Calculation Of Flow Velocity Research Articles

Microfluidic Platform with Precisely Controlled Hydrodynamic Parameters and Integrated Features for Generation of Microvortices to Accurately Form and Monitor Biofilms in Flow.

Microorganisms often live in habitats characterized by fluid flow, and their adhesion to surfaces in industrial systems or clinical settings may lead to pipe clogging, microbially influenced corrosion, material deterioration, food spoilage, infections, and human illness. Here, a novel microfluidic platform was developed to investigate biofilm formation under precisely controlled (i) cell concentration, (ii) temperature, and (iii) flow conditions. The developed platform central unit is a single-channel microfluidic flow cell designed to ensure ultrahomogeneous flow and condition in its central area, where features, e.g., with trapping properties, can be incorporated. In comparison to static and macroflow chamber assays for biofilm studies, microfluidic chips allow in situ monitoring of biofilm formation under various flow regimes and have better environment control and smaller sample requirements. Flow simulations and experiments with fluorescent particles were used to simulate bacteria flow in the platform cell for calculating flow velocity and direction at the microscale level. The combination of flow analysis and fluorescent strain injection in the cell showed that microtraps placed at the center of the channel were efficient in capturing bacteria at determined positions and to study how flow conditions, especially microvortices, can affect biofilm formation. The microfluidic platform exhibited improved performances in terms of homogeneity and robustness for in vitro biofilm formation. We anticipate the presented platform to be suitable for broad, versatile, and high-throughput biofilm studies at the microscale level.

A hydrogeomorphic dataset for characterizing catchment hydrological behavior across the Tibetan Plateau

Abstract. Hydrologic and geomorphic processes are intricately linked within the Earth system, jointly characterizing terrestrial hydrological behaviors and biogeochemical cycles across diverse temporal and spatial scales. The Tibetan Plateau provides an ideal setting for investigating the interactions between hydrological and geomorphic processes in a largely pristine natural environment. Nonetheless, the interactions remain largely unknown due to challenging physical conditions and data limitations. This study presents the inaugural version of a hydrogeomorphic dataset encompassing 18 440 catchments across the region. The dataset comprises 18 hydrogeomorphic metrics along with, in particular, the width-function-based instantaneous unit hydrograph (WFIUH) of each catchment. We find that the peak flow of WFIUH is positively related to slope and curvature but negatively related to catchment area, perimeter, length and circularity. The relationships of time to peak with the hydrogeomorphic metrics are similar to those of peak flow but in an oppositive direction. Catchment concentration time shows a positive relationship with catchment size but a strong negative correlation with catchment slope. The validity of the derived WFIUH has been confirmed by its successful integration into an hourly hydrological model for simulating flash-flood events. Uncertainties in the WFIUH can be attributed to the resolution of the digital elevation model (DEM) and the methods employed for calculating flow velocity. The dataset is publicly available via the Zenodo portal: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8280786 (Guo and Zheng, 2023). It can contribute to advancing our understanding of catchment hydrological behaviors and can provide simple and fast-routing unit hydrograph calculation for ungauged catchments in the Tibetan Plateau and hence improve water resources management and disaster mitigation in the region and its downstream areas.

Blowout Fluid Velocity Measurement Method based on High-speed Sequence Images

Given the high-temperature and high-pressure environment after the blowout, the staff usually cannot calculate and analyze various blowout parameters at close range and thus take effective measures to control accidents quickly. In this paper, a blowout fluid velocity measurement method is proposed based on high-speed sequence images, and simulation experiments are conducted. The scene conditions of blowout accidents are simulated and analyzed. On this basis, cameras are adopted to shoot a large number of simulated blowout fluid videos from different angles under outdoor conditions. Afterward, the video is converted into a multi-frame image, and the blowout fluid image feature point detection and extraction model are established based on the orb (oriented fast and rotated brief) algorithm. On the feature points extracted by the model, the gms algorithm is used to match the features of the blowout fluid images in the front and back frames. Additionally, the wrong matching points are eliminated using the ransac (random sample consensus) algorithm, and the obtained feature point pairs are employed into the flow velocity calculation model for flow velocity calculation. The results demonstrate that the measured fluid velocity is more accurate. The method proposed in this study can provide reliable data support for early blowout emergency rescue.

