra calothyrsus attain the lowest mean values for the entire growth performance parameters. Hence, it can be inferred that the study site matched well with the environmental requirement of F. macrophylla, S. sesban, G. sepium and C. cajan. The species therefore offers much promise for future use in any of agroforestry practices in the area. However, evaluation of their contribution to soil fertility improvement and crop yield needs to be further investigated as this may insights to know their nutrient provision potential while integrated together with annual and/or perennial plants in agroforestry land use system.

KERAGAMAN GENETIK BIBIT KALIANDRA (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) ASAL JAWA BARAT

Kaliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus Meissn.) is a potential species as a feedstock for making wood pellets with a heating value of 4,722 cal/g. The objective of this study was to determine the genetic diversity of kaliandra seedlings in the nursery from four populations in West Java, namely Cianjur, Garut, Sukabumi, and Sumedang. Seed collection is carried out from each population, then germinated at the nursery of the Nagrak Research Station, Bogor Regency. Using a Completely Randomized Block Design, with 4 replications from each population, each repetition consisted of 10 seedlings, the results showed that the best height growth (59.75 cm) was produced from Cianjur and the best diameter (4.44 mm) was produced from Sukabumi. Seedling height can be used as a criterion for the selection of parent trees at the nursery level because the high seedling heritability (0.333 and 0.656) is relatively higher than the diameter of the seedlings (0.114 and 0.445), both individuals and families. The genetic correlation between traits shows a high value that is equal to (0.562).

Fungi identification and test on red calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) seed as potentially antagonist agent

Red calliandra (Calliandra calothyrsus) is an essential economic plant and used as a renewable energy source. Seed-borne fungi can be beneficial or detrimental. One of the beneficial roles of fungi is as an antagonistic agent. Red calliandra seed is commonly infected by pathogenic fungi such as Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp., and Rhizopus sp. The purpose of this research was to identify the fungi in red calliandra seeds, which are potential as an antagonistic agent, and to study their ability to inhibit the growth of pathogenic Fusarium sp., Aspergillus sp. and Rhizopus sp. The seeds obtained are from Sukabumi, West Java, Indonesia. Fungi were isolated by soaking the seeds with 1% NaOCl for three minutes then washed with sterile aquadest. It was repeated three times. Furthermore, the seeds were sown on moist paper media and incubated until a fungus colony emerged, which is expected to be a potential antagonistic agent. The result showed that there was one isolate of fungi that was potential as an antagonistic agent; it was Talaromyces sp. It indicates that the antagonistic agent can be isolated from seeds. The inhibition percentages of Talaromyces sp. against Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp., and Rhizopus sp. at seven days old were 67.92%, 59.4%, 8.89%, respectively. Talaromyces sp. can inhibit the growth of Fusarium sp. Rhizopus sp. and Aspergillus sp. in overgrowth at 14 days old. The antagonistic mechanism of Talaromyces sp. to Aspergillus sp., Fusarium sp. and Rhizopus sp. is microparasitism and competition. Talaromyces sp. isolated from red calliandra seeds were potential as antagonistic agents.