Price Calculation Research Articles

Effect of Formulation Technology on Characteristics and Prices of Cassava Instant Noodles Seasoning Gluten Free

The level of dependence of Indonesian people on noodles from raw materials is very high and is increasing. One potential to reduce the level of dependence of Indonesian people on flour products is by processing and optimizing the local resource base in the form of cassava as a raw material for making gluten free noodles. To increase the added value of the gluten free cassava noodle product by processing it into an instant noodle package in which seasoning flour is added. The purpose of this research activity is to influence the formulation on chemical characteristics, organoleptics and prices of instant gluten free instant noodles with raw cassava flour. The study design used a completely randomized design and was carried out using two replications. The analysis results were processed using SPSS 2.1 software. Whereas the price calculation is based on the results of the practical calculation of the concentration of the use of formula and is calculated manually. The four instant gluten free cassava seasoning powder formulas showed significantly different results with a significant level of 95% for the parameters of water content, ash, protein, and carbohydrate. The seasoning flour for formula D has the highest levels of NaCl compared to other formulas. While the lowest levels of NaCl are found in formula B, which is 45.25%. Based on the results of the analysis of the cost calculation for the making of seasoning flour for gluten free instant cassava products, formula B has the smallest value of processing costs.

Effect of Loss of Load Probability Distribution on Operating Reserve Demand Curve Performance in Energy-Only Electricity Market

In energy-only electricity markets, the operational reserve demand curve is a scarcity pricing mechanism adopted to address the shortage of reserves and incentivize the generators. It is constructed based on the assumption of the normality of loss of load probability, which is estimated from reserve error data. In this Letter, the historical record of reserve error is collected and analyzed to test the assumption and find the fittest probability distribution. It is found that the normal distribution is generally not as good as other distributions like log-logistic, general gamma, and Weibull. Using a dynamic simulation framework, the installed reserve margins with different distributions are evaluated over a fifty-year period, demonstrating that the choice of distribution could significantly impact the subsequent pricing calculations and therefore the reserve margin in an energy-only electricity market. This work is of potential importance and immediate relevance to system reliability and resource adequacy in power systems.

Predictors of increased episode expenditure and exceeding target price under the oncology care model.

e19403 Background: The Oncology Care Model (OCM) incentivizes participants to keep episode expenditure below target price; however, little is known about the adequacy of adjustments in target price calculation. This study investigates predictors of increased expenditures and explores how these predictors are associated with exceeding target price for hematologic and solid malignancies. Methods: Non-decedent OCM episodes, categorized as hematologic malignancies (HMs) or solid malignancies (SMs), from 7/1/2016 - 7/1/2018 attributed to our institute were analyzed. Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors associated with increased episode expenditure. Multiple logistic regression was used to evaluate whether such factors increased likelihood of expenditure exceeding target price. Results: Of 1,975 episodes, 499 (25.3%) were HMs and 1,476 (74.7%) were SMs. 54.3% of HMs and 35.2% of SMs had episode expenditure exceeding target price. In HMs, novel therapy use (NT), inpatient admission (INPT), Part B drug use (PB), Part D use (PD), and radiation therapy (XRT) were associated with increased episode expenditure. Of those, INPT and PD increased the likelihood of expenditure exceeding target price. XRT decreased the likelihood of expenditure exceeding target price (Table). In SMs, NT, INPT, emergency department visit, home health aides, durable medical equipment use, PB, PD, XRT, and surgery were associated with increased episode expenditure. Of those, NT, INPT, PB and PD increased the likelihood of expenditure exceeding target price. XRT and receipt of surgery decreased the likelihood of expenditure exceeding target price (Table). Conclusions: INPT and PD significantly increased episode expenditures in both HMs and SMs, leading to expenditures exceeding target prices determined by the OCM benchmark risk-adjustments in both cancer types. NT and PB were significant predictors of increased expenditure and the likelihood of exceeding target price in SMs, but not in HMs. Our findings suggest that there may be opportunities to improve the current model by refining the adjustment for these factors to better reflect real world expenditures. [Table: see text]