A model for multiphase flow velocity calculation in pipelines based on ultrasonic sensors

In the petroleum and natural gas industry, a wide variety of multiphase fluids are prevalent, and precise measurement of their flow velocity in pipelines holds significant importance for different stages of well drilling and construction. However, due to the presence of large solid particles and the corrosive nature of the liquid phase in multiphase fluids within the petroleum industry, invasive measurement methods struggle to maintain long-term acceptable detection accuracy. Therefore, the non-contact fluid flow velocity measurement method based on ultrasonic sensors exhibits substantial research value. Nonetheless, when employing this approach for pipeline multiphase fluid flow velocity measurement, the abundance of background interference noise at the site poses challenges in Doppler echo signal reconstruction and results in lower precision for frequency shift extraction, leading to considerable errors in flow velocity calculation results. To address this issue, the present study utilizes a transmit-receive separated continuous wave ultrasonic sensor. First, a mathematical model is developed for the superimposed signal of ultrasonic Doppler echoes within the pipeline. Next, a novel signal reconstruction method is proposed by employing Chebyshev polynomials for interpolation computation of the sampled discrete signals. Subsequently, a Doppler shift model is introduced, leading to the formulation of a new model for multiphase flow velocity calculation in pipelines based on ultrasonic sensors. Finally, a comparison experiment for full-pipe multiphase flow velocity detection is conducted to validate the computational performance of the new model. The experimental results show that, compared with the FFT model and the conventional cross correlation model, the comprehensive meter factor of the ultrasonic flow measurement system with the new model is reduced by 0.024 445, the accuracy is reduced by 2.98%, the nonlinear error is reduced by 2.4405%, the average relative error is reduced by 0.646%, the standard deviation is reduced by 0.045 175, and the root mean squared error is reduced by 0.029 615.

Fundamental Study on the Development of an Inexpensive Velocity Meter for River Floods Using Stagnation Points

In recent years, climate change has occurred on a global scale, causing frequent flooding in many regions. In response to this situation, watershed-wide flood management is attracting attention around the world as a promising approach. Under these situations, Japan has also made a policy shift to watershed-based flood management, which aims to manage floods and control runoff in the entire watershed. For this management, it is essential to obtain areal hydraulic information, especially flow information, from each location in the watershed. To measure river flow, it is necessary to measure water level and velocity. While it is becoming possible to make area-based observations of water levels using simple methods, various attempts have been made to measure the velocity, but continuous data cannot be obtained using simple methods. Low-cost flow velocity meters would facilitate the simultaneous and continuous accumulation of data at multiple points and enable the acquisition of areal flow information for watersheds, which is important for watershed-based flood management. This study aims to develop an inexpensive, simple velocity meter that can be used to make areal measurements within watersheds, and to make this velocity meter usable by residents, thereby contributing to citizen science. Therefore, experimental studies were conducted on a method of measuring flow velocity based on the simple physical phenomenon of rising water surface elevations due to increased pressure at the stagnation point. First, we placed the cylinders in the river or waterway, observed the afflux, and compared the velocities calculated using Bernoulli’s theorem with the velocities at the experimental site. By multiplying the calculated flow velocity by 0.9, the average flow velocity was found to be obtained. Then, by using a large pitot tube with a hole diameter of about 5 mm, the rise in water level in the pitot tube was measured using a pressure-type water level meter, and the flow velocity was calculated using the pitot tube theory and compared with the flow velocity at the location of the hole at the experimental site. By multiplying the calculated velocity by 1.04, the velocity at the location of the hole can be obtained. In addition, the same experiment was conducted using a pitot tube with a slit. The slit tube was placed vertically with the slit facing upstream. Measurements were taken in the same method as for the pitot tube velocity meter and compared to the velocity at that point. By multiplying the calculated flow velocity by 0.99, the average flow velocity at that location can be obtained. These results indicate that a flow velocity measurement method utilizing stagnation points can lead to the development of inexpensive velocity meters. Because of the simplicity of this meter, there is a possibility that citizens can participate in the observation to obtain information on the flow velocity during floods and areal information within a watershed.

