Tariff Calculation Research Articles

Perancangan dan Analisis Tekno Ekonomi PLTS On-Grid System sebagai Supply Energi Listrik Masjid Al-Istiqamah Politeknik Negeri Jember

The increasing energy demand is directly proportional to the growing population and technological advancements. The energy needs in Indonesia largely rely on fossil fuels, which are limited and environmentally unfriendly due to their emission characteristics. The potential of solar energy in Indonesia is around 4.8 kWh/m2, making it a renewable and environmentally friendly energy source that can be utilized for Solar Power Plants (PLTS). The aim of this research is to design an on-grid PLTS system and conduct techno-economic analysis using PVSyst software. This design requires 14 Longi Solar/LR5-72HPH-550M solar panels and 1 Huawei SUN2000-6KTL-M1 inverter. The estimated electricity production is 10,852 kWh/year in the first year. The initial investment cost for this PLTS system is Rp. 120,343,517.00, with estimated savings over 25 years amounting to Rp. 270,115,412.00. Economically, based on the feasibility analysis using the LWBP tariff calculation method, the NPV is Rp. 2,174,707.00, BCR is 1.68, and PBP is 11.8 years. Meanwhile, based on the feasibility analysis using the LCoE calculation method, the NPV is Rp. 74,877,690.00, BCR is 2.61, and PBP is 7.5 years. Based on the conducted research, the construction of this PLTS is deemed feasible to be implemented.

Organization of parking space in the central part of Volgograd

An increase in the level of motorization of the population, changes in the density of residential and commercial and office buildings, the functional use of buildings and structures in areas adjacent to urban roads contribute to an increase in the intensity of motor transport and require measures to increase the capacity of the city's road network. Unauthorized parking of personal vehicles on the carriageway of streets and roads leads to a decrease in capacity, and during rush hour to an increase in accidents, which largely necessitates the organization of paid parking space, especially in the central areas of large cities. The authors analyzed the methods of calculating the cost of using paid parking in the cities of the Russian Federation, and justified the feasibility of using the methodology to calculate the cost of using paid parking in the central part of the city. Volgograd based on a comparison with an alternative tariff calculation method based on calculating the cost of creating and maintaining paid parking lots and existing tariffs for parking in large cities of the Russian Federation. The justification of the required number of parking spaces and the minimum fee for parking vehicles, depending on the size of the cars, the axial load of vehicles, the intensity of vehicle traffic in parking areas, has been carried out, the need for parking spaces has been determined. The proposed methodology is quite simple and understandable to users of highways.

Integrating Low Temperature Waste Heat in District Heating Systems. Legal Framework and Pricing Mechanisms

ABSTRACT:Decarbonisation the heating sector is a key challenge for the European Union to achieve its ambitious goals of becoming the first climate - neutral continent in 2050. Decarbonising the heating sector is about reducing fossil fuel consumption and finding new scenarios based on renewables and restructuring the operation of district heating system. Recovering and integration waste heat into the district heating system has an enormous potential to meet the heating needs of households through non – combustion technologies while reducing carbon emissions. The heat from urban sources of waste heat is advantageous because the heat sources are, close to district heating networks and close to areas with high heat demand. However, there is still no legal or regulatory framework for the use of waste heat and no incentives for its use in district heating in the Member States of EU.This paper has two main objectives: firstly, to consider different pricing and cost determination scenarios when the waste heat is integrated into the district heating system. The heat tariff calculation model is based on the approved Latvian heat tariff calculation methodology. Secondly – to consider a mathematical model for the pricing of waste heat. The waste heat integration strategies are tested on the Case study of district heating system in Salaspils, Latvia. Simplified model of a waste heat recovery system that recovers heat energy from a wastewater treatment plant through heat pump integration is developed.