Ownership on Islamic Economic Perspective and Director Ownership on Sharia Companies with Moderation Roles of Independent Commissioners

This research aims to examine the ownership on Islamic economic and the ownership stock effect on firm performance and the moderating influence of independent commissioner on the connection between ownership stock and firm performance. Indicator of ownership stock studied was the ownership stock of the president director in the company. The firm performance studied by the calculation of Price per Earning Ratio. Then, the intended independent commissioners are the percentage of independent commissioners who are on the company's board of commissioners.This research uses qualitaitive method based on Islamic economic literature and quantitative methods basedon secondary data. Secondary data in this research are the financial report from firms that take the floor on Indonesia Stock Exchange (IDX). This investigation uses a population that is listed firms on Indonesian Sharia Stock Index (ISSI). Subsequently, the sample is filtered using purposive sampling techniques with the criteria of listed firms on Indonesia Stock Exchange and has the data needed in this investigation. As a result, the samples obtained were 296 companies. This research uses regression analysis with individual parameter significant test (t-test).Hypothesis testing results indicate that Sharia company ownershipis in accordance with Islamic economic perspective studies, and ownership stock with the indicator of ownership of the president director has an impact on firm performance with Price per Earning Ratio’s indicator, and independent commissioners based on the proportion of independent commissioners on the board of commissioners moderate the correlation between ownership stock and firm performance. Keywords: Ownership Stock, Firm Performance, and Independent Commissioners.

A Two-Stage Algorithm of Locational Marginal Price Calculation Subject to Carbon Emission Allowance

To analyze the effect of carbon emission quota allocation on the locational marginal price (LMP) of day-ahead electricity markets, this paper proposes a two-stage algorithm. For the first stage of the algorithm, a multi-objective optimization model is established to simultaneously minimize the total costs and carbon emission costs of power systems. Hence, an evenly distributed Pareto optimal solution can be solved effectively by means of the normalized normal constraint method. For the second stage, a tracing model is built with the goal of minimizing the total costs of power systems and satisfying the constraints generated based on the Pareto optimal solution obtained from the first stage. Furthermore, the influence of carbon emission quota allocation on the LMP of electricity markets is analyzed, and different schemes to allocate carbon emission quotas are evaluated on a real 1560-bus and 52-unit system.

Methodological Procedure for Evaluation and Valuation of Additional Services in Rail Freight Transport

Abstract The pricing methodology is a system-based application that can provide a positive economic outcome for each operating activity that aims to increase a specific utility value or utility effect. Price calculation in transport is part of the general theory of pricing, while accepting specific business conditions in transport, or in its individual sectors, including rail transport. This paper describes a proposal of a suitable methodical procedure by means where it would be possible to effectively evaluate such additional services in rail freight transport that are provided beyond the carriers’ basic activities in Slovak Republic conditions. The new methodology for evaluating and pricing ancillary services must aim at creating more favourable economic conditions regarding pricing for carriers, flexibility in the provision of additional services and the ability to respond to customer requirements. The secondary objective of the new methodology is to promote environmentally friendly transport modes, which in continental transport means increasing the share of rail transport in the transport market. This benefit of the newly proposed methodology, i.e. greening transport in general is also one of the EU’s objectives.

PCN214 WHAT FACTORS ARE ASSOCIATED WITH EXCEEDING TARGET PRICE IN BREAST CANCER EPISODES UNDER THE ONCOLOGY CARE MODEL?

