Tariff Calculation Research Articles

IOT Based Smart Energy Meter for Tariff Calculation, Disconnection and Reconnection of Loads

Now a days, every month a person from electricity board visits each and every consumers energy meter for tariff calculation and billing. The main drawback of this system is that person has to go area by area and he has to read the meter of every house and handover the bills. Many times errors like extra bill amount or notification from electric board even though the bills are paid are common errors. To overcome this drawback our proposed project will eliminate the third party between the consumer and service provider, even the errors will be overcome. In this paper, energy meters which are already installed at our houses are not replaced, but a small modification on the already installed meters can change the existing meters into smart meters. The use of Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) module provides a feature of notification through Short Message Service (SMS). One can easily access the meter working through web page that we designed. Current reading with cost can be seen on web page. Automatic ON & OFF of meter is possible. Threshold value setting and sending of notification is the additional task that we are performing. Monitoring and keeping tracking of your electricity consumption for verification is a tedious task today since you need to go to meter reading room and take down readings. Well it is important to know if you are charged accordingly so the need is quite certain. Well we automate the system by allowing users to monitor energy meter readings over the internet. Our proposed system uses energy meter with microcontroller system to monitor energy usage using a meter. The meter is used to monitor units consumed and transmit the units as well as cost charged over the internet using wifi connection. This allows user to easily check the energy usage along with the cost charged online using a simple web application. Thus the energy meter monitoring system allows user to effectively monitor electricity meter readings and check the billing online with ease. It has been further extended by adding an additional feature of tripping the supply to a particular customer in case bill is not paid. The tariff changes can also be easily updated by the EB when needed.

The Application of Bühlmann‑Straub Model with Data Correction for the Estimation of Net Premium Rates in Bonus‑Malus Systems of the Motor Third Liability Insurance

One of the elements used in the process of tariff calculation of premiums in motor liability insurance is a bonus‑malus system. This systems takes into account the “claims ratio” by means of increases and discounts of the base premium called net premium rates. The aim of this work is to propose an estimation method of the net premium rates in the bonus‑malus classes of the motor third‑party liability insurance portfolio of individuals. The Bühlmann‑Straub model was used for the premium estimation. In order to improve the credibility of the estimated premium rates, a data correction in the classes with premium increase was preformed. An example of the application of the new method is presented based on the data obtained from one of the insurance companies operating on the Polish market, which has reserved the right to stay anonymous.

НЕОБХІДНІСТЬ ТА ЗНАЧЕННЯ КОРИГУЮЧИХ КОЕФІЦІЄНТІВ У СТРАХУВАННІ ЦИВІЛЬНОЇ ВІДПОВІДАЛЬНОСТІ АВТОВЛАСНИКІВ

The article studies the theoretical aspects of car owners ' civil liability insurance. Defined legislative framework which is based on compulsory insurance of civil liability of vehicle owners in Ukraine. The scheme of calculation of the insurance tariff and the essence of adjusting factors in compulsory insurance of civil liability of car owners is revealed. The insurance portfolio of the Kharkiv regional Directorate of JSC "NASK" ORANTA", received insurance premiums under contracts of compulsory insurance of civil liability of car owners and made payments on them are analyzed. The level of unprofitability under these contracts, the influence of adjusting factors on the profitability of the insurance company are determined and the ways of solving this problem are proposed.

An Analysis on the Calculation of the Cost-Based Interconnection Retail Tariff at Telecommunication Industry in Indonesia

Abstrak Kajian ini bertujuan untuk mengeksplorasi dan menjelaskan bagaimana sebuah aplikasi sistem biaya dipilih dan digunakan untuk menentukan suatu model tarif interkoneksi pada sebuah jaringan seluler. Usaha ini dilakukan dalam rangka merumuskan solusi atas penentuan tarif retail, yang pada akhirnya akan menjadi harga jual yang ditetapkan bagi konsumen. Formulasi tarif interkoneksi berbasis biaya diatur oleh pemerintah Indonesia melalui lembaga yang bernama Badan Regulasi Tarif Indonesia.Secara khusus, studi ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui apakah implementasi regulasi telah dijalankan dengan baik oleh salahsatu penyedia layanan telekomunikasi di Indonesia, yaitu Indosat. Penelitian ini, yang dilakukan dengan pendekatan kualitatif, juga ditujukan untuk mengetahui pengaruh penerapan regulasi pada penetapan tarif retail yang dilakukan oleh penyedia jasa seluler. Kata Kunci: Interkoneksi; Pembebanan Biaya Jasa; Penelitian Kualitatif; Tarif Retail

