Short-circuit Current Calculation Research Articles

Enhancing short-circuit current calculation in active distribution networks through Fusing superposition theorem and Data-Driven approach

In the realm of active distribution networks, the Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generator (IIDG) poses a challenge with its diverse non-linear fault outputs stemming from varied control strategies and objectives. This presents a dilemma, balancing computational precision and speed in short-circuit current calculation. To address this issue, a novel methodology is proposed, utilizing a Graph Attention Network (GAT)-based model. This model is designed for rapid and precise computation of IIDG fault outputs, thereby enhancing the efficiency of the iterative calculation process. Integration of the superposition theorem significantly boosts the efficiency of short-circuit current calculation in active distribution networks. Moreover, the proposed approach successfully overcomes common problems, such as reduced accuracy and non-convergence, often encountered due to the dynamic nature of network structures. The utility and adaptability of this method are illustrated through various examples, showcasing its ability to accommodate networks with unknown structures and increased branch circuits, while ensuring consistent and reliable computational results.

Short-Circuit Current Calculation of Flexible Direct Current Transmission Lines Considering Line Distribution Parameters

Short-Circuit Current Calculation of Flexible Direct Current Transmission Lines Considering Line Distribution Parameters

Calculation Method and Characteristic Analysis for Fault Current of Permanent Magnet Direct-Drive Wind Power System considering Positive and Negative Sequence Decomposition

In view of the fact that the influence of positive and negative sequence decomposition, which is widely used in positive and negative sequence decoupling control in control system, on the fault current calculation process is not deeply considered in the existing transient analysis methods of permanent magnet direct-drive wind farm short circuit current, this paper proposes a transient short circuit current calculation model that takes into account positive and negative sequence decomposition. The influence of the transient characteristics of positive and negative sequence decomposition on the control system is studied, and the mechanism of its action on the transient change of short circuit current is revealed. The positive and negative sequence decoupling processes of the circuit equation are modified, and the characteristics of the coupling equation are analyzed. The difference in the converter output voltage between the circuit equation and the control equation and the depth of its influence on the calculation process is revealed. On the basis of quantifying the difference at the converter output voltage, the circuit equation and the control equation are combined to form a short-circuit current calculation model with positive and negative sequence decomposition, which accurately characterizes the transient characteristics of fault current under different voltage drops and effectively improves the accuracy of the calculation results.

Analysis and research on short-circuit current characteristics and grid access faults of wind farms with multi-type fans

As the grid-connected capacity of a large number of wind farms continues to increase, their short-circuit current will have a great impact on protection. Therefore, accurate short-circuit current calculation is beneficial for correct protection action evaluation. Considering the issues related to the diversity of wind turbine types in wind farms and the inability to accurately simulate the failure transient process in previous studies, this research focuses on investigating the impact of control strategies during faults on the transient process of wind turbines. In this paper, the single-machine equivalent model of doubly-fed induction generators (DFIG) and permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM) is established by considering the types of wind turbines, and the calculation method of short-circuit current of hybrid wind farms is further proposed by using the classification aggregation equivalent effect method. The accuracy of short-circuit current calculation proposed in this article was verified on RTDS, and a power grid fault analysis method suitable for wind farm connection was proposed based on the characteristics of equivalent circuits of DFIG and PMSM during fault steady-state.

Calculation method of external fault short-circuit current for variable-speed pumped storage units based on time-domain dynamic circuit

The calculation method of the external fault short-circuit current of large units with clear mechanisms and practicality is of great value in engineering practice. Due to the special AC excitation structure and control mode, the external fault short-circuit characteristics of variable-speed pumped storage units (VSPSUs) are very different from those of conventional units. Therefore, this paper proposes a calculation method for external fault short-circuit current based on a time-domain dynamic circuit. According to the excitation and control characteristics of VSPSUs under external fault, the VSPSU under external fault is divided into two cases: continuous excitation and jumper action. Based on space vector analysis, the time-domain dynamic circuit models are established, respectively. On this basis, the analytical formula of the external fault short-circuit current of VSPSUs is derived by combining the transition boundary conditions of the two cases and the dynamic characteristics of the stator flux linkage. Finally, the comparison with PSCAD/EMTDC simulation results shows that the proposed VSPSUs’ external fault short-circuit current calculation method has high accuracy and practical value, which can meet the needs of primary equipment selection and relay protection of variable-speed pumped storage power plants.

