Calcium Superphosphate Research Articles

Impact of different types of fertilizers to reduce the population density of the sap sucking pests to bean plants

The experiment was laid out in a randomized complete block design with three replicates. The aim of the work is to investigate the effect of different fertilizers on the rates of beans infestation by different piercing sucking pests Tetranychus urticae, T. cucurbitacearum, Bemisia tabaci and Thrips tabaci and on the resulting crop yield. The fertilizer treatments are Ammonium sulfate, Calcium super phosphate, Potassium sulfate, a mixture of NPK and Micro-elements (Zn, Mn, Fe, Cu, Bo & Mo). Results showed that means of green pods yielded by NPK fertilizer was significantly higher than other fertilizers in the two seasons

Dissolving mechanism of strain P17 on insoluble phosphorus of yellow-brown soil.

Strain P17 was a bacterial strain identified as Bacillus megaterium isolated from ground accumulating phosphate rock powder. The fermentation broth of strain P17 and the yellow-brown soil from Nanjing Agricultural University garden were collected to conduct this study. The simulation of fixed insoluble phosphorous forms after applying calcium superphosphate into yellow-brown soil was performed in pots, while available P and total P of soil were extremely positive correlative with those of groundwater. Then the dissolving effect of strain P17 on insoluble P of yellow-brown soil was studied. Results showed that Bacillus megaterium strain P17 had notable solubilizing effect on insoluble phosphates formed when too much water-soluble phosphorous fertilizer used. During 100 days after inoculation, strain P17 was dominant. Until the 120th day, compared with water addition, available P of strain P17 inoculation treated soil increased by 3 times with calcium superphosphate addition. Besides available P, pH, activity of acid and alkaline phosphatase and population of P-solubilizing microbes were detected respectively. P-solubilizing mechanism of P-solubilizing bacteria strain P17 seems to be a synergetic effect of pH decrease, organic acids, phosphatase, etc.

RESPONSE OF Pelargonium graveolens L. PLANTS TO TREATMENTS OF IRRIGATION, CHEMICAL, ORGANIC AND BIO-FERTILIZATION UNDER SANDY SOIL CONDITIONS.

The field work was carried out at the Experimental Farm of Horticultural Research Station in El-Quassassin, Ismailia Governorate, Egypt, during the two successive seasons of 2009-2011 and 2010-2012, to investigate the effect of drip irrigation treatments (1, 2 and 3 times/week, 2 hours every time) and fertilization treatments (ammonium sulphate (20.5 N %) at 300 kg/fed., calcium superphosphate (15.5 P2O5 %) at 300 kg/fed. and potassium sulphate (48 K2O %) at 100 kg/fed., humic acid at 280 g/fed., effective microorganisms (EM1) at 5 liters/fed. and active dry yeast at 6 g/L.) and their interactions on the vegetative growth parameters (plant height, number of branches and fresh weight of herb/plant), yield of herb (fresh herb yield/fed./cut and fresh herb yield/fed./year), essential oil contents (essential oil percentage, content(ml.)/plant, oil yield (L.)/fed./cut and oil yield (L.)/fed./year) and the chemical compositions (N, P, K and carbohydrates %) of Pelargonium graveolens L. plant. The results showed that, the treatment of irrigation 3 times every week gave the highest values of all vegetative growth parameters, essential oil contents and chemical composition (N, P and carbohydrates %) followed by 2 times/week, during 4 cuts in the two seasons. Fertilizing with recommended NPK gave the highest results of all vegetative growth parameters, yield of herb, essential oil contents and chemical composition (N, P and K %), followed by humic acid, throughout the four cuts in both seasons. The combined treatment of irrigation 3 times/week + NPK resulted in the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, yield of herb, essential oil contents and chemical composition (N, P and carbohydrates %) followed by the interaction treatment of irrigation 3 times/week + humic acid fertilizer, during 4 cuts in the two seasons. From the results of this study, we observed that, the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, herb yield, essential oil contents obtained in the third cut followed by the fourth cut in the second year of season, while the least results found in the first and second cuts, in the first year of season, these findings repeated in the two seasons.