Tariff setting for solid waste management services in Kazakhstan: problems and ways to solve them

The improvement of the pricing mechanism in the field of solid household waste management (MSW) is due to the need to transition to a sustainable waste management system. The current state of affairs in the field of solid waste management is characterized by chronic underfunding. Regulatory documents on the current regulatory instruments in this area do not fully implement the regulatory impact on the financial provision of the sphere of solid waste management. In this regard, the problem of scientific research and the search for ways to improve the efficiency of the process of tariff formation for solid waste management services is extremely urgent. The article provides a critical analysis of the normative primary sources for calculating the tariff for solid waste management services and determining the norms for the formation and accumulation of municipal waste (CO). The results of experimental author's studies of calculating tariffs and determining norms in retrospect over recent years with the identification of local features in their dynamics are presented, recommendations are given to improve the organization of sample observations in determining norms, as well as determining the volume of waste exported. Based on the logic of the economic factor analysis of the regulatory model of tariff calculation, the problematic provisions of the current methodology for calculating the need for financial resources for the collection and transportation, sorting and disposal of solid waste, determining the annual tariff per unit of solid waste and determining the rate of formation and accumulation of CO, appropriate recommendations have been developed to eliminate the identified problems. The conclusions and recommendations of the study will be useful to state bodies, local representative and executive authorities, economic entities, experts interested in the development of the sphere of solid waste management.

Radiology Service Tariff Calculation Model Using the Activity Based Costing (ABC) Method at Naibonat Regional Hospital, Kupang Regency

Determination of health service tariffs also determines optimal health service outcomes. Determination of radiology examination rates at Naibonat Hospital until 2023 still refers to Regional Regulation No. 5 of 2012 concerning public service fees, where the determination of fees still uses the conventional calculation system, and there are changes in image processing modalities, tools, and materials used, this demands a rate adjustment. Calculation of rates using the Activity Based Costing (ABC) method, can be a solution to determine more accurate rates, supported by Pramawati's research (2021) which shows the results of determining rates are more accurate using the ABC method. The purpose of this study was to calculate the tariff pattern for radiological examinations at Naibonat Hospital using the ABC method and obtain an accurate tariff calculation model for radiological examinations. This research is a descriptive explorative study, with a quantitative approach using numerical data which aims to calculate a unit cost-based examination rate model by implementing an Activity Based Costing system on ultrasound examination of the abdomen, chest x-rays, abdomen, skull, and extremities. The data obtained was then subjected to qualitative analysis to obtain the steps for calculating tariffs using the ABC method. The results of this study indicate that the calculation model for radiological examination rates using the ABC method is valid. To find rates, first, determine the basic rate with the formula unit cost = direct cost + overhead, the results obtained are then calculated. Examination rates = cos unit + hospital services, so the examination rates at the Radiology unit of Naibonat Hospital, namely abdominal USG Rp 242.036, photo thorax Rp. 116,995, photo abdomen Rp. 150,321, photoskull Rp. 153,262, and a photo extremity Rp. 121,409.

Assessment of Electricity Consumption Characteristic: Textile Factory Case Study

Currently, electrical energy tariffs are a crucial factor in the electricity market, as they significantly impact the decisions made by end users. They play a vital role in the effectiveness of energy management systems (EMS). Tariffs are not solely considered a fixed component of expenditure calculations. Instead, they are indirectly linked to the costs of power generation, electricity transmission, and electricity distribution, as well as other determinants such as government taxation. In certain regions, improper tariff calculation methodologies have resulted in substantial power losses, superluous investments, increased operating costs, and environmental pollution because of the underutilization of available renewable energy sources. This study examined the electrical energy consumption values and characteristics of an integrated textile factory. Additionally, analyses were conducted on the electricity tariffs published by the Energy Market Regulatory Authority (EMRA) Electricity Energy Market management, in order to decrease the electrical energy consumption costs of the textile factory. Based on the findings of the analyses, suggestions were put forward for regulating the electrical energy consumption characteristics and reducing the electrical energy consumption costs.