Tariff calculating model for natural gas transportation through open access transmission pipeline with multi tariff system to increase gas usage as clean energy

The purpose of this study is to model the different tariffs on the transportation of natural gas through a pipeline for several shipper classes in an open access natural gas pipeline transmission line called a multi-tariff system. The determination of the natural gas tariff through the Open Access pipeline in Indonesia is mostly set using a distance system with the same value for all types of the shipper. The principle of justice is considered to be achieved from uniform tariffs for all the shipper, whereas in practice the separation of tariffs for each shipper group is currently essential. The proposed new tariff modeling is done by modifying the initial equations of the single-tariff model. Besides giving a new model proposal of tariff calculation for the multi-tariff system, in this research will also be modified free cash flow for new tariff calculation scheme and will be done the validity test on the formula. So that will get a multi-tariff calculation model which can become one of proposal material enter for Regulators to be able to set a fair tariff for the shipper without changing the economics of the transporter and can produce competitive gas prices to substitute clean energy sources for certain consumers such as electricity generation.

The impact analysis of postage multi-tariff system on gas transportation through the pipeline to increase gas price efficiency as the attraction of more environmentally friendly power plant substitution

AbstracyThe purpose of this study is to provide an analysis of the comparison and impact of changes in the model of Gas Transportation Tariff calculations through Pipes on the transportation of natural gas for fuel power plants in the region X. Which initially used a single tariff distance system that provides gas prices that are still not economically attractive, will be replaced with a more efficient multi-tariff postage stamp system. With the change of tariff calculation method, it will get the lower gas price and will inevitably increase the commercial appeal to be able to replace HSD (High-Speed Diesel) Generator which is expensive and cause more pollution. Initially, the substitution program is still less attractive because gas prices are still inefficient because the use of tariff calculation method is less precise. New tariffs are modeled by modifying cash flow and some variables with scenarios dividing tariffs into groups and re-modeling the volume of gas flowing in the pipeline through simulations using software and calculations. With the sensitivity test will also be done to provide the best scenarios to the efficiency of gas price formation. If gas prices are more efficient than fuel, it will further increase the attractiveness to accelerate fuel substitution of fuel with cleaner gas fuel and support Government programs. A comparison of the carbon decline will also be made to prove the substitution of diesel with gas to have a positive impact on the environment to provide an analysis of environmental issues. Finally, we propose that the application of a multi-tariff system will provide the best scenario for enhancing the efficiency of natural gas prices in the substitution of power generation from diesel into previously less attractive gas to be more efficient and more environmentally friendly.

Era Baru Hutan Kecil Menara Telekomunikasi: Sebuah Analisis Perhitungan Tarif Retribusi

The Constitutional Court overturned the calculation of levy tariff based on Nilai Jual Objek Pajak (NJOP) multiplied by 2%, so that the Regional Government in formulating the retribution levies to be guided by Pasal 151, Pasal 152 and Pasal 161, Law Number 28 Year 2009 on Pajak Daerah dan Retribusi Daerah (PDRD). This study aims to determine the determination of tariff Retribusi Pengendalian Menara Telekomunikasi (RPMT) after the decision of the Constitutional Court by calculating the allocation of costs based on the activity of tower control. The research method used in this research is qualitative case study, using descriptive analysis of interactive model. The research took place at the Department of Transportation of Communication and Informatics of Sumbawa Regency involving 7 informants. Methods of data collection is done by observation method, interview and collecting document in the form of photo and audio visual. The results showed that the determination of the RPMT tariff after the decision of the Constitutional Court was calculated based on the multiplication of the frequency of visits within a budget year by multiplication between the cost allocation based on the tower supervision activity and the zoning coefficient, tower height, tower type and mileage.