The effects of apple pomace, bentonite and calcium superphosphate on swine manure aerobic composting

The effects of additives such as apple pomace, bentonite and calcium superphosphate on swine manure composting were investigated in a self-built aerated static box (90L) by assessing their influences on the transformation of nitrogen, carbon, phosphorous and compost maturity. The results showed that additives all prolonged the thermophilic stage in composting compared to control. Nitrogen losses amounted to 34–58% of the initial nitrogen, in which ammonia volatilization accounted for 0.3–4.6%. Calcium superphosphate was helpful in facilitating composting process as it significantly reduced the ammonia volatilization during thermophilic stage and increased the contents of total nitrogen and phosphorous in compost, but bentonite increased the ammonia volatilization and reduced the total nitrogen concentration. It suggested that calcium superphosphate is an effective additive for keeping nitrogen during swine manure composting.

Influence of Sulfur Supply on the Iron Accumulation in Rice Plants

The influence of sulfur (S) (0, 30, 60, and 120 mg S kg−1 soil) supply on iron (Fe) accumulation in rice was investigated in a soil (soil/sand = 4:1) culture experiment. Results showed that Fe concentration in brown rice stem/leaf increased initially and then decreased with the increase in S concentration from 30 to 120 mg kg−1. The greatest Fe concentration was achieved at 60 mg S kg−1, whereas Fe concentration in the roots decreased with the increase in S concentration. Possible mechanisms of S supply on Fe accumulation in rice were proposed. These results suggest that S fertilization is important in developing approaches to increase Fe accumulation in brown rice when cultivated in low-S soils. However, the S input in farmland, such as S-containing fertilizers (e.g., calcium superphosphate) and atmospheric S deposition may decrease Fe accumulation in brown rice when cultivated in high-S soils.

Fertilizing methods for high yields of rice cultivar Gengxian No.1

To determine the optimum fertilization for rice cultivar Gengxian No.1,field plot experiment using orthogonal rotational combination design with three factors and five levels was conducted to investigate the effects of fertilizers with different ratios of N,P and K on the yield component of Gengxian No.1.The results showed that the optimum fertilization model include 46% urea,255 kg/ hm2;17% calcium superphosphate,600 kg/ hm2and 50% potassium sulfate,150 kg/ hm2,under which the yield could exceed 8 829 kg/ hm2.The optimized mathematical models was created between the maximum tillering,formation of spike from the tillers,yield and the fertilizer,which reached significant level.

Trace Metals Levels in Inorganic Fertilizers Commercially Available in Nigeria

Aims: To investigate the concentrations of arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd), copper (Cu), lead (Pb), nickel (Ni), vanadium (V) and zinc (Zn) in commercially available inorganic fertilizers (calcium superphosphate and urea). Place and Duration of Study: Urea and superphosphate fertilizers were purchased from a local market in Uyo, Southern Nigeria. Methodology: A total of twenty seven fertilizer samples were randomly taken representing triplicate samples from three urea and six superphosphate original fertilizer bags. Each sample were digested and extracted using the ethylenediamine tetraacetic acid (EDTA) extraction technique. The elemental analysis was performed using an inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrophotometer (ICP-AES) (Optima 3000 – Perkin Elmer). Results: The analyses indicated the presence of trace metals in commercially available fertilizers sold in Nigeria. Cadmium was found in comparatively high concentrations. Zinc was found present in relatively high concentrations in both urea and phosphate fertilizer samples but As was found in low concentration. By comparison, the superphosphate

Effects of Bacterial and Fungal Inoculants in a Loess Soil Amended with Various Phosphorus Sources on Pea Growth and Phosphorus Uptake

We evaluated the effects of microbial inoculants in a loess soil amended with various phosphorus (P) sources on pea growth and P uptake (PU). Treatments included factorial combinations of three treatments (noninoculation, NI; bacteria, BA; and fungi, FU) and three P sources (no P, NP; calcium superphosphate, SP; and rock phosphate, RP). Compared with NI, soils inoculated with BA and FU and receiving NP and SP increased pea shoot and total biomass, with greater increases with BA than with FU. Both BA and FU stimulated root growth, regardless of P addition. Compared to NI, PU with BA increased by 26, 59, and 83% in soils amended with RP, SP, and NP, respectively, whereas with FU it increased by 25% with SP and 48% with NP, with no effects with RP. The results indicate that BA can increase bioavailability of soil P, whereas FU may promote plant utilization of bioavailable P existing in soil.