Penyusunan Tarif PNBP untuk Layanan Reuse dan Recycle Sumber Radioaktif Tertutup Limbah Radioaktif Tidak Terpakai di Unit Instalasi Pengolahan Limbah Nuklir BRIN

The financial report on the management of Non-Tax State Revenue (PNBP) for radioactive waste reuse and recycling services for Radioactive Substances has irregularities. The aim of this research is to analyze the conditions required in preparing rates and types of PNBP so that this service can be proposed as a service with fixed fees and a legal umbrella for better management and supervision of public services and PNBP. Based on the use of applied research methods with a qualitative approach, it was found that the basis for considering the preparation of tariffs for this service is transparency, fairness, responsive-ness, simplicity, timeliness and certainty. The result of the tariff calculation using the ABC method is Rp. 26,736,329,- obtained based on the real needs for each service delivery activity. The results of the volume effectiveness analysis were 5.6 and the service revenue performance was 378.76 percent, considered very effective and performing well.

Improving the Feed-in Tariff Policy for Renewable Energy Promotion in Ukraine’s Households

This paper deals with improving the feed-in tariff policy for green energy advancement in Ukraine’s households based on assessing the economic efficiency of investment project implementation under the current state support mechanisms. This study was conducted for solar and wind power plants with different installed capacities. The Levelized Cost of Electricity and the payback period for such power plants were calculated considering the ongoing feed-in tariffs and discount rates determined by various equity and debt capital ratios. The results showed that the state support provides attractive payback periods for solar and wind power plants with an installed capacity of ≥30 kW. In comparison, 5 kW solar power plants and wind power plants with a capacity of up to 10 kW are not paid off during the power plants’ lifecycle. It confirmed that the ongoing energy policy in Ukraine’s residential sector is still designed to obtain profits by the owners of generating facilities by selling the excess electricity. In the meantime, its main goal—providing households energy independence—has been levelled. To resolve the issues caused by such a state support model, a methodical approach to improve the feed-in tariff calculation is proposed. In addition, recommendations for reconsidering other policy measures to ensure effective renewable energy development in the residential sector have been made.

A comparative analysis of deep neural network models in IoT‐based smart systems for energy prediction and theft detection

AbstractTraditional analog and digital meters are being substantially replaced with technological advances and the Internet of Things (IoT) introduction. The smart meter is highly preferred for accessing real‐time consumption, tariff calculation, and remote system control. These smart meters also prevent the majority from bypassing theft. Despite its intelligence, it cannot be 100% secure. An error in the readings can be caused by hacking or damage to meter components making the utility companies suffer significant losses. Based on past and future energy consumption data predictions on the consumer side, various methods are used in the proposed work to identify theft or anomalies in smart meter readings. Forecast‐based detection proved to be the most effective and accurate method. The primary and secondary decision models, which employ a variety of statical analyses to identify system anomalies, serve as the foundation for the energy consumption that follows the forecasting. Past 24‐h data is needed for forecasting, which is passed through different statical calculations such as RMSE, simple moving average, and Absolute Percentage Error to conclude detecting the normal values. Long short‐term memory gives high accuracy of 97% for forecasting and detecting abnormalities.

DETERMINING THE COMPREHENSIVE TARIFF FOR HOUSEHOLD WASTE MANAGEMENT TAKING INTO ACCOUNT THE ENVIRONMENTAL COMPONENT AND THE VALUE OF SECONDARY RESOURCES