Retracted: Practical Model for Short-Circuit Current Calculation of Photovoltaic Power Station Based on Improved RLS Algorithm

Retracted: Practical Model for Short-Circuit Current Calculation of Photovoltaic Power Station Based on Improved RLS Algorithm

Methods to Minimize the Effects of Geometric Asymmetry of Multi-Circuit, Multi-Voltage Overhead Lines on Transmission Network Operation

Multi-circuit, multi-voltage overhead lines (MMOLs) are becoming a favorable solution in the perspective of ensuring the efficient transmission of electrical energy and limitations relating to the expansion of the transmission network. The main part of this manuscript contains a method that minimizes the effects of risks on the operation of the power system due to asymmetrical MMOLs, with particular emphasis on the circuit with the lowest-rated voltage. The selected set of criteria includes elements such as the determination of the neutral point displacement voltage in the network with the lowest-rated voltage (zero voltage, U0), selected voltage quality factors, and short-circuit analyses to examine the impact of differences between the use of accurate and simplified mathematical models on the calculation of short-circuit currents. Methods to minimize the effects of MMOL geometric asymmetry have been proposed using simple technical steps, such as selecting the appropriate pole silhouette (indication of the methodology for identifying such supporting structures), changing the way of supplying individual circuits, or using partial transposition in the circuit with the lowest-rated voltage. The proposed methods are verified by analyzing a case study of the development of the transmission network in Poland.

Fast and accurate method for short-circuit current calculation in distribution network with IIDGs

The fault behavior of Inverter Interfaced Distributed Generators (IIDGs) diverges from that of synchronous generators. When a substantial number of IIDGs are integrated into the distribution network, the conventional short-circuit current calculation technique, grounded in a mechanical framework, struggles to simultaneously satisfy the demands for both rapid computation and precision. This study introduces an alternative approach reliant on data analysis, enabling swift and precise computation of short-circuit currents across the IIDG-infused distribution grid. The investigation delves into the efficacy of multi-output regression techniques and the selection of the foundational learning algorithm. Specifically, two strategies are advanced: Multi-Target Regressor Stacking and Regressor Chains, both utilizing the Light Gradient Boosting Machine as the base learner. The influence of varying sample sizes on the multi-output computational model's performance is assessed. To ascertain the real-world viability of the multi-output regression methodology, two distinct fault characteristics pertaining to data-driven short-circuit current calculation are scrutinized using existing distribution network measurement conditions. The study reveals that, given a known distribution network structure, the proposed method can compute network-wide short-circuit currents across diverse IIDG penetration levels and fault scenarios through a singular model, maintaining a balance between computation precision and speed. If the distribution network's structure undergoes minor modifications, the model demonstrates reasonable adaptability, yet a retraining of the short-circuit current calculation model is recommended to ensure sustained accuracy in the face of significant network changes.

Analisis Kinerja Sistem Proteksi Berdasarkan Peramalan Beban Pada Penyulang Galunggung

The Galunggung feeder has a total line length of 10.68 kilometers and is supplied by power transformer number 1 at the Polehan substation, with a capacity of 30 MVA. As of December 2020, the peak load on the Galunggung feeder was recorded at 231.4 A, while the lowest load was 133.9 A. Up to the current condition, the Galunggung feeder is operating within standard parameters, with a voltage drop of 0.434 kV or 2.17%. However, it is possible that with future developments and an increase in the number of customers over the years, the energy demand will also increase. Due to this additional energy demand, the protection system may require adjustments to accommodate the increased load.After conducting load forecasting using simple linear regression, a forecast for the next 10 years was obtained. In the year 2030, it is anticipated that the Galunggung feeder will experience a 24% increase in load. With this load increase and no changes to transformers or conductors, there will be no alterations to impedance and short-circuit current calculations. Therefore, no protection setting adjustments are necessary. The recommended action would be to upgrade some transformers that are approaching their capacity limits.

A New Short-Circuit Current Calculation and Fault Analysis Method Suitable for Doubly Fed Wind Farm Groups.

