Calculated Blood Volume Research Articles

49. Changes in angiotensin H-like activity in arterial blood induced by hemorrhage in immature and adult rabbits

The conclusion [1] that the presence of the kidneys may be more important in the regulation of arterial pressure in immature than adult rabbits suggested the desirability of measuring changes of augiotension H-like activity in arterial blood in response to hemorrahge. Angiotension H-like activity was measured by the shortening of a rat's ascending colon, irrigated intraluminally with pronethalol 1 mg/min. The colon was superfused with arterial blood from the rabbit in an external circuit, from which the blood was returned to a jugular vein [2]. The colon was calibrated by infusion of Hypertension (Ciba) before withdrawl of 25% of the rabbit's calculated blood volume. After 30 min. the blood volume was restored with dextran and the calibration were repeated. Angiotension H-like activity developing during hemorrhage in 6 adult rabbits was equivalent to 0.31 ± 0.07 ng/ml Hypertension, whereas that in 10 immature rabbits averaged 1.76 ± 0.41 ng/ml (P < 0.025). Although Hypertensin is inactivated slightly less rapidly in immature rabbits, the difference is insufficient to account for the very much greater rise in angiotensin H-like activity seen during hemorrhage in immature than in adult rabbits.1. MOTT, J. C.: J. Physiol., 202: 25 (1969).2. VANE, J. R.: Brit. J. Pharmacol. Chemother., 35: 209 (1969).

A Method for Determining Residual Injury in the Hematopoietic System of the X-Irradiated Rat

A method was introduced to document the progressive changes in the ability of rat skeletal marrow to respond to bleeding over a span of 60 weeks following a single sublethal whole-body x-ray dose. Rats were exposed to a 170-R (200-kVp x-ray) whole-body dose. At intervals of 3, 6, 7, 10, 25, 33, 40, and 60 weeks postirradiation, half of each of the x-irradiated and control groups was bled one-third or two-thirds of the calculated blood volume (cbv) each, and their overall skeletal marrow content of nucleated RBC was determined. The remainder of the x-irradiated and control animals were measured for total marrow content of nucleated RBC without bleeding. The increase in RBC precursors on bleeding in the x-irradiated animal was compared with that found in the control animal on bleeding. This ratio (x-irradiated RBC precursor increase ÷ control RBC precursor increase) constitutes the "erythroid response index" (ERI) and is expressed as a percentage. An ERI value of 100% is taken to mean a lack of residual inj...

The effect of acute anemia on the radiosensitivity of V2 rabbit sarcoma.

IONIZING irradiation has an important role today in cancer therapy, both as an adjunct to surgery and as a primary treatment. Methods of increasing the effectiveness of irradiation have been sought, and numerous studies have been carried out in an attempt to elucidate the factors which alter the radiosensitivity of tumor cells (1). The amount of oxygen available to tissues at the time of irradiation is recognized as an important factor in their radiosensitivity. The radiosensitizing effect of oxygen on normal tissue is well documented (3-5) (Fig. 1). The premise that anemia decreases tissue radiosensitivity has long been accepted by radiotherapists, and correction of the anemia has been recommended as a means of increasing the effectiveness of irradiation (7). This concept is based upon an assumed correlation between anemia and reduced tissue oxygen tension. The present study was undertaken to assess the effect of anemia on the radiosensitivity of animal tumor tissue. Material and Methods New Zealand white rabbits weighing between 2 and 5 kg and bearing Rous V2 sarcoma in the thigh muscle were used as our biological system. Tumor tissue from the periphery of carrier rabbit V2 sarcoma was minced, homogenized, and filtered through a 56-mesh stainless-steel screen to remove clumped cells. The filtered cells were suspended in normal saline, counted on a standard white blood cell counting slide, and injected into the subcutaneous tissue of the thigh of male New Zealand white rabbits. In all cases, approximately 2.0 X 106 cells in 2 cc of total suspension were injected. Tumors measuring 1–4 cm in diameter were palpable and visible seventeen to twenty days after injection of the cells. At this time the animals were randomly divided into anemic and control groups. For the purpose of this experiment anemia is defined as 9 to 10 g of hemoglobin per 100 ml of blood. Preliminary studies on rabbits showed a consistent relation between body weight and blood volume as measured by radioactive iodinated serum albumin technic. To induce anemia the rabbit was anesthetized with intravenous Nembutal, and a laparotomy was performed. A beveled polyethylene cannula (P.E. 60) was inserted into the inferior vena cava and 30 to 35 per cent of the rabbit's calculated blood volume was withdrawn into a heparinized syringe over a period of fifteen to thirty minutes. The withdrawn blood was centrifuged, and serum was reinjected into the vena cava to obtain a near normal volume in the intravascular compartment. The extra volume of serum was obtained from donor rabbits which were not part of the experimental group. The cannula was sutured in place, the abdomen closed with the end of the cannula protruding, and thirty minutes later the animal was irradiated. This thirty-minute delay was allowed for hemodynamic equilibration.