One of the main reasons why the EU has achieved such impressive results in minimizing landfills and increasing the rate of recycling has been the “polluter pays” principle. The cost of waste management for the producer should be equal to all the costs of eliminating its adverse effects. The results of household waste management in Ukraine lag far behind those in Europe. Less than 1% of the total amount of household and similar waste is reused. Ukraine risks not achieving the waste management indicators specified in the national sustainable development strategy if the current organizational and economic models remain dominant. Low tariffs for waste management and the absence of a nationwide segregated collection program are believed to be the main factors behind the prevalence of unsanctioned dump sites. The backlog in the implementation of recycling centers, recycling megaprojects and, finally, separate collection programs are the result of insufficient funding. This study provides a full calculation of the inclusive household waste management tariff. The approach was to find the total financial costs, including design, land acquisition, landfill construction and operating cost then, estimate the environmental costs caused by the CO2 emissions. The study estimates the real cost of collecting and transporting separately collected household waste and concludes the net cost after deducting the market value of recyclable materials. According to the results of the study, it turned out that the financial costs for the disposal of household waste in Ukraine reach up to UAH 355, and the cost of emissions may reach UAH 441/ton depending on the type of waste. The article reveals that the tariff for the collection and transportation of household waste must be adjusted depending on the density of the waste components and the market value of secondary raw materials. It has been also found that the costs of collecting and transporting some types of waste can be avoided if the recyclables are self-delivered to the recycling centers. The inclusive collection and transportation tariff, according to this study, should fluctuate between UAH 453 and UAH 1628 per ton. Finally, the study has shown that waste generator can earn between UAH 1072 and UAH 2495 when his recyclables are collected separately.

A Review of Electricity Tariffs and Enabling Solutions for Optimal Energy Management

Today, electricity tariffs play an essential role in the electricity retail market as they are the key factor for the decision-making of end-users. Additionally, tariffs are necessary for increasing competition in the electricity market. They have a great impact on load energy management. Moreover, tariffs are not taken as a fixed approach to expense calculations only but are influenced by many other factors, such as electricity generation, transmission, distribution costs, and governmental taxation. Thus, electricity pricing differs significantly between countries or between regions within a country. Improper tariff calculation methodologies in some areas have led to high-power losses, unnecessary investments, increased operational expenses, and environmental pollution due to the non-use of available sustainable energy resources. Due to the importance of electricity tariffs, the authors of this paper have been inspired to review all electricity tariff designs used worldwide. In this paper, 103 references from the last ten years are reviewed, showing a detailed comparison between different tariff designs and demonstrating their main advantages and drawbacks. Additionally, this paper reviews the utilized electricity tariffs in different countries, focusing on one of the most important countries in the Middle East and North Africa regions (Egypt). Finally, some recommended solutions based upon the carried-out research are discussed and applied to the case study for electricity tariff improvement in this region. This review paper can help researchers become aware of all the electricity tariff designs used in various countries, which can lead to their design improvements by using suitable software technologies. Additionally, it will increase end-users’ awareness in terms of deciding on the best electricity retail markets as well as optimizing their energy usage.

Comprehensive analysis of the energy legislative framework of Kyrgyzstan: Investigation to develop a roadmap of Kyrgyz renewable energy sector

Kyrgyzstan – a Central Asian country – faces a high degree of energy insecurity. Especially the Kyrgyz power sector suffers from outdated infrastructure and is not capable of fulfilling the growing and fluctuating inter-seasonal energy demand. On the contrary, the country is endowed with an abundant amount of renewable energies, which can significantly contribute to bringing stability to the energy sector. The current energy policy is considered as one of the key barriers to the developing the renewable energy sector in Kyrgyzstan. Hence, there is an immediate need to evaluate the formulated energy policy to investigate gaps and uncertainties. In response to that, the presented study is the first attempt that provides an in-depth assessment of Kyrgyzstan's current energy legislative framework. It determines the primary mechanisms for the operation and conduction of renewable energy sources in terms of legal and economic aspects. Furthermore, it provides detailed insight into the current Feed-in tariff calculation methodology and scrutinizes the special provisions for private investors. Based on the in-depth assessment, the article recapitulates the shortfall in the existing energy policies. The article found that there is huge potential available for the renewable energy market. To unlock that, the presented article emahsised on synergestic policy making approach to overcome barriers and expand the Kyrgyz renewable energy sector. The article further showcased how the improvements in the regulatory framework would raise the interest of the private investors / local energy players to promote the installation of renewable energy technologies over the county.