Effects of fertilization management on pasture productivity and nutrient composition

AbstractBiomass productivity in poor soils is limited by several factors, among which are climatic conditions and nutrients. The most important limiting nutrients in plant productivity are nitrogen and phosphorus, even in regions receiving <200 mm precipitation. In this study, we evaluated the improvement in pasture and soil quality using different fertilization management procedures over 2 years in phosphorus‐deficient soils. Three different fertilizers were used: urban solid waste (USW), ecofertilizer (EF) and calcium superphosphate (SP). The hypothesis that fertilization management significantly improves the quality of the soil and forage for cattle was also tested.Results showed that biomass change depended on the year but not on the treatment. Different percentages of functional groups (graminoids, leguminoids and others) were compared by year and treatment. The results were similar for the three groups. In general, the sampled year was more important than the treatments. Soil composition did show some changes, e.g. higher levels of phosphorus in soils fertilized with USW than in the soils under other treatments. As for plant nutrient composition, control plots revealed lower levels of nutrients for graminoids and leguminoids, while the results were irregular in the case of the other species group. For the fertilized plots, USW and SP revealed better results in graminoids, whereas for leguminoids, EF was more nutrient effective in 2004. In 2003, the three fertilizers led to improvements in soil and forage quality compared with the controls.Given the dependence of the local population on goat produce, we suggest a restoration of degraded native pasture areas using these treatments. In particular, USW increases productivity but has minimal effects on functional group composition and soil nutrient cycles.

High Yield Technique of Virus-free Potato Favorite Planting in Paddy

To screen the best combination cultivation factors, the orthogonal test was conducted on the 6 factors of virus-free potato Favorite including sowing time, density, urea, calcium superphosphate, potassium sulfate and zinc, planted in paddy field of Xian-ning, Luo-tian and Guang-shui. The results showed that: a) experimental site had significant influence on growth period (F = 147.08>F0.01), sowing date had great significant influence on growth period (F = 15.68>F0.01), with the delay of sowing date, the growth period was short (R1 = 0.9851**). b) Density had great significant influence on yield (F = 4.0>F0.01), the yield could be increased with the density increasing (R 2 = 0.9782**), sowing date had significant influence on yield (F = 3.55>F0.05). c) The maximum yield and economic return appeared at the treatment of seeding date December 10, seeding density 75000 plant/hm 2 , N 75 kg/hm 2 , phosphorus fertilizer 900 kg/hm 2 , potassium sulfate 450 kg/hm 2 and zinc 22.5 kg/hm 2 , with the yield 31185 kg/hm 2 and economic benefit 26833 Yuan/hm 2 .

RESPONSE OF POTATO PLANTS TO POTASSIUM AND PHOSPHORUS FERTILIZATION

Two separate experiments were carried out in a private farm in El-Matria; Dakahlia Governorate, Egypt during two successive seasons 2009/2010 and 2010/2011 to study the effect of potassium sources (potassium mono phosphate 52% K2O potassium sulphate 50% K2O and potassium citrate 38% k), levels (0, 60 and 120 kg K2O/ fed for each source), phosphorus sources (calcium super phosphate 15.5 % P2O5, rock phosphate 30 % P2O5 and phosphoric acid 85 %P2O5) and levels (0, 30 and 60 kg P2O5/fed for each source) on vegetative growth, tuber yield and chemical constituents of potato (Solanum tuberosum L.) Spunta. Treatments were arranged in randomized complete block design in three replicates. The obtained results indicated that both potassium mono phosphate at 120 kg K2O/fed and phosphoric acid at 60 kg P2O5/fed gave the highest values of vegetative growth parameters, tuber yield and its quality in both seasons as compared with other treatments and the differences were significant.