Preliminary observations on reversal of hypovolemia with intravenous fat emulsion.

SummaryA total of 8 mongrel dogs was bled 56-65% of calculated blood volume at rates of 5-14 m1/min. At the end of 60 minutes in hypovolemia the animals were treated experimentally in the following manner: 1) 3 dogs were given no infusion; 2) 2 dogs were infused with an emulsion containing no fat; and 3) 3 dogs were infused with an emulsion containing fat (15% cottonseed oil). The infusions were administered in a volume equivalent to the volume of blood withdrawn. Dogs which received no intravenous infusion died within 3 1/2 hours after massive hemorrhage. Animals infused with an emulsion containing no fat recovered from the experimental hemorrhage but were not physically active within the first week of the posthemorrhagic period. Dogs infused with complete emulsion recovered rapidly after massive hemorrhage and accepted food and water within a few hours after regaining consciousness. These animals were fairly active during the first week after massive hemorrhage and recovered without event within two wee...

SIMPLE METHOD FOR ESTABLISHING HEMORRHAGIC SHOCK IN DOGS.

EXPERIMENTAL preparations used to investigate hemorrhagic shock involve controlled hypotension 1,2 or the reinfusion of whole blood containing anticoagulants. A shock model which involves controlled pressure or anticoagulants cannot be used to determine the efficacy of a therapeutic agent in experimental shock since the agents themselves have an effect upon arterial pressure or capillary perfusion. 3-5 The ideal preparation for clinical study eliminates any agent which alters the animal's physiologic response to shock. The purpose of this paper is to analyze a shock model devised by us to fulfill the criteria mentioned above. Materials and Methods In 25 splenectomized dogs anesthetized with thiopental sodium (30 mg/kg), the femoral artery and vein were cannulated for bleeding, infusions, pressure recording, and blood sampling. Hemorrhagic shock was induced with a rapid arterial hemorrhage of 40% of the calculated blood volume. Ten minutes later an additional 10% of the dog's blood volume was removed;

Effect of cardiac glycosides on blood volume of the dog.

The effects of cardiac glycosides on plasma volume, extracellular water volume, hematocrit reading, concentrations of hemoglobin and plasma proteins, and calculated blood volume were determined in both conscious and anesthetized dogs. The administration of 40% of the fatal dose of a cardiac glycoside had no statistically significant effects upon any of the parameters measured which could be ascribed to direct vascular actions of the drug. Thus, the plasma and extracellular water volumes were generally unaffected by either the injection of a cardiac glycoside or its solvent. In several experiments with conscious dogs, however, plasma volume decreased after injection of a glycoside apparently due to the development of severe vomiting. Hematocrit readings and hemoglobin concentrations were frequently moderately elevated after injection of a glycoside in normal dogs. The latter changes were apparently due to glycoside-induced splenic contraction, since they were absent in splenectomized dogs. It is concluded that the decrease in cardiac output caused by cardiac glycosides in normal dogs is not the result of a decrease in blood volume.