The Oncology Care Model (OCM) is an advanced payment model that aims to improve the quality of oncology care and reduce costs. For participating practices to achieve shared savings, total episode expenditure must fall below set target prices. The purpose of this study was to identify possible predictors of OCM breast cancer (BC) episode expenditure and factors associated with exceeding target price. The study utilized electronic medical record and OCM performance data to capture BC episodes that were initiated between 7/1/2016-7/1/2018, in which patients remained alive for the duration of the episode. Episodes without cancer stage were excluded from the analysis. Multiple linear regression was used to identify factors that significantly increase episode expenditure, and multiple logistic regression was used to identify factors associated with exceeding target price. There were 526 episodes from 278 unique patients analyzed, of which 189 (35.9%) episodes exceeded target price. Most were stage I (43.4%), followed by stage IV (27%), stage II (23.6%), and stage III (6.1%). Novel therapies (β=$26,617), inpatient admissions (β=$10,246), stage IV (β=$20,824; compared with stage I), and stage II (β=$4,238; compared with stage I) were all significantly associated (p<0.05) with increasing episode expenditure. Novel therapies (OR:20.92, 95%CI:66.59), inpatient admissions (OR:6.89, 95%CI:3.34-14.22), stage IV (OR:2.45, 95%CI:1.26-4.75; compared with stage I), and stage II (OR:1.84, 95%CI:1.06-3.21; compared with stage I) were also associated with exceeding target price. Novel therapies, inpatient admissions, and advanced stage were positively associated with increasing episode expenditure and also exceeding target price. Currently, the OCM adjusts target price for novel therapies, but inpatient admissions and staging are not included in the calculation or adjustment. Further adjusting for novel therapies and including adjustments for inpatient admissions and advanced stage cancer may improve target price calculation methods. External validation at other OCM-participating practices is warranted to confirm these results.

The Usage of Civil Engineering Analysis in Order to Improve Cost and Material Management of Public Boarding School Rumah Tahfiz in Jalan Tembung

In the construction of structures, cost is one of the factors that support success. Cost is very important to meet all the needs of work ranging from material procurement to labor. For this reason, civil engineering analysis needs to be done to produce work cost planning as an initial guide in calculating building budget costs that include material, labor and unit price. In the civil engineering analysis of the the two-story building of Rumah Tahfiz, there were various kinds of structural works ranging from foundations to roofs, and also finishing in the form of floors to windows. Those work items make reading work design activities more complex. For this reason, the Tahfiz House Foundation requires the assistance of engineers in analyzing the drawing design, producing more reasonable material calculations and building costs using their own estimated price calculations. From the design analysis activities, Rumah Tahfiz Foundation can find out the details of building activities, materials used, and the cost requirements per section of structural work, aimed at measuring the cost needs until the structure was completed. The help of Civil engineering analysis on the building simplify Rumah Tahfiz foundation in understanding and implementing building process which have a sustainable impact on financial management for future operational learning activites

Resale pricing as part of franchisor know-how

PurposeAs franchisees are independent entrepreneurs, one important part of the business format that franchisors are not allowed to impose on their franchisees is resale prices. They are only allowed to indicate a recommended or a maximum price. This study aims to look further into the capabilities underlying the calculation of resale prices and suggests that price-setting is part of both the “business know-how” transferred to franchisees and the “organizational know-how,” that is, capabilities developed and kept at the franchisor level.Design/methodology/approachThis study adopted a qualitative methodology with a total of 65 interviews, 19 with franchisors and 46 with franchisees, all operating in the French market.FindingsThe findings show that resale pricing is a process that involves know-how. The complexity of pricing leads to develop specialized and broad capabilities. The first type of know-how, i.e., business know-how transferred to franchisees, deals with operational implementation of recommended resale prices in the stores. The second type, i.e., organizational know-how, not transferred as a safeguard against opportunism, connects across other functions of the franchise chain such as R&D and communication.Originality/valueThis study confirms the existence and relevance of another kind of know-how apart from the business know-how that is transferred to the franchisees. Organizational know-how at the chain level, though often neglected, is a necessary determinant of sustaining a competitive advantage. This know-how is not transferred to the franchisees but contributes to the success and sustainability of the franchisor/franchisee relationship. Franchisors should thus work on improving their capabilities to better support their franchisees. Moreover, this study highlight the complexity and extreme importance of setting the right resale price.