Indirect Regulatory Capture, Regulator and the Utility in Electricity Sector

This paper discussed the two cases of the regulatory decisions of the electricity sector regulator of Sri Lanka on renewable energy tariff calculation and approval of long term generation Expansion plan. The objectives of the analysis of the case studies are to examine how does utility can react on the regulatory decisions in the monopolistic market and whether it leads to a situation of Indirect Regulatory Capture. The regulatory process is examined from the perspective of various interest groups over the time, using Public Interest theory and Interest Group theory. The two cases are shown to have been strongly influenced by the interests of the different stakeholders of the electricity sector themselves, indicating a degree of 'regulatory capture'. The relationship of the utility and the regulator has been increasingly challenged by external pressures, interests of the stakeholders, and by, the level of resistance of the monopolistic utility. The paper concludes that in the monopolistic electricity market regulators decision can be reversed if the Utility is strong enough to resist the regulators decision if not favorable for the public or the utilities’ interest.

ANALISIS PENGGUNAAN METODE ACTIVITY BASED COSTING (ABC) DALAM MENENTUKAN SUMBANGAN PEMBINAAN PENDIDIKAN (SPP) PADA POLITEKNIK HARAPAN BERSAMA

The purpose of this study to determine the calculation of education and tuition fee by using Activity Based Costing at the Polytechnic Harapan Bersama and compare the education and tuition fee by using Activity Based Costing before and after. Politeknik Harapan Bersama not have a special method to determine the cost of education. At the Polytechnic Joint expectations are two sources of income, namely Login or registration fees and donations Education Support (SPP) to be paid each month. To determine the calculation of Education and tuition fee by using Activity Based Costing at the Polytechnic of Harapan Bersama. To determine the ratio of Education and tuition fee by using Activity Based Costing before and after. Data analysis method used is descriptive method. Descriptive analysis of the data is the processing of research data in order to make this data meaningful (meaningful). SPP of tariff calculation using Activity Based Costing known SPP tariff rate is Rp. 370 189; From the results of the SPP tariff calculation using the method of Activity Based Costing, when compared with the SPP tariff band is used by schools today are using the traditional method, for example Rp. 350,000; so that the difference in the amount Ro. 20 189 ;. Rate differences that occur due to charging of overhead on each product. Activity Based Costing has been able allocate cost to each activity.

Some mathematical aspects of price optimisation

Calculation of an optimal tariff is a principal challenge for pricing actuaries. In this contribution we are concerned with the renewal insurance business discussing various mathematical aspects of calculation of an optimal renewal tariff. Our motivation comes from two important actuarial tasks, namely (a) construction of an optimal renewal tariff subject to business and technical constraints, and (b) determination of an optimal allocation of certain premium loadings. We consider both continuous and discrete optimisation and then present several algorithmic suboptimal solutions. Additionally, we explore some simulation techniques. Several illustrative examples show both the complexity and the importance of the optimisation approach.

Zastosowanie modelu Bühlmanna-Strauba do estymacji stawek składki netto w systemach bonus-malus ubezpieczeń odpowiedzialności cywilnej posiadaczy pojazdów mechanicznych

One of the elements used in the process of tariff calculation of premiums in motor liability insurance is a bonus-malus system. This systems takes into account the “claims ratio” by means of increases and discounts of the base premium called net premium rates. The aim of this work is to propose an estimation method of the net premium rates in the groups of the motor third-party liability insurance portfolio of individuals. One of the maximum likelihood models, called the Buhlmann-Straub model was used for the premium estimation.

THE APPLICATION OF BŰHLMANN-STRAUB MODEL TO THE ESTIMATION OF NET PREMIUM RATES DEPENDING ON THE AGE OF THE INSURED IN THE MOTOR THIRD LIABILITY INSURANCE

One of the basic variables used in the process of tariff calculation of premiums in motor liability insurance is the age of the insured. In this type of insurance offered by insurers operating on the Polish market, this variable is taken into account in the ratemaking by discounts and increases in assigned premium, known as the net premiums rates. The aim of this work is to propose a method of rate estimation of net premiums in the groups of the motor third liability insurance portfolio of individuals created by the age of the insured. For the premium estimation, one of the maximum likelihood models, called the Bűhlmann-Straub model, was used.