The transient characteristics of wind farms in groups are quite different; in addition, there is a strong coupling between the wind farms and the grid, and these factors make the fault analysis of the grid with wind farm groups complicated. In order to solve this problem, a mathematical model of the converter is established based on the input-output external characteristics of the converter, and a transient model of a doubly fed wind turbine (DFIG) is presented considering the influence of the low-voltage ride-through control (LVRT) of the converter, and the effect mechanism of the LVRT strategy on the short-circuit current is analyzed. Finally, a short-circuit current calculation model of a doubly fed wind turbine with low-voltage crossing control is established. The interaction mechanism between wind farms during the fault is analyzed, and a short-circuit current calculation method of doubly fed wind farm groups is proposed. RTDS is used to verify the accuracy of the proposed short-circuit current calculation method for doubly fed field groups. On this basis, a method of power grid fault analysis after doubly fed field group access is discussed and analyzed.

A novel fault diagnosis method for battery energy storage station based on differential current

Nowadays, an increasing number of battery energy storage station (BESS) is constructed to support the power grid with high penetration of renewable energy sources. However, many accidents occurred in BESSs threaten the development of the BESS, so it is important to develop a protection method for the BESS. In this work, a novel fault diagnosis method based on differential current is proposed, which can identify the short circuit fault rapidly and effectively. Firstly, in order to simulate the short circuit fault characteristic of a BESS, a linear varying parameter battery equivalent circuit model (ECM) which can demonstrate the short circuit current are established based on the manta ray foraging optimization (MRFO) algorithm. Secondly, the fault diagnosis method based on differential current is proposed and analyzed through the calculation of short circuit current (SCC) in BESS. Finally, different working state data of battery are used to verify the fault diagnosis method. The results show that the proposed method can effectively diagnose the short circuit fault. In summary, the proposed fault diagnosis method based on differential current is efficient in protecting the BESS.

Optimizing TOC and IOC units of directional overcurrent relays in mutually coupled circuits using evolutionary PSO: Requirements and modeling

The efficient coordination of directional overcurrent relays is a challenging problem. Recent papers in the literature have focused on developing efficient algorithms to solve this issue. However, there is a lack of reporting practical procedures that affects the mathematical formulation to ensure accurate outputs by any optimization algorithm. In this paper, we show a comprehensive procedure that considers mutually coupled circuits via Graph Theory, the requirements of short-circuit current calculation, contingencies to be considered as well as the setting of Instantaneous Overcurrent (IOC) and Time Overcurrent (TOC) units, both for phase and ground protection. The simulation has been carried out by using a real electric network and C++ language programming. Computational simulation has shown the performance of the method, which provides high-quality solutions, with adequate coordination of the selected protective devices that increase the efficiency in setting this type of protection with safety. Evolutionary Particle Swarm Optimization (EPSO) outperformed conventional Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO) and Genetic Algorithm (GA) as the best metaheuristic for optimally minimizing the proposed problem, achieving faster convergence times for the phase overcurrent protection scenario (16.36 s vs. 22.27 s and 17.03 s, respectively), and also for the ground overcurrent protection scenario (19.87 s vs. 20.44 s and 20.11 s, respectively).

Исследование влияния переходного сопротивления на дистанционное определение места повреждения на основе одностороннего метода

Fault location on 110–220 kV overhead power lines is one of the main functions of modern relay protection devices. Currently, the actual errors of fault location based on emergency mode (EM) parameters in most cases are about 5 %. However, there are cases when they exceed 10–20 %. One-sided fault location based on EM parameters and improvement of its accuracy are important issues to study since there isn’t a communication channel on power lines for the transmission of emergency information everywhere. The main parameter that has a significant impact on the accuracy of fault location method is the transient resistance. The aim of the research is to study the effect of transient resistance on the one-sided fault location method based on EM parameters proposed by A.E. Arzhannikov. In the course of the study, the following tasks are set: assessment of the effect of transient resistance on the accuracy of the specified fault location method; determination of the polarizing value for fault location, which ensures greater accuracy of the method, including the presence of transient resistance at the place of a short circuit; defining a criterion to recognize the type of short circuit that does not depend on the transient resistance; development of a method to determine the value of the transient resistance at the fault location. To study and evaluate the errors of distance fault location based on EM parameters, a series of calculations of short circuit currents has been made for various transient resistances at the fault location and at various distances of the fault. The calculation of currents and data processing has been carried out in the ARM SRZA software package. A single overhead line with a voltage of 110 kV with a two-sided supply and a length of 70 km is chosen as the object under study. To perform the research, the primary converters are taken as ideal. The authors have obtained the estimation of the errors of the one-sided fault location method. It is proposed to use the zero-sequence current as a polarizing quantity in the indicated fault location method, which provides greater accuracy than the use of the negative sequence current. To ensure the stable operation of one-sided fault location based on EM parameters, especially in case of short circuit with significant transient resistances, the use of methods that are insensitive to transient resistances is justified. A parameter to identify the type of short circuit is proposed, the coefficient of the image Kobr. Its values are determined for each type of short circuit, a small dependence on transient resistances is found. A calculation substantiation is given for the value of the identification coefficient of two-phase faults (Phase-to-Phase and Phases-to-Earth) according to the ratio of negative and zero sequence currents. The authors have estimated the transient resistance at the fault site by the ratio of symmetrical components for the simulated power transmission line. The results of the study can be used to improve the existing methods of fault location based on EM parameters, namely: to improve their accuracy considering the transient resistance at the fault site; to improve their accuracy using a suitable polarizing value; to determine the type of short circuit more accurately by using the proposed identification parameter.