Decolorization of Waste Water from Reed Three-Stage Count-Current Ethanol-Water Batch Cooking

The waste liquor from the first cooking stage of reed three-stage counter-current batch cooking with ethanol-water process was decolorized by preliming, sulfitation and activated carbon absorption combination method. The preliming temperature, calcium superphosphate dosage, pH Value, Na2SO3dosage in preliming and sulfitation, column height and velocity in activated carbon absorption have effect on decolorization. The results indicated that the 50 mL un decolorized waste liquor have the best decolorizing effect when the preliming temperature was 80°C, calcium superphosphate dosage was 1 g, pH value was 7, Na2SO3dosage was 0.04 mol, column height was 12 cm and velocity was 2mL/min, the decolorized rate of waste liquor could be up to 98.1%.

Effects of brown sugar and calcium superphosphate on the secondary fermentation of green waste

The generation of green waste is increasing rapidly with population growth in China, and green waste is commonly treated by composting. The objective of this work was to study the physical and chemical characteristics of composted green waste as affected by a two-stage composting process and by the addition of brown sugar (at 0.0%, 0.5%, and 1%) and calcium superphosphate (Ca(H2PO4)2·H2O) (at 0%, 3%, and 6%) during the second stage. With or without these additives, all the composts displayed two peaks in fermentation temperature and matured in only 30days. Compared to traditional industrial composting, the composting method described here increased the duration of high-temperature fermentation period, reduced the maturity time, and reduced costs. Addition of 0.5% brown sugar plus 6% calcium superphosphate produced the highest quality compost with respect to C/N ratio, pH, organic matter content, electrical conductivity, particle-size distribution, and other characteristics.

Profiling of microbial PLFAs: Implications for interspecific interactions due to intercropping which increase phosphorus uptake in phosphorus limited acidic soils

Increased phosphorus (P) uptake during intercropping has been demonstrated previously between specific crop species, e.g. cereal–legumes, in P deficient alkaline or neutral soils. The evidence is less strong in P deficient acidic soils. To assess the interspecific effects of acidic soils on P uptake, and to determine the biochemical mechanisms involved, a field experiment with maize-based (Zea mays) intercropping was conducted with the legumes chickpea (Cicer arietinum) and soybean (Glycine max), as well as the cereal wheat (Triticum aestivum), respectively, in subtropical acidic soils of Southern China. The land equivalent ratio (LER) values (on an average of 1.20 and 1.07 for maize–chickpea and maize–soybean, respectively; and from 0.85 to 1.08 on average for maize–wheat after P fertilization) indicated that the interspecific stimulation of P uptake may be a general phenomenon i.e. controlled by soil P availability rather than crop species or soil type. Rhizosphere soil pH increased compared to that of non-rhizosphere even following the addition of the acidic calcium superphosphate (on an average of 0.16–0.56 pH units), suggesting rhizosphere acidification due to intercropping could not be the cause of increased P uptake in acid soils, unlike in alkaline or calcareous soils. The microbial phospholipids fatty acid (PLFA) profiles varied with both intercropping species and soil P status, indicating a selective enrichment of competent species (arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi, gram-negative bacteria, actinomycetes, and probably P solubilizing microorganisms) that may be responsible for increased P uptake during intercropping. The results suggest that root contact modified the microbial communities and the dominant microbial species in the intercropped rhizosphere, thereby contributing to increased P uptake during intercropping in acidic soils.

A methodological approach to assess the combined reduction of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers for low-carbon agriculture

The extensive use of synthetic chemicals for pest control is recognized as a major threat to ecosystem integrity and the realization of low-carbon agriculture. There have been many studies of agrochemical reduction technologies, but little work to date has been done to achieve a combined reduction of chemical pesticides and chemical fertilizers. This fact has led us to the conception of assessment methodologies and the establishment of a relevant ecological model. A significant challenge to the development of assessment methodologies is agro-ecosystem complexity. In this study, we explain the agro-ecosystem as one composed of various social, economic and natural factors that can be defined using a comprehensive positive/negative effect evaluation index system, which is based on fuzzy theory and can be used to assess combinations of technologies for reduced use of chemical pesticides and fertilizers in cauliflower fields. On this basis, a technology using 14% calcium superphosphate 750kghm−2, 46% urea 825kghm−2, 12% granular boron fertilizer 4.5kghm−2, active pesticides 3.09kghm−2 and hanging sex pheromone lure on the watermelon–cauliflower rotation mode resulted in the largest index evaluation value (0.3795) and was considered the best combined reduction technology in Chongming Eco-island, Shanghai of China. The results of our study should be of interest to policy makers and environmental managers who seek to realize low-carbon agriculture and to farmers who seek to optimize application technology in practice.