Acquisition of Spatial and Temporal Characteristics of Shallow Groundwater Movement Based on Long-Term Temperature Time Series in the Kangding Area, Eastern Tibetan Plateau

Heat has been widely used as a groundwater tracer to determine groundwater flow direction and velocity in a way that is ubiquitous, low-cost, environmentally friendly, and easy to use. However, temperature observations are generally short-term and small-scale, meaning they may not be able to reflect long-term changes in the characteristics of groundwater movement. In this study, we utilize 515 days of temperature data, collected from four measurement points in the Kangding area of the eastern Tibetan Plateau, in order to determine the spatial and temporal distribution of groundwater flow velocities using different analytical heat tracing methods. An analysis is conducted to evaluate the impact of thermal parameter uncertainties on the calculation of flow velocity, and a comparison is undertaken between the results of the phase, amplitude, and combined amplitude-phase methods. We subsequently discuss the relationship between flow velocity changes and precipitation. The results show that the estimated flow velocity is more susceptible to the volumetric heat capacity of the saturated sediment than it is to thermal conductivity. The phase method is more suitable for use in calculations in the study area, indicating that precipitation significantly impacts the flow velocity and that this impact is more pronounced in areas with flat terrain compared to areas with significant variation in elevation. Our research provides a comparative study of the heat tracing methods in areas with varied terrains and offers new evidence for the impact of precipitation and topography on groundwater infiltration.

하천의 생태시설물 설치에 의한 하상변동 특성 분석

This study intends to conduct a one-dimensional and two-dimensional hydraulic characteristic analysis of the ecological facilities of Jocheon. For this purpose, two field surveys were conducted on hydraulic characteristic data such as longitudinal and cross-sectional data of rivers and roughness coefficient, and boundary conditions were set by establishing flow data for one-dimensional numerical simulation and calculating the starting point of water level. The water level was derived from the results of one-dimensional hydraulic characteristic analysis according to the ｢Jocheon Basic River Plan｣ as input data for the RMA-2 model. Lastly, the riverbed changes in the entire section of the target river and the facility installation section were confirmed and analyzed through SED-2D simulation using the calculated flow velocity. As a result, it was analyzed that the width of the river has a great influence on the flow rate. In additon to this, the concentration of suspended sediment flowing into the upstream has the most influence on the change of the river bed.

Noise induced effects in the axisymmetric spherical Couette flow.

We study the axisymmetric, wide gap, spherical Couette flow in the presence of noise in numerical simulations and experiments. Such studies are important because most of the flows in nature are subjected to random fluctuations. Noise is introduced into the flow by adding fluctuations to the inner sphere rotation which are random in time with zero mean. Flows of a viscous incompressible fluid are induced either by rotation of the inner sphere only or by the co-rotation of the spheres. Mean flow generation was found to occur under the action of additive noise. A higher relative amplification of meridional kinetic energy compared to the azimuthal component was also observed under certain conditions. Calculated flow velocities were validated by laser Doppler anemometer measurements. A model is proposed to elucidate the rapid growth of meridional kinetic energy for flows induced by varying the co-rotation of the spheres. Our linear stability analysis for flows induced by the rotation of the inner sphere revealed a decrease in the critical Reynolds number, corresponding to the onset of the first instability. Also, in this case, a local minimum of the mean flow generation on approaching the critical Reynolds number was observed, which is consistent with the available theoretical predictions. This article is part of the theme issue 'Taylor-Couette and related flows on the centennial of Taylor's seminal Philosophical Transactions paper (Part 2)'.