Implementation of Life Cycle Costing on Airline Industry (Case Study of XYZ Airline in Indonesia)

The airline operating cost may vary along the operation time of the aircraft. This cost fluctuation should be taken as consideration for the decision-making process, for instance, the pricing calculation. A poor costing might distort pricing leading to a loss of business. A long-term oriented cost calculation to forecast the total cost of aircraft during the operation time is critical for the airline company. This research will study whether the life cycle cost analysis is fit for airline company with an emphasis on maintenance and disposal or aircraft redelivery cost and focus on aircraft operating lease context. It uses a case study framework on an airline in Indonesia with the interview and documentation analysis as the main research method. The life cycle cost is found to be fit for the airline company with activity-based life-cycle costing as the applicative model. The research presents an approach that provides a long-term oriented costing that is needed for management decision.&#x0D; Keywords: life cycle costing, airline operating cost

Price of Russian food calorie

Relevance and methods. A food security is determined energy value of food (calorie) . Being a energy characteristic of food, calorie is determined necessaric energy reserve of lifework . Using calories as some energetic criterion fof food security let to do simplest and availiablest assessments of forecast. Assessing and comparing a price dynamics of animal and plant calories may use for modeling a mechanism of food security. Purpose of research - analysis of price of food calories in Russia.Results. Based a energy methods and Rosstat data caloric value of food produced and consumed iwas calculated for period 1990-2017 years of the Russian Federation . A food safety criterion is proposed. Showed double reserve of caloric for consumation of Russian population. Rubles caloric value equivalent was proposed, price calculations and analysis of price dynamics by type of food are carried out.

Research on Electricity Transmission and Distribution Price Calculation under Electricity Regulation

The new round electricity system reform leads to changes in electricity supervisory environment. Further, the reform on electricity transmission and distribution price has new objective. Under such background, this paper establishes scientific and reasonable electricity transmission and distribution price calculation model, collects data and carries out electricity transmission and distribution pricing. Based on calculation results, this paper carries out parameter sensitivity analysis on electricity volume (uncertain regulatory parameters) and main regulating parameters, and gets sensitivity ranking of each pricing parameter of electricity transmission and distribution. Through study, the electricity transmission and distribution price calculation model and sensitivity analysis model for price influence factors under new electricity supervision are formed, providing ideas and opinions for electricity transmission and distribution price calculation.

FEM Based Preliminary Design Optimization in Case of Large Power Transformers

Since large power transformers are custom-made, and their design process is a labor-intensive task, their design process is split into different parts. In tendering, the price calculation is based on the preliminary design of the transformer. Due to the complexity of this task, it belongs to the most general branch of discrete, non-linear mathematical optimization problems. Most of the published algorithms are using a copper filling factor based winding model to calculate the main dimensions of the transformer during this first, preliminary design step. Therefore, these cost optimization methods are not considering the detailed winding layout and the conductor dimensions. However, the knowledge of the exact conductor dimensions is essential to calculate the thermal behaviour of the windings and make a more accurate stray loss calculation. The paper presents a novel, evolutionary algorithm-based transformer optimization method which can determine the optimal conductor shape for the windings during this examined preliminary design stage. The accuracy of the presented FEM method was tested on an existing transformer design. Then the results of the proposed optimization method have been compared with a validated transformer design optimization algorithm.

Pricing European options under a diffusion model with psychological barriers and leverage effect

ABSTRACTThis paper derives closed-form formulae for European options under a diffusion model when there exist psychological barriers and leverage effect in underlying dynamics. The state space of the proposed model is divided into different subregions by psychological barriers, and in each subregion, the model behaves like a constant elasticity of variance process. Within this framework, we derive both Laplace transform- and spectral expansion-based analytical solutions, which allow fast and accurate calculation of option prices. Numerical results are presented to explore the nontrivial properties of our model.

Locational Marginal Price Calculation Implying Different System Uncertainties

This paper presents locational marginal price (LMP) calculation technique facing different operation conditions. Uncertainties in power systems such as loosing transmission line of load change could be consider a common case. In calculating LMP, the effect of line flow limits will affect the prices at each bus. Also, the effect of shifted the load from bus to another is investigated. LMP is a technique used in market to determine the cost of supplying the next incremental electrical energy at a specific bus. Four different case of LMP are discussed in this paper. Three and four simple bus networks are used to demonstrate different cases of LMP.