The influence of phosphate fertilizer application levels and cultivars on cadmium uptake by Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis)

Cadmium (Cd) is a common impurity in phosphate fertilizers and application of phosphate fertilizer may contribute to soil Cd accumulation. Changes in Cd burdens to agricultural soils and the potential for plant Cd accumulation resulting from fertilizer input were investigated in this study. A field experiment was conducted on Haplaquept to investigate the influence of calcium superphosphate on extractable and total soil Cd and on growth and Cd uptake of different Komatsuna (Brassica rapa L. var. perviridis) cultivars. Four cultivars of Komatsuna were grown on the soil and harvested after 60 days. The superphosphate application increased total soil Cd from 2.51 to 2.75 mg kg−1, 0.1 mol L−1 hydrochloric acid (HCl) extractable Cd from 1.48 to 1.55 mg kg−1, 0.01 mol L−1 HCl extractable Cd from 0.043 to 0.046 mg kg−1 and water extractable Cd from 0.0057 to 0.0077 mg kg−1. Cd input reached 5.68 g ha–1 at a rate of 240 kg ha–1 superphosphate fertilizer application. Superphosphate affected dry-matter yield of leaves to different degrees in each cultivar. ‘Nakamachi’ produced the highest yield in 2008 and ‘Hamami No. 2’ in 2009. Compared with the control (no phosphate fertilizer), application of superphosphate at a rate of 240 kg ha–1 increased the Cd concentration in dry leaves by 0.14 mg kg−1 in ‘Maruha’, 1.03 mg kg−1 in ‘Nakamachi’, 0.63 mg kg−1 in ‘SC8-007’ in 2008, and by 0.19 mg kg−1 in Maruha’, 0.17 mg kg−1 in ‘Hamami No. 2’, while it decreased by 0.27 mg kg−1 in ‘Nakamachi’ in 2009. Field experiments in two years demonstrated that applications of different levels of calcium superphosphate did not influence Cd concentration in soil and Komatsuna significantly. However, there was a significant difference in Cd concentration of fresh and dry Komatsuna leaves among four cultivars in 2008 and 2009. The highest Cd concentration was found in the ‘Nakamachi’ cultivar (2.14 mg kg−1 in 2008 and 1.91 mg kg−1 in 2009). The lowest Cd concentration was observed in the ‘Maruha’ cultivar (1.51 mg kg−1 dry weight (DW)) in 2008 and in the ‘Hamami No. 2’ cultivar (1.56 mg kg−1 DW) in 2009. A decreasing trend in Cd concentration was found in ‘Nakamachi’, followed by ‘SC8-007’, ‘Hamami No. 2’ and ‘Maruha’ successively. It is necessary to consider a low-uptake cultivar for growing in a Cd polluted soil. In these two years’ results, ‘Maruha’ cultivar was the lowest Cd uptake cultivar compared to the others.

Effects of a new modifier on the water-resistance of magnesite cement tiles

The magnesium oxychloride composite is an inorganic cementitious material with high bending and compression strength in air characteristics. However its strength decreases significantly after immersion in water. The preparing process of a new magnesite cement tile using nano rice husk ashes and a complex water-resistance agent as modifiers was described in the paper. The effects of low-temperature rice husk ashes (RHAs) and the complex water-resistance agent constituted with phosphoric acid, calcium superphosphate, wooden calcium and styrene-acrylic emulsion on the water-resistance of magnesite materials were mainly studied. The samples properties were characterized by XRD, SEM, BET, a laser particle size analyzer and bending test. The experiments show that the proportional addition of nano RHAs markedly increases the water-resistance of magnesite materials without reducing the bending strength and promotes the softening coefficient from 0.29 to 0.78, while the softening coefficient reaches up to 0.97 combined with the use of complex water-resistance agent. The new magnesite cement tiles prepared were not scumming, not warping, and not contracting at room temperature for 360 d.

