Calcium Superphosphate Research Articles

Crecimiento y estado nutrimental de una plantación de Pinus cooperi Blanco fertilizada con N-P-K

La producción de madera en México ha disminuido drásticamente, mientras la demanda se ha incrementado en los últimos años. La productividad del bosque depende de varios factores ambientales, como la radiación solar, temperatura, agua y disponibilidad de nutrimentos, entre otros. En la presente investigación se estudió el efecto de la fertilización química (N, P y K) sobre el crecimiento de brinzales de Pinus cooperi, a dos años de su establecimiento en campo. Se incluyeron tres dosis de urea (N: 0.0, 4.0, 8.0); tres de superfosfato simple de calcio (P: 0.0, 3.5, 7.0); y tres de sulfato de potasio (K: 0.0, 3.28, 6.5) gramos árbol-1. La combinación de los niveles de los tres nutrimentos probados produjo 27 tratamientos, mismos que se aplicaron a los brinzales, con una altura promedio de 80 cm. Se determinó que el nitrógeno, probablemente, limita el crecimiento de Pinus cooperi en el sitio de plantación. La aplicación de fósforo generó el mayor incremento de diámetro basal, lo que indica que es el nutrimento más deficiente en el área de estudio. Se determinó que el potasio no tiene efecto positivo en el diámetro ni en la altura de los árboles, lo cual implica que este presenta un nivel satisfactorio de disponibilidad.

Landscape Studies of Maintenance of Lawns in some Football Yards at Dakahlia Governorate Part 1. Effect of Different Fertilization Programs on the Growth Characteristics and Chemical Composition of Turfgrasses of Five Established Football Fields.

This study was carried out during the two successive seasons of 2013/2014 and 2014/2015 on five established football (soccer) green fields (yards) in the urban and suburban areas of MansouraCity, Dkahlia Governorate, Egypt. It aimed to compare the effects of different fertilization programs on the performance and quality of the lawn (turfgrass) of the five yards (fields). Five football fields were chosen based on similarity of basic specifications namely; a standard field size (65-70 m in width and 100-110 m in length), planted using sods of Paspalum vaginatum Sw lawn (turfgrass), sandy soil (sand thickness of 15-20 cm over 30 cm layer of pebble stones), all have existing drainage systems, and no soil aeration were carried out in any of the fields' maintenance programs. The football yards (fields) were Mansoura Stadium, MansouraUniversity and El-Shaab stadiums (located in Mansoura city) in addition to Beny Ebeid and Secondary Beny Ebeid stadiums (located in Beny Ebeid town). Data of maintenance programs were collected from the maintenance managers of different stadiums. In addition, measurements for the visual color and quality in addition to total chlorophyll contents (mg/g fresh clipping sample), and N, P and K percentages in the clipping samples of the turfgrass (lawn) of the five fields were carried out during