Lung Blood Volume in Acquired Valvular Diseases

(1) We performed right heart catheterization and direct left atrial puncture. The calculated blood volume by dye dilution method was divided into 3 parts; i.e. the blood volume from the pulmonary artery to the brachial artery, from the left atrium to the brachial artery and from the pulmonary artery to the left atrium.(2) The true lung blood volume, true left atrial blood volume and left ventricular-aortic blood volume were calculated by using above mentioned method of measurement. By this method, direct determination of the blood volume in the lung and left atrium became possible.(3) The true lung blood volume does not reveal marked increase in acquired valvular diseases, and no marked difference in it was noticed among each type of valvular lesions.(4) There was a relationship between the left atrial blood volume and the degree of dilatation of the left atrium determined by the X-ray findings.(5) The comparison of the left ventricularaortic blood volume and electro-cardiographic findings confirmed the fact that an increased load of left ventricle results in a increased blood volume.

Components of the "central" blood volume in the dog.

The indicator-dilution method was used in the dog in an attempt to define the proportion of the "central" blood volume contained in the lung vessels. When injections were made into the pulmonary artery with sampling from the femoral artery only half or even less of the calculated blood volume could be accounted for by the lungs. When a venous injection site was used, the proportion in the lungs was reduced to a third or less. Thus when peripheral sites are used for the inscription of indicator-dilution curves few deductions can be made about either the actual volume or even relative changes in the volume of blood in the lungs.

STUDIES OF SHOCK PRODUCED BY MUSCLE TRAUMA: III. THE EFFECT OF SERUM, ISINGLASS, GLUCOSE, CERTAIN SALTS, AND ADRENAL CORTICAL HORMONES ON SURVIVAL

The effect of the administration of dog serum, isinglass, and of glucose, certain salts, adrenal cortical hormones, and of water on dogs subject to severe muscle trauma has been investigated. Isinglass was found to be as efficient an agent as dog serum in restoring the blood pressure and in prolonging life. The effectiveness of transfusion was not increased by giving amounts in excess of 45% of the calculated blood volume nor by prolonging the transfusion from one-half to three and a half hours. Intravenous injection of hypertonic saline before transfusion with a blood substitute raised the blood pressure but did not lengthen survival, and pulmonary oedema was more frequently observed in dogs so treated. The addition of glucose to the blood substitute produced neither permanent benefit nor ill effect. Some of the animals died despite high blood sugar levels resulting from the infusion of glucose. The addition of sodium bicarbonate and calcium gluconate to the transfusion fluid, singly or in combination, did not affect the blood pressure or survival. The ingestion of large quantities of water by mouth after transfusion increased the average duration of life and improved the chance of indefinite survival. The most important single criterion as to whether a traumatized dog would survive indefinitely following transfusion was the level of blood pressure at the time transfusion was given. Indefinite survival of dogs transfused after the blood pressure had fallen below 70% of the initial pressure was exceptional. Those treated before the pressure had fallen so low had an even chance of survival. The administration of adrenal cortical hormones in relatively large amounts had no apparent effect in prolonging life in dogs transfused after the blood pressure had fallen to less than 60% of the initial level. Of eight dogs transfused when the blood pressure was between 60 and 70% of the initial pressure and then treated with carbohydrate-active preparations of the adrenal cortex, four survived indefinitely. None of the control animals with the same blood pressure range survived when treated by transfusion alone. The finding that dogs subject to muscle trauma are clinically sicker and less likely to survive at blood pressure levels successfully endured by bled dogs is discussed. The importance of the impaired blood flow in splanchnic viscera is considered in relation to metabolic changes. Changes in the urine of these dogs are described, and it is concluded that suppression of renal excretory function did not contribute significantly to death following trauma. Impairment of the renal pressor mechanism is considered to be a possible cause of the cardiovascular failure, probably in conjunction with impaired function of the adrenal cortex and toxic substances released from damaged tissues.

An unusual case of rupture of the uterus with massive hemorrhage

A case report is presented of a patient operated upon for partial separation of the normally implanted placenta. Massive hemorrhage (3,000 c.c.) occurred within a matter of three minutes after opening the uterus. The placenta had to be removed manually, and it would appear that the uterus was unknowingly ruptured during this procedure. The initial measured blood loss was in excess of one-half the estimated blood volume, and simultaneous replacement of blood and plasma by multiple transfusions during the day of operation represented eight-ninths of the estimated blood volume. The calculated blood volume of the patient at the time of operation was 6,200 cubic centimeters. The total blood loss was estimated at 5,700 cubic centimeters and the replacement of blood and plasma amounted to 7,750 cubic centimeters.