Novel Method for Energy Consumption Billing Using Optical Character Recognition

The increase in the population results in the increase in electricity meter readers to assess the electricity consumption billing. The smart metering or advanced metering infrastructure (AMI) requires reliable broad band connections and additional infrastructure. For developing countries, raising the capital for improving the infrastructure is a challenging task. The prepaid meters lose their significance due to interruption in power supply and inflexibility in updating the frequent slab rate modifications in embedded chip programs. These reasons inspired us to develop an optical character recognition (OCR) based automatic meter reading (AMR) for electricity billing. A novel method for energy consumption billing has been proposed in this article to reduce the burden to the power distributors for calculating the energy consumption by consumers. The consumers will utilize their mobile phone cameras to take a photograph of their own energy meter's display with the kilo-watt hour (kWh) information. The image of digital energy meter display would be sent to the utility servers using the multimedia message service (MMS) facility provided by the mobile network operators (MNO). The consumers would send the photograph image to utility servers on intervals prescribed by distributors. The date and time information would be tagged with the photograph when the image is taken. The server will process the received image and retrieve kWh information as text using the OCR technique. This extracted kWh value is archived against the consumer's service number, which is a unique number provided by the power distributors to each energy meter. The current kWh reading is subtracted from the cumulative kWh reading and the energy consumed for the prescribed interval by distributors is obtained. The resulting value is used for tariff calculation based on the current slab rate. The results of retrieving the kWh information from the image have been presented in this article.

The Application of Bűhlmann-Straub Model to the Estimation of Net Premium Rates Depending on the Age of the Insured in the Motor Third Liability Insurance

Abstract One of the basic variables used in the process of tariff calculation of premiums in motor liability insurance is the age of the insured. In this type of insurance offered by insurers operating on the Polish market, this variable is taken into account in the ratemaking by discounts and increases in assigned premium, known as the net premiums rates. The aim of this work is to propose a method of rate estimation of net premiums in the groups of the motor third liability insurance portfolio of individuals created by the age of the insured. For the premium estimation, one of the maximum likelihood models, called the Bűhlmann-Straub model, was used.

Modern claim frequency and claim severity models: An application to the Russian motor own damage insurance market

AbstractDuring 2012–2015, the motor insurance in Russia received considerable attention both from the parts of the Russian government and from the insurance business. This was caused, in particular, by significant losses from the side of insurance companies that occurred during 2012–2013. Experts explain these losses not only by the effects of inflation or by the changes in Russian insurance legislation, but also by the incomplete set of factors that has been used by insurance companies for tariff calculation. This research analyses the factors that influence claim frequency and claim severity in the Russian motor own damage (MOD) insurance to assess the efficiency of the existing set of factors used for MOD insurance tariff calculations. To this end, we employ the appropriate claim frequency and claim severity models on the data provided by one of the leading St. Petersburg (Russia) insurance companies for the period of 2012–2013. The results of our calculations, organized within a resampling framework, ...

The Application of Bühlmann-Straub Model to the Estimation of Net Premium Rates Depending on the Age of the Insured in the Motor Hull Liability Insurance

One of the basic variables used in the process of tariff calculation of premiums in motor hull liability insurance is the age of the insured. In this type of insurance offered by insurers operating on the Polish market, this variable is taken into account in the ratemaking by discounts and increases in assigned premium, known as the net premiums rates. The aim of this work is to propose a method of rate estimation of net premiums in the groups of the motor hull liability insurance portfolio of individuals created by the age of the insured. For the premium estimation one of the maximum likelihood models, called the Bühlmann-Straub model was used.

FEATURES OF RESEARCH OF TARIFF CALCULATION FOR SERVICES ON MAINTENANCE OF HOUSES AND ADJACENT TERRITORIES

Consideration is given to features of conducting the economic researches on issues of justifying the tariff calculation for the maintenance of houses and adjacent territories with taking into account the findings of construction and technical research. The paper gives the normative and legislative acts, which regulate the tariff formation procedure for house maintenance services. The authors define the list of documents to be examined for a documentary and regulatory justification of the tariff calculation for the maintenance of house and adjacent territories.