Analisis penerapan pajak restoran pada penjualan (Studi kasus Rumah Makan Geprek Jo Manado)

The tax is a compulsory contribution of citizens to the government and is imposed on the public based on the provisions of applicable law. Consideration of the cost of goods sold for a product and how to calculate restaurant taxes is one of the crucial things in a restaurant business, in an era where UMKM have been increasingly prioritized by the government to build a stronger national economy, pricing and tax calculation for a product is very important by the business of the people or companies. One type of tax whose potential is growing along with the increase in the leisure or tourism business is restaurant tax. This study aims to determine the application of restaurant taxes on the main cost of selling at geprek jo restaurant. The analytical method used in this thesis research is a qualitative descriptive method. Geprek Jo restaurant is a restaurant with a mainstay menu of Chicken and Tuna in Geprek with special chili seasonings Geprek Jo restaurant which was established in September 2018. Calculation of cost of goods sold consists of raw material costs, direct labor costs and costs restaurant overhead, and calculate initial inventory, ending inventory, purchases and production in progress. The results of the calculation of cost of goods sold which require inventory elements get a smaller figure than the selling price of the product after classification. Then there are still benefits for the company. The results obtained that the cost of goods sold at Jo Geprek Restaurant is influenced by restaurant taxes.

Penentuan harga pokok produksi dengan menggunakan metode full costing pada Pembuatan Rumah Kayu (Studi kasus pada CV. Rajawali Tunggal Perkasa- Woloan 1 Utara)

The main cost of production was a direct and indirect amount of expenses and burdens, to produce goods or services under the right conditions and conditions for which they could be used or sold. This research was done on the CV Rajawali Tunggal Perkasa of a lumber company. The purpose of this study is to know how much profit is gained a measure of both income and sacrifice made. The kind of data used is qualitative data and the source data is the primary data. Results from studies indicate that the calculation of the principal production value to a CV Rajawali Tunggal Perkasa with a tally on the cost of production using the method full error indicates the difference of results. Based on the research, the main cost of production is based on the full yield method better at analyzing the cost of production, it is due to the calculation of principal prices of production by the full income method, not including the cost of administration and the cost of the car's rent into overhead, since those costs are a component of the company's profit assessment report.

Analyzing Upward Deviation of Actual vs Predicted Drug Sales in Japan for a Reasonable Drug-Pricing Policy.

Predictions of drug sales play an important role in setting drug prices in Japan, where drug prices are highly regulated. One of 2 primary Japanese drug-pricing methodologies-the cost calculation method- refers extensively to the prediction of drug sales in establishing drug prices. Deviations from predicted sales can induce disproportionate drug prices and unexpected pharmaceutical expenditures. This study aimed to estimate the upward deviation of actual sales from predicted sales and to explore the predictors of such upward deviation. Estimates of upward deviation in 2015 were produced for new molecular entities (NMEs) approved in 2006-2015. To identify the predictors associated with upward deviation through binary logistic regression analyses, sales within 3 years of launch and in the predicted year in which peak sales would be reached were used. Estimated upward deviation was more than 1220 billion yen in 2015 for the targeted drugs. Drugs priced by the cost calculation method or by obtaining additional indications were significantly more likely to show an upward deviation from predicted peak sales. There is substantial upward deviation between actual and predicted drug sales in Japan. So long as drug sales predictions are used in drug price calculations, a flexible repricing system is needed to buffer unexpected pharmaceutical expenditures.