Volume flow rate calculation model of non-full pipe multiphase flow based on ultrasonic sensors

In the oil and gas industries, it is crucial to employ appropriate drilling fluids in order to maintain equilibrium of formation pressure throughout the various stages of drilling operations. During the recycling process, the drilling fluid may precipitate gas and as a result exhibit non-full pipe flow upon return to the surface. Accurate measurement of the volume flow rate of the drilling fluid is imperative in obtaining valuable information from the bottom of the well. Commonly, on-site drilling operations use a multiphase target flowmeter in conjunction with an empirical model to rectify calculation results. However, the returned multiphase flow that is not fully in the pipe and its liquid component exhibits corrosive properties, making it a challenge for traditional invasive measurement methods to achieve adequate accuracy over an extended period. Therefore, the theoretical potential of utilizing non-contact ultrasonic sensors for measuring the multiphase volume flow rate of the non-full pipe flow is significant. In this research, an apparent flow velocity calculation model was established by integrating the ultrasonic Doppler shift model and pipeline fluid mechanics utilizing a four-channel ultrasonic array. Subsequently, the invariant scattering convolution—long short-term memory) network was trained on the data-fused ultrasonic signal to identify the liquid level. The velocity-area method was also employed to establish a new multiphase volume flow calculation model. To evaluate the validity of the proposed model, comparison experiments of liquid single-phase flow and liquid–solid two-phase flow were conducted. The experimental results show that, compared with the comparative flow measurement system, the accuracy of the ultrasonic flow measurement system is reduced by 0.965%, the nonlinear error by 2.293%, the average relative error by 2.570%, the standard deviation by 1.395, and the root mean square error by 14.394.

Numerical and experimental investigation of the flame kernel growth in a methane/air mixture near the lean flammability limit

Lean combustion has the potential to improve the thermal efficiency of spark-ignition engines, but it faces the significant challenge of increased cycle-to-cycle variation due to low mixture reactivity and unstable flame dynamics. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) employing predictive models can guide engine design and optimize operating strategies for lean combustion. However, ignition and combustion models have rarely been validated at fuel-lean conditions, and a fundamental understanding of the early flame kernel growth process is also lacking for a successful sub-model development. The present study develops a numerical simulation framework used to investigate early flame kernel growth in methane/air mixtures. A nanosecond-pulsed discharge (NPD) approach is employed to effectively decouple the flame kernel growth from the electrical discharge due to their difference in timescales, and equivalence ratios near the experimentally measured lean flammability limit (LFL) are selected to focus on challenging mixture conditions. Three numerical investigations, such as the choice of turbulence modeling, grid size, and grid control strategies, are examined to match both LFL and flame kernel structure measured from experiments. It is demonstrated that a quasi-direct numerical simulation (QDNS) with a fixed grid embedding of 10 µm can predict the LFL as ϕCFD=0.61 and match the displacement speed of the kernel's boundary marked in schlieren images. To predict the LFL and flame kernel shape, a fine grid (Δ≤12.5 µm) is needed to capture the consumption of formaldehyde (CH2O) in kernel's reaction branches attached to the anode, and adaptive mesh refinement is replaced with the fixed embedding due to loss of simulation accuracy. Also, it is found that a large-eddy simulation (LES) using the Dynamic Structure model is not suitable for the NPD-induced flame kernel simulation because artificial sub-grid turbulent kinetic energy induced by shock dynamics alters the flow velocity calculation, resulting in divergence of LES from QDNS. Lastly, the simulation well matches the experimental data for the flame kernel evolution in three mixture conditions (ϕ = 0.7, 0.61, 0.55), showing toroidal flame kernel expansion and flame kernel growth/extinction.