ВИКОРИСТАННЯ ДИНАМІЧНОЇ ТАРИФІКАЦІЇ ДЛЯ ОПТИМІЗАЦІЇ ТЕХНІКО-ЕКОНОМІЧНИХ ПОКАЗНИКІВ MICROGRID НА ЛОКАЛЬНИХ РИНКАХ ЕЛЕКТРОЕНЕРГІЇ

Features of development of electric power industry of Ukraine from the point of view of the formation of the perspective structure of generating capacities of UES of Ukraine and development of renewable energy sources (RES) are characterized. In the analysis of the problem of introduction of RES in the energy system of our country and the use of advanced tariff systems, three levels are identified: the highest level - the UES of Ukraine; middle level – regional energy companies; lower-level - local energy supply systems. It is shown that the study of choosing a strategy for better implementation of dynamic electricity prices, as well as trends in business models for local electricity markets with a combination of physical, communication, information, and business levels are relevant. The peculiarities of Microgrid development as a basic element of the functioning of local electricity markets under the condition of formation of optimal modes of generation and consumption of electricity using dynamic charging, which can provide a significant part of imbalance compensation due to the widespread introduction of RES. The article considers the formation of dynamic prices at the level of local power systems (Microgrid), which have features of both the operation and implementation of business models. The elements of the business model for the local electricity market, which is proposed for the sole owner of all generators and consumers, are analyzed when Microgrid is considered as an independent element of the local market, where a dynamic balance between supply and demand. It is determined that at the level of local energy supply systems charging must be based on dynamic models that will take into account the dynamic nature of generation and regulation of electricity consumption in the system and stimulate appropriate desired actions by the consumer. It is proposed to use the tariff calculation not for the time interval, but for the state, as well as to control the optimal levels of generation and consumption of electricity to use the reference tariff and the formation of reference profiles of generation and consumption of electricity. Modified Frieze reactive power was used to estimate the discrepancy between current and optimal power regimes. References 37, table 1.

The impact of trade liberalization on individual fertility intention: Empirical evidence from China

AbstractHow trade liberalization affects a country's fertility has been verified by some studies, but little is known about how export trade liberalization impacts individual fertility intention. Using China Health and Nutrition Survey data from 1997 to 2011 and regression analysis, this study finds that a decline in the average external tariff significantly improves the fertility intentions of married women. This conclusion remains robust after overcoming endogeneity problems using an alternative external proxy variable, adopting different average tariff calculation methods, adding other control variables, and considering the son preference. The mechanism test shows that export trade liberalization can affect married women's fertility intentions by affecting family income; moreover, the income effect dominates the substitution and intra‐marital income gap effects. This study provides a new perspective for understanding changes in fertility intention in developing countries. This perspective can promote academic research progress in this field and be of great significance in formulating effective policies to improve fertility intention.

Accessing the Compliance Standards of Selected Projects of Thabang Rural Municipality, Nepal

Purpose: A project is assumed to be sold before construction based on its accepted quality standards conformed through specification. Standards and specifications are used as benchmarks, and compliance checks are used to ensure that they are met. Accessing standard compliance based on chosen case projects is an attempt to learn about the status of Thabang Rural Municipality construction projects. Design/Methodology/Approach: The compliance status of RCC and masonry building and the motorable road was checked by field observation with help of a checklist and their result are shown through bar graphs. For water supply projects water demand compliance was checked by field observation and water tariff calculation was done based on the possible yearly expenses of water supply management along with effective analysis of Detail Project Reports, Design, and Drawings. Findings/Result: Compliance status 20 RCC and 12 masonry building shows major non-compliance in the spacing of stirrups, lap length in column and beam, chair bars of the slab, provision of the crossing of reinforcement in the staircase. In masonry building, major non-compliance was observed in band/through stone, vertical bars at corners, and corner stretching by dowel bars. Roadway width was checked in two selected road projects and Tutu Praja Bhitrivan motorable road found non-compliance in the major portion of the road. Water demand compliance, water tariff calculations were done in Yebang Chabang Water Supply project. Originality/Value: This study helps policymakers and local level government to assure construction with compliance of standards. It makes it easier for policymakers to incorporate the development needs without compromising quality through regulatory provision. Paper Type: Action and Policy Research