Operational determination of the point of a short circuit in power lines

RELEVANCE. An urgent task is to improve the reliability and quality of power supply. Very often, failures in operation are caused by damage to overhead and cable lines. Traditionally, a fairly large number of violations occur in the share of electrical distribution networks. For the reliable functioning of power systems and uninterrupted power supply to consumers, it is necessary to identify and eliminate faults in a short time to minimize damage. Thus, a method for efficient, accurate and reliable fault location is needed for both utility companies and consumers. To solve this problem, it is necessary to quickly obtain information about the state of the distribution eclectic network. THE PURPOSE. Reducing the time to search for a fault location in electrical networks, reducing damage from downtime for undersupply of electricity by analyzing existing methods for determining the location of faults on a power transmission line and developing a method for its prompt detection in electrical networks. METHODS. The basis of this method is a preliminary theoretical calculation of short-circuit currents in various sections of a power line. Based on the values obtained as a result of the calculation, the measured values of the short-circuit currents are compared with these values, on the basis of which the location of the line damage is determined. An algorithm for searching the left and right boundaries of the short-circuit current value in an ordered array of statistical data has been developed. RESULTS. A method for quickly determining the location of a short circuit is proposed, which is based on the use of a data array of theoretically calculated short circuit currents. The presented algorithm is able to accurately determine the coordinates of the short circuit in electrical networks. CONCLUSION. The proposed method for determining the location of damage to the power line allows you to increase the efficiency of determining the point of a short circuit and thereby reduce the time to eliminate the accident, and therefore, economic losses from undersupply of electricity.The basis of this method is a preliminary theoretical calculation of short-circuit currents in various sections of a power line. Due to the subsequent comparison of the measured values of short-circuit currents with the values of the calculated values, the location of the damage to the power line is determined. The presented algorithm is designed to accurately determine thecoordinates of the short circuit location, which can significantly reduce the search time and improve the accuracy of determining the fault location in the range from 100 to 150 m, regardless of the length of the power line, which significantly reduces the time to search for damage at the same time as solving the problem of reducing downtime , as well as minimizing damage both for guaranteeing suppliers represented by electric grid companies, and for consumers represented by industrial and agricultural enterprises.

Short-circuit Current Engineering Calculation Method Considering Crowbar Operation Priority Degree of DFIG

When fault occurs in high wind power proportion grid, the control strategy and external characteristics of the wind power plant are affected by voltage drop of grid, so the traditional short-circuit current engineering calculation is difficult to converge. A short-circuit current engineering calculation method for high wind power proportion grid, considering grid node importance evaluation and crowbar protection of DFIG(double-fed induction generator), is proposed. This paper proposes the external equivalent model of the DFIG when fault occurs in grid, considers voltage drop degree and node importance indexes, and determines the weight of each index through Delphi method. The DFIG crowbar operation priority is evaluated to ensure the successful convergence of calculation and the maximum voltage support of wind power plants. The study case shows that proposed method is superior to the traditional method.