A Numerical Study on the Decomposition and Diffusion Characteristics of SF6 in Gas-Insulated Switchgear with Consideration of the Temperature Rising Effect

The optimized concentration of SF6 gas is the key to maintaining a good insulation performance by GIS equipment. The precise measurements of the SF6 concentration and decomposition byproducts could be used to indicate the remaining GIS insulation level during long-term operations. In this paper, a finite-element simulation model was created to investigate the SF6 gas decomposition and diffusion dynamics. A theoretical analysis and simulation of the overheating fault, i.e., the contact between the GIS disconnect switches, were carried out, followed by an estimation of the SF6 decomposition and diffusion characteristics caused by the local heating faults, based on the calculated flow velocity field and temperature field.

OpenBloodFlow: A User-Friendly OpenCV-Based Software Package for Blood Flow Velocity and Blood Cell Count Measurement for Fish Embryos.

Simple SummaryArtificial intelligence (AI) has been established to contribute in number of research areas such as medical imaging, diagnostic tools, ultrasound, cardiac scans, X-rays and blood flow analysis. OpenCV is a library having programming functions that provide ample of modules for digital image processing and artificial intelligence. In this study, we introduced a software package as OpenBloodFlow that can measure blood flow velocity and blood cell count precisely by selecting the dorsal aorta of zebrafish. The program is based on python programing language, which is a high-level, general-purpose language to solve biological problems. We present a cost-effective and fully automatic tool to perform the analysis as compared to commercially available software(s) that are not freely available to access. The key features of the program include a user-friendly graphical user interface (GUI), blood flow velocity and blood cell count in the given video dataset. The results are automatically saved in a CSV file without using any external plugins or third-party software and the program does not require GPU average CPU can be used for the execution.The transparent appearance of fish embryos provides an excellent assessment feature for observing cardiovascular function in vivo. Previously, methods to conduct vascular function assessment were based on measuring blood-flow velocity using third-party software. In this study, we reported a simple software, free of costs and skills, called OpenBloodFlow, which can measure blood flow velocity and count blood cells in fish embryos for the first time. First, videos captured by high-speed CCD were processed for better image stabilization and contrast. Next, the optical flow of moving objects was extracted from the non-moving background in a frame-by-frame manner. Finally, blood flow velocity was calculated by the Gunner Farneback algorithm in Python. Data validation with zebrafish and medaka embryos in OpenBloodFlow was consistent with our previously published ImageJ-based method. We demonstrated consistent blood flow alterations by either OpenBloodFlow or ImageJ in the dorsal aorta of zebrafish embryos when exposed to either phenylhydrazine or ractopamine. In addition, we validated that OpenBloodFlow was able to conduct precise blood cell counting. In this study, we provide an easy and fully automatic programming for blood flow velocity calculation and blood cell counting that is useful for toxicology and pharmacology studies in fish.

Research on Sediment Laden Flow Characteristics in Water Conveyance System

In the long-distance water conveyance channels or pipelines of sediment laden flow, due to the change of the flow discharge, there may be different levels of siltation condition, and regular dredging work needs to be carried out. If the water conveyance channels are an open system, it is easier to dredge, but if it is a pressurized pipeline system, dredging is more difficult. Some water delivery irrigation projects of sediment laden flow could not be promoted due to the unresolved problem of siltation. This paper takes a long-distance gravity flow pipeline system as the research object. The distribution branch pipe on the main pipeline is connected to the downstream reservoir for field irrigation. According to the pipe data, the one-dimensional full pipeline numerical model and the three-dimensional pipe calculation model were established respectively. The flow velocity calculation of main pipeline under the condition of simultaneous irrigation of different numbers of distribution branch pipes, and the distribution of different velocities in the pipe was obtained. At the same time, the three-dimensional unsteady flow analysis was carried out to analyse the flow characteristics and siltation patterns in the main pipeline under different flow discharge. It is helpful to predict the silt phenomenon that may exist in the water pipeline in advance by calculation, and give technical suggestions for the pipeline design.