EVALUATION OF FINANCIAL AND TECHNICAL INDICATORS OF EFFICIENCY OF MICROGRID WORK IN DYNAMIC MODES

The analysis showed the significant spread and successful operation of modern local Microgrid systems, which are considered as a group of interconnected loads and dispersed energy resources within clearly defined territorial boundaries and act as a single managed object for a higher level network and can connect or disconnect from this network to be able to work in both connected and island mode. An assessment of the financial and technical performance of Microgrid in dynamic modes, in particular, the development of Microgrid to ensure optimal generation and consumption regimes in terms of their performance in local markets. The Microgrid has been identified as being able to improve the stability, reliability, quality, and safety of conventional distribution systems, making it a more reliable and useful technique for generating electricity and reducing the use of non-renewable energy sources.
 It is shown that the advantages of dynamic charging are most fully manifested at the local level, and modern interaction of participants in the market of ancillary services involves increasing the role of aggregates of aggregate and aggregates of dispersed consumption. -models with a combination of physical, communication, information, and business levels. The tariff for dynamic pricing should be considered as one of the most efficient and economical programs, in which the price of electricity changes over a period. At the same time, charging must be based on dynamic models, which should include the fundamentally dynamic nature of regulating the capacity of the system and stimulating the relevant desired actions by the consumer. The application of tariff calculation in dynamic tariffing is proposed not by time interval, but by state; summing up the real balance of energy components (instantaneous and integral values); formation for further control of optimality of levels of generation and consumption of the electric power, in particular, in the form of the reference tariff and reference profiles of generation and consumption of the electric power.
 The influence of dynamic pricing on Microgrid functions is determined taking into account the factors that affect electricity demand and depend on the modes of operation of the generator and load, in particular, with the allocation of the "reference tariff". It is substantiated that efficient dynamic pricing is possible with the use of Smart meters with minimum requirements that allow you to reliably monitor the cost of primary fuel for generation and electricity consumption in specific time intervals. The developed algorithm for calculating the price of primary fuel depending on the uneven consumption of active power over a period allows you to use dynamic charging when changing modes of operation of Microgrid generators, while providing an adequate price for consumers and producers of primary fuel and electricity supplied and consumed. Using the Frieze power modification, the developed algorithm provides for the calculation of the optimal value of active power, which corresponds to a uniform power consumption and is characterized by minimal use of primary fuel.
 The need to combine technical and economic (financial, price) indicators in business models and technical means at the Microgrid level is substantiated, which will significantly improve the process of managing electricity demand in the local electricity market. The proposed algorithm allows studying the impact of a rapid change in the level of generator power and power consumption on changes in cost indicators of the system, the introduction of demand management mechanisms and measures to improve energy efficiency.

Subsidies for public passenger transport in Brazil - a sustainable mobility issue

The present paper analyses how the public transport fare is calculated in Brazil. The choice of the research theme is related to the impact that tariff price has on the access to urban public transportation, especially since the people who most use this mode of transportation are the least favoured ones, and therefore, those most in need of public policies that help establish fair tariff prices. The first part of the article contains an analysis on the tariff calculation in the Brazilian public transport system. From this definition, it was concluded that extra-tariff funds in Brazil are very small, so it was necessary to research different forms of subsidies used in other countries, as well as legal innovations found in Brazil, to suggest new ways of operation, which can increase the demand for the system, and consequently, increase the injection of funds in the sector. With the increase in revenue, public transport can gain in technological innovations for the sake of sustainability, contributing to lower carbon emissions to the atmosphere.