Effects of Long-Term Application of Sulfur-Containing and Chloride-Containing Chemical Fertilizers on Rice Yield and Its Components

Impacts of 33-yr of application of S-containing and Cl-containing chemical fertilizers on rice ( Oryza sativa L.) yield and its components were investigated in a red paddy field experiment, south China. The treatments included: 1) adding 302 kg SO 4 2−-S ha −1 yr −1 with application of (NH 4) 2SO 4, K 2SO 4, and calcium superphosphate (SO 4 2−); 2) adding 56 kg SO 4 2−-S and 176 kg Cl ha −1 yr −1 with application of urea, calcium superphosphate, and KCl (Cl −+SO 4 2−); 3) adding 516 kg Cl ha −1 yr −1 with application of NH 4Cl, KCl, and KH 2PO 4 (Cl −). Under each treatment, the applied N, P, and K nutrients were controlled at conventional rates of 150 kg N ha −1 yr −1, 75 kg P 2O 5 ha −1 yr −1, 225 kg K 2O ha −1 yr −1, respectively. Under the S-containing fertilizer application, soil SO 4 2−-S content showed a first increasing then decreasing trend with years, and was significantly negatively correlated with annual rice yield. Average annual yield significantly declined in an order of Cl −, Cl −+SO 4 2−, and SO 4 2−. Under the Cl − treatment, soil SO 4 2−-S content was maintained at about 26.5 mg kg −1, not showing deficiency. From 1990 to 2000, rice yield declined rapidly under the SO 4 2− treatment, and was significantly lower than that under the Cl − treatment. After then, there was no significant difference in yield among the treatments. Our results demonstrated that long-term application of S-containing fertilizer could result in excessive accumulation of SO 4 2−-S in the red paddy soils of south China, therefore producing a certain threat to rice growth. The Cl-containing fertilizer could be relatively safe.

Effect of potassium, zinc and phosphorus on seed yield, seed viability and seedling vigor of cotton (Gossypium barbadense L.)

Conditions prevailing during seed formation can affect the quality of seed produced, and hence crop establishment in the next growing season. Two field experiments were conducted to investigate the effect of potassium, zinc and phosphorus on seed yield, seed viability, and seedling vigor of cotton cv. Giza 86. Fertilizer applications occurred as follows: two rates of potassium (0.0 and 47 kg ha−1 K) soil-applied in bands three weeks after sowing; two rates of chelated zinc (0.0 and 58 g ha−1 Zn) foliar sprayed twice, at 70 and 85 days after sowing (during square initiation and boll setting stage), and, four rates of phosphorus foliar sprayed twice as a solution of calcium super phosphate (0.0, 576, 1152 and 1728 g ha−1 P), at 80 and 95 days after sowing. Dry matter yield, total chlorophyll concentration, K, Zn and P uptake plant−1, seed yield ha−1, seed weight, seed viability, seedling vigor, and cool germination test performance increased with the addition of K, Zn, and P. Band application of K at 47 kg ha−1 and foliar application of relatively low rates of Zn (58 g ha−1) and P (1728 g ha−1) improved cotton-seed yield and quality.

Enhancing cropping of Navel orange by different agrochemicals<br>foliar sprays

The present investigation was carried out during the two successive growing seasonsof 2003 and 2004 on Washington Navel orange trees grown at El-Tarh region, El-BeheraGovernorate of Egypt. In order to study the effect of spraying the trees with differentagrochemicals on vegetative growth, fruit drop, fruit retention and yield. Trees were divided intotwo groups , the first group was subjected to the foliage treatments when the fruit reached pea size(5 mm in diameter) and the second group at marble size (15 mm in diameter). Foliar sprays ofurea or 2, 4-D alone at pea or marble stage significantly increased vegetative growth. In general,foliar sprays of 2, 4-D alone or with the different calcium compounds at pea or marble stagesignificantly increased fruit retention and decreased fruit drop after June drop. Final fruit retentionwas increased (23 - 69% over the control) and pre-harvest fruit drop was decreased (63 to 100%compared to the control) by spraying boric acid or 2, 4-D alone at the pea stage in both seasons.Spraying calcium superphosphate alone at the marble stage caused an increase in final fruitretention by 33 - 7% and a decrease in pre-harvest fruit drop by 61 -72% over the control in bothseasons.