Optimization of Turbulence Model Parameters Using the Global Search Method Combined with Machine Learning

The paper considers the slope flow simulation and the problem of finding the optimal parameter values of this mathematical model. The slope flow is modeled using the finite volume method applied to the Reynolds-averaged Navier–Stokes equations with closure in the form of the k−ωSST turbulence model. The optimal values of the turbulence model coefficients for free surface gravity multiphase flows were found using the global search algorithm. Calibration was performed to increase the similarity of the experimental and calculated velocity profiles. The Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of derivation between the calculated flow velocity profile and the experimental one is considered as the objective function in the optimization problem. The calibration of the turbulence model coefficients for calculating the free surface flows on test slopes using the multiphase model for interphase tracking has not been performed previously. To solve the multi-extremal optimization problem arising from the search for the minimum of the loss function for the flow velocity profile, we apply a new optimization approach using a Peano curve to reduce the dimensionality of the problem. To speed up the optimization procedure, the objective function was approximated using an artificial neural network. Thus, an interdisciplinary approach was applied which allowed the optimal values of six turbulence model parameters to be found using OpenFOAM and Globalizer software.

Flow Reduction in Pore Networks of Packed Silica Nanoparticles: Insights from Mesoscopic Fluid Models.

A modified many-body dissipative particle dynamics (mDPD) model is rigorously calibrated to achieve realistic fluid-fluid/solid interphase properties and applied for mesoscale flow simulations to elucidate the transport mechanisms of heptane liquid and water, respectively, through pore networks formed by packed silica nanoparticles with a uniform diameter of 30 nm. Two million CPU core hours were used to complete the simulation studies. Results show reduction of permeability by 54-64% in heptane flow and by 88-91% in water flow, respectively, compared to the Kozeny-Carman equation. In these nanopores, a large portion of the fluids are in the near-wall regions and thus not mobile due to the confinement effect, resulting in reduced hydraulic conductivity. Moreover, intense oscillations in the calculated flow velocities also indicate the confinement effect that contests the external driven force to flow. The generic form of Darcy's law is considered valid for flow through homogeneous nanopore networks, while permeability depends collectively on pore size and surface wettability. This fluid-permeability dependency is unique to flow in nanopores. In addition, potential dependence of permeability on pore connectivity is observed when the porosity remains the same in different core specimens.

Effects of forest fires on headwater streamflow and the habitat suitability for benthic macroinvertebrates

ABSTRACT We modelled hydrological, hydraulic and habitat suitability changes in a Mediterranean catchment after a wildfire. Gauged pre/post-fire hourly discharges were used to assess actual pre/post-fire hydrological conditions. To remove the weather variability effect, daily pre/post-fire discharges were simulated under the same weather conditions. An eco-hydraulic model was employed to calculate flow velocities, water depths and macroinvertebrate habitat suitability at various discharges across a 165 m long reach. The fire increased the magnitude and frequency of peak velocities and depths by 6.5–475%. Increased post-fire rainfall exacerbated hydrological-hydraulic extremes. However, the short duration of post-fire extremes led to small impacts on the habitat suitability for macroinvertebrates, which were stressed for a maximum 18.4% of the time after the fire (350 days in five years). In small Mediterranean-climate headwaters, after wildfires, less frequent streamflow becomes more frequent, high and of short duration. Macroinvertebrates largely resist such short-term, low-magnitude hydrological-hydraulic changes.