Стимулююче тарифне регулювання комунальних послуг: теоретичні основи та практичне застосування

The article aims at studying the manifestation features of the system of incentive tariff regulation of utilities given the need to attract investment to modernize the utilities infrastructure in cities in the field of electricity and centralized water consumption, indicating its risks and benefits. The following methods were used: decomposition, comparative analysis (when considering the methods of tariff calculation based on the "cost plus" principle and on the "rate of return on invested capital and regulatory asset base"), scientific abstraction, systemic approach, construction of scientific hypotheses (when studying the algorithm for the calculation and dynamics of the incentive tariff for electricity distribution services and centralized water consumption). A change in the electricity cost for end consumers under the transition to an incentive tariff for electricity distribution has been modelled. The dynamics of tariffs changes in centralized water consumption services is studied based on the concept of the rate of return on invested capital and regulatory asset base (RAB-methodology), and the number of investment resources that under such conditions can be directed to modernize urban water infrastructure is forecasted. The expediency of different approaches to determining the rate of return on capital (single and differentiated rate) given the legal status of assets is proved. The RAB tariff regulation concept is applied to services in the field of centralized water consumption with the identification of risks and benefits for consumers, service providers and potential investors in the modernization of the industry infrastructure. Given the energy intensity of the services, the impact of the full introduction of the electricity market on the tariffs dynamics and on the need for effective social tension preventers has been identified. The research results prove the necessity and validity of applying incentive tariff regulation in the field of electricity and water consumption, provided that the interests of consumers and service providers are balanced; and allow authorized persons to design a number of appropriate measures to ensure that the service provider invests the established amount of finance in the first regulatory period, given the uncertainty of this issue in the regulations

Model of Organization and Determination of Tariffs in the Control of Justice, Expective and Efficient Telecommunication Towers

When the formula for calculating the RPMT tariff does not have a standard calculation technique, the implementation of the calculation of the RPMT tariff between one area and another is different. Therefore, it is necessary to do a theoretical and empirical study to find the ideal RPMT calculation formula according to the Constitutional Court Decision Number 46 / PUU-XII / 2014. The results of the study show that the ideal pattern of RPMT calculation is that calculations based on Article 151 of the PDRD Law as it is reinforced by the Court of Constitution through Decision Number 46 / PUU-XII / 2014 which have canceled the Explanation of Article 124 of Law No. 28 of 2009 on the grounds that the imposition of a levy tariff that provides a maximum limit of NJOP without accompanied by a clear calculation system does not provide legal certainty that will cause injustice in its application. So the Central Government must immediately compile and discuss the Draft of Ministerial Regulation on Implementation and Retribution.

Um modelo teórico para os custos econômicos e sociais das perdas comerciais no setor de distribuição de energia elétrica no Brasil

As perdas comerciais de energia elétrica são um importante item do cálculo tarifário no Brasil, segundo dados do Instituto Ascende Brasil, no ano de 2015 um montante total de 8 bilhões de reais teriam sido perdidos no furto de energia. Uma parte desse montante não é reconhecida nas tarifas das distribuidoras, impondo a constante busca pela redução nas perdas realizadas, com vistas a reduzir os seus prejuízos. Não obstante os aspectos sociais do acesso ao consumo de energia elétrica e a prudência dos investimentos devem ser considerados. Dentre os vários papéis do estado regulador está o de promover a inclusão social. Com base nessa preocupação a regulação no Brasil precisa evoluir de forma a promover a cobertura tarifária necessária à inclusão das famílias de baixa renda, e a segurança contratual para que as concessionárias mantenham seu equilíbrio econômico financeiro. Este artigo discute a interconexão entre a regulação atual, e as necessidades da sociedade Brasileira, apontando caminhos para evolução do marco regulatório. Em particular discute-se a tese de que apesar de contemplar a dimensão social da renda, o modelo atual não necessariamente produz custos mais baixos, sendo possível argumentar que a manutenção de um patamar de reconhecimento tarifário maior de perdas comerciais se traduz em custos mais baixos para sociedade. Pode-se então afirmar que ao tolerar um patamar de perdas reconhecido na tarifa de maior montante contemplam-se dois objetivos, não excludentes, a modicidade tarifária e a inclusão social de famílias marginalizadas pela pobreza, desde que, se imponha uma restrição de prudência nos investimentos que respeite a modicidade tarifária.