РОЗВИТОК ІНФРАСТРУКТУРИ РИНКУ ВИСОКОЯКІСНОЇ ПРОДУКЦІЇ ТВАРИННИЦТВА В УКРАЇНІ

Introduction The lack of effective infrastructure elements, especially forms of wholesale trade in high-quality livestock products (PA), is an important destabilizing factor. At the stage of wholesale and retail trade, flows of high quality livestock products are often mixed with flows of counterfeit products. As a result, consumers of livestock products remain disoriented, and producers of high quality products do not have guaranteed sales channels for their products. Thus, the formation of a full-fledged infrastructure is one of the necessary prerequisites for the development of the market of high quality livestock products. Purpose of the article is to develop a theoretical, methodological and empirical basis for the development of market infrastructure for high quality livestock products in Ukraine . Results . The study has substantiated the algorithm of improvement of economic relations between members of integrated formations in animal husbandry which should be based on distributive relations on the basis of transfer pricing. The authors emphasize that the improvement of relations between producers and processing enterprises (food industry enterprises) in the market of high-quality livestock products should be based on the use of indicative price tools. Algorithms for calculating indicative prices for high quality livestock products have also been offered by the authors. The authors’ proposal to introduce a mechanism of indicative prices and indicative planning in the market of livestock products should increase the share of producers in the price of final products, lead to the emergence of the necessary investment resources to intensify production and implement quality management systems. Indicative planning based on the proposed model will reduce the price of high quality final products, make it more affordable for consumers. The formulas for calculating prices for high-quality livestock products - livestock products with protected designation of origin (PDO), protected geographical indication (PGI), traditionally guaranteed feature (TGF), as well as organic livestock products are proposed. The mechanisms of coordination of joint actions of agricultural producers in the markets of high-quality livestock products on the basis of their creation of district service and marketing cooperatives (DSMC) have also been substantiated. Theoretical model of theoretical model of formation and functioning of DSMC is substantiated. The study as well offers the mechanism of conducting auctions on sale of whole milk on the basis of DSMC. Originality . The study has improved the algorithms of transfer pricing by state bodies setting indicative prices for high-quality livestock products. The authors offer to calculate the value of the indicative price on the basis of the use of the reverse model of calculation of indicative prices improved by the authors. In this model, the cost of agricultural raw materials is determined in reverse order: retail price of final products → selling and wholesale price of final products → costs of processing agricultural raw materials → indicative (transfer) price of agricultural raw materials (livestock products). The reverse model makes it possible, first, to determine the contribution of each participant in the price chain in the value of the final product; secondly, to prevent price discrimination of producers due to understatement of purchase prices; thirdly, to prevent tax evasion and the accumulation of value added in offshore areas due to understatement of transfer prices for the export of food of animal origin. Conclusions . It was found that the a ttempts to assess the effectiveness of the livestock products market infrastructure only from the standpoint of a monosystem approach may lead to unfounded conclusions. After all, it may turn out that seemingly successful (super-profitable) elements of the system practically do not perform their functions. The same applies to promoting the growth of quality parameters of products. The efficiency of the livestock products market infrastructure (one of the main functions of which is integrating and servicing) is an external attribute and characteristic to this system. Within the framework of the polysystem approach, the system efficiency indicators (profitability of livestock products production, product quality parameters, price level for high-quality products purchased from producers and final products purchased by consumers, consumption of food of animal origin per capita, etc.) are functional. Their main advantage is the unambiguous connection with the functions of the system and the dependence on the effectiveness of the relationship between infrastructure elements and elements of the super system (agricultural producers and consumers, the state). Accordingly, this should determine the specifics of the study of the infrastructure of the livestock products market and the effectiveness of its operation, as well as public policy to promote its development.

Calculation of Nodal Prices for Heat Energy in Heat Supply Systems

The article is devoted to the calculation of nodal prices for heat energy in heat supply systems. The problem, mathematical model and method of calculating nodal prices of heat energy for all consumers of the heat supply system considered, taking into account the different cost of heat production by sources, optimal flow distribution, and placement of consumers in the heat network (distance from the source). As the main computational tool for calculating nodal prices for heat energy, the Lagrange multiplier method used in the problem of modes optimizing in heat supply system, which allows explaining in detail the formation of the price for heat energy in each node. With the help of the proposed methodological support, practical research has been carried out for real heat supply system.