Influences of hydraulic boundary conditions on the deep fluid flow in a 3D regional model (central Upper Rhine Graben)

Knowledge of groundwater flow is of high relevance for groundwater management or the planning of different subsurface utilizations such as deep geothermal facilities. While numerical models can help to understand the hydrodynamics of the targeted reservoir, their predictive capabilities are limited by the assumptions made in their setup. Among others, the choice of appropriate hydraulic boundary conditions, adopted to represent the regional to local flow dynamics in the simulation run, is of crucial importance for the final modelling result. In this work, we systematically address this problematic in the area of the central part of the Upper Rhine Graben. We quantify how and to which degree different upper boundary conditions and vertical cross-boundary fluid movement influence the calculated deep fluid flow conditions in the area under study. Robust results, which are insensitive to the choice of boundary condition, are: (i) a regional groundwater flow component descending from the graben shoulders to rise at its centre and (ii) the presence of heterogeneous hydraulic potentials at the rift shoulders. Contrarily, results affected by the chosen boundary conditions are: (i) calculated flow velocities, (ii) the absolute position of the upflow axis, and (iii) the evolving local flow dynamics. If, in general, the investigated area is part of a supra-regional flow system—like the central Upper Rhine Graben is part of the entire Upper Rhine Graben—the inflow and outflow across vertical model boundaries need to be considered.

Hydraulic model experiment of energy dissipation on the horizontal and USBR II stilling basin

Flow conditions on overflow systems can result in construction failure, mainly due to the high flow energy. Stilling basin at downstream of the spillway is useful for reducing flow energy. It can reduce the destructive force of water flow. Controlling the hydraulic jump is an important part that includes the jump’s energy, length, and height. The physical hydraulic model was carried out with several series, by making a series of bottom lowering of horizontal and USBR II stilling basin. The experimental study is expected to represent flow behavior in the overflow system regarding flow conditions and energy dissipation. Based on the analytical calculation of flow velocity, the amount of flow energy that occurs at each control point is calculated. The control points are the starting point of the spillway, the chute way toe, and flow depth after the hydraulic jump. The energy loss can be calculated for each control point, while the efficiency of energy dissipation on stilling basin is calculated at the downstream flow depth after the hydraulic jump. Velocity calculated by dividing discharge per unit width by water depth which is based on the flow depth measurement data in the hydraulic model.

Sediment transport modeling in non-deposition with clean bed condition using different tree-based algorithms.

To reduce the problem of sedimentation in open channels, calculating flow velocity is critical. Undesirable operating costs arise due to sedimentation problems. To overcome these problems, the development of machine learning based models may provide reliable results. Recently, numerous studies have been conducted to model sediment transport in non-deposition condition however, the main deficiency of the existing studies is utilization of a limited range of data in model development. To tackle this drawback, six data sets with wide ranges of pipe size, volumetric sediment concentration, channel bed slope, sediment size and flow depth are used for the model development in this study. Moreover, two tree-based algorithms, namely M5 rule tree (M5RT) and M5 regression tree (M5RGT) are implemented, and results are compared to the traditional regression equations available in the literature. The results show that machine learning approaches outperform traditional regression models. The tree-based algorithms, M5RT and M5RGT, provided satisfactory results in contrast to their regression-based alternatives with RMSE = 1.184 and RMSE = 1.071, respectively. In order to recommend a practical solution, the tree structure algorithms are supplied to compute sediment transport in an open channel flow.

Evaluation of road drainage capacity to improve optimized road performance in Kebon Pala Area East Jakarta

Road drainage function as important part that can control a large rainfall that caused puddles that often disturb the comfort of all community activities on the road. Condition of the drainage channel on the road Kebon Pala area, East Jakarta are not qualified due to mistake planning and lack of maintenance. Hence, it is necessary to evaluate the capacity of drainage channel on Road Perindustrian. The purpose of this study is to find the maximum amount of water flow that can be accommodated by drainage channels. Rain intensity was calculated using the Mononobe method, as well as the flow rate is calculated using the Rational method. The existing capacity of drainage dimensions are measured directly in the the field using Manning method for calculating flow velocity. The results obtain Q2yrs = 1.27mm/s, Q5yrs = 1.67mm/s, Q10yrs = 1.84mm/s, while Q channel 0.24mm/s. Thus, it can be concluded that capacity of road drainage channel is lower than Q rain that can not accommodate the existing rain flow.