Some Mathematical Aspects of Price Optimisation

Calculation of an optimal tariff is a principal challenge for pricing actuaries. In this contribution we are concerned with the renewal insurance business discussing various mathematical aspects of calculation of an optimal renewal tariff. Our motivation comes from two important actuarial tasks, namely a) construction of an optimal renewal tariff subject to business and technical constraints, and b) determination of an optimal allocation of certain premium loadings. We consider both continuous and discrete optimisation and then present several algorithmic sub-optimal solutions. Additionally, we explore some simulation techniques. Several illustrative examples show both the complexity and the importance of the optimisation approach.

ANALISIS BIAYA SATUAN METODE ACTIVITY BASED COSTING DALAM EVALUASI TARIF PELAYANAN KESEHATAN DI ERA JKN (Studi Kasus Pasien Stroke di Rumah Sakit Kristen Mojowarno)

Mojowarno Christian Hospital is an organization that is move in health services that produce multi-product, theratio of consumption of each product is different and significant indirect costs therefore needed to determine theservice tariff calculation of unit cost in the hospital with Activity Based Costing Method. The purpose of this studywas to determine the calculation of unit costs of care and outcomes of stroke patients fare calculation using theunit cost from Activity Based Costing method hospital compared with rates prevailing at the moment and ratesINA CBGs. This type of research is a qualitative case study. Based on calculations by the method of ActivityBased Costing obtained Unit Cost for Outpatient is Rp. 749.705, Unit Cost for Emergency Care Unit Mild Strokeis Rp 664.093;Medium Stroke Rp. 1.424.683, Severe Stroke Rp. 2.282.755,-. Unit Cost for Room type III MildStroke is Rp. 3.899.786, Medium Stroke Rp. 5.874.646, Severe Stroke Rp. 7.892.496; Unit Cost for Room type IIMild Stroke is Rp. 4.859.510, Medium Stroke Rp. 7.557.913, Severe Stroke Rp. 10.294.306; Unit Cost for Roomtype I Mild Stroke is Rp. 6.097.530, Medium Stroke Rp. 9.728.198, Severe Stroke Rp. 13.391.856; Unit Cost forVIP Room Mild Stroke is Rp. 10.953.150, Medium Stroke Rp. 18.240.533, Severe Stroke Rp. 25.540.906 ; UnitCost for High Care Unit Mild Stroke is Rp. 3.710.121, Medium Stroke Rp. 5.655.278, Severe StrokeRp. 9.477.309 and Unit Cost Intensive Care Unit Mild Stroke is Rp. 7.010.169, Medium Stroke Rp. 10.605.350,Severe Stroke Rp. 17.727.429,-.Each unit cost plus the cost of materials and direct labor costs, it can be seen thatthe cost of treatment of each disease severity have enough material price difference. It is because the higher theseverity of the disease makes the longer the treatment, the more use the service activities, and service facilities, itsmake the cost is higher. The comparison resoult showed that hospital rates prevailing at this time and the resultsof the calculation using the ABC method for stroke patients is higher than the rate of INA CBGs.

Metode Activity Based Costing Dalam Penentuan Unit Cost Eksisi Fibroadenoma Mammae

Indonesian began to operate health insurance program in 2014 with payment scheme by INA-CBG’s (Indonesian Case-Based Group). That makes hospital to have appropriate tariff calculation. Breast fibroadenoma (FAM)must have an appropriate tariff calculation because it will be increasing. One of a calculating method that can be used is Activity Based Costing (ABC) because this method can measure accurately cost out of any activity, improve the precision and accuracy in the details of charging fees. This study was descriptive quantitative. This study is limited to a patient with FAM cases that occurred in 2015 in patients using BPJS class III and without complications. The unit cost excision FAM at RS PKU Muhammadiyah Yogyakarta which is calculated by the method of activity-based costing is Rp 4,704,877. The difference with the hospital unit cost of Rp 218.923 hospitals are higher, while the difference with INA-CBG rates Rp Rp 679.471 smaller. The unit cost of service excision FAM still under INA-CBG’s rates, calculations by the ABC method is higer than the unit cost PKU Muhammadiyah Hospital. The management should be re-evaluated the tarif of this service .