Short Circuit Current Algorithm and Software Design Based on IEC60909 Standard

With the continuous growth of load and the enhancement of grid structure, the problem of excessive short circuit current has become a key factor affecting the safe operation of the China Southern Power Grid. The comparison of measured data shows that the short circuit current calculation results of China Southern Power Grid are optimistic based on the existing short circuit current calculation method. It brings difficulties to the arrangement of the power grid operation mode. This paper first briefly introduces the calculation principle of the IEC60909 Standard (short for IEC60909 Short Circuit Current Calculation Standard). And based on this standard, an improved algorithm for short-circuit current calculation is proposed. FCAP (short for Fault Current Analysis Program), a newly developed software based on the improved algorithm, is compared with other similar software being popular in domestic and foreign to prove its engineering practical value.

Теоретические аспекты и проблемы расчета токов короткого замыкания системы электроснабжения тягового электропривода активного полуприцепа

The article describes and analyzes theoretical aspects and problems arising from the calculation of short-circuit currents of the power supply system of the traction electric drive of alternating current. The power system includes a semiconductor rectifier and a traction inverter. The electric drive is located on the chassis of a semi-trailer, an active semi-trailer, which is part of the “Arctic road train”. The above issues have been worked out, but, nevertheless, the conclusions require clarification through additional experimental verification. The active semi-trailer is designed to transport a multifunctional module for medical and household purposes at ambient temperatures from minus 50 to plus 40 ° C on paved roads, on dirt roads of various conditions, on terrain with soils with weak bearing capacity and virgin snow. The traction electric drive as part of an active semi-trailer is designed to create additional traction forces in difficult vehicle driving conditions in order to overcome obstacles, off-road and hills. This semi-trailer is being created as part of a project to develop a unified family of vehicles “Arctic Bus” and “Arctic Road Train with a Transportable Functional Module” to organize the safe transportation of passengers and mobile social points in the Far North at low temperatures (up to minus 50 °C) and to ensure the connectivity of the territories of the Arctic zone of the Russian Federation. In this regard, traditional methods for calculating short-circuit currents, as well as typical principles for choosing protection devices, checking their settings, fuse settings, resistance of cable lines and buses to short-circuit currents cannot be applied to the power supply system of the traction electric drive of an active semi-trailer, which determines the relevance and necessity of further research in this area. This article proposes calculations which can be used in the development of a methodology for calculating short-circuit currents of the power supply system of a traction electric drive using reversible and irreversible semiconductor converters with a direct current link.

GCN-Based Short-Circuit Current Calculation Method for Active Distribution Networks

GCN-Based Short-Circuit Current Calculation Method for Active Distribution Networks

Fast short-circuit current calculation of unbalanced distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators

This study proposes an approach for the fast calculation of short-circuit currents in unbalanced distribution networks with inverter-interfaced distributed generators (IIDG). It is capable of estimating the short-circuit current in unbalanced distribution networks with several IIDGs based on the symmetric component without calculating the system bus impedance matrix. Furthermore, the effect of the load on the short-circuit current was considered. Because the IIDG fault characteristic is determined by its fault ride-through control models, the short-circuit current calculation process is formulated as an iterative linear system calculation and can be solved using the simple generalized minimal residual (SGMRES) method. Finally, the analytical results were verified by comparisons with the time-domain simulation results of several test systems in PSCAD.

Multi-Agent Systems Based Adaptive Protection for Smart Distribution Network

The smart power grid has been developed and improved constantly to be able to incorporate protection, automation, communication, and advanced control methods. As a result, the smart power grid system protection is expected to be modernized and given the ability to handle the future complexity that emanates from the integration of Distributed Generations (DGs). An Adaptive Multi-Agent System (MAS) can enhance power system protection and make it more reliable, faster, selective, and robust. In this paper, a novel MAS-based adaptive protection technique that suits smart grid applications is proposed. The proposed protection technique consists of agents that communicate with each other and their environment. The agents used in the proposed technique are Short Circuit Current Calculation Agent (SCCA), Load Flow Calculation Agent (LFA), Setting Calculation Agent (SCA), Logic and Operating Agent (LOA), Coordination and Optimization Agent (COA), and Network Configuration Mapping Agent (NCMA). The proposed technique can adapt to the changing conditions in the smart grid. The DigSILENT PowerFactory software is used to verify the proposed technique using a real Distribution Network in the Antalya vicinity of Turkey. The achieved results show that the method can provide fast and selective protection for the smart grid with increased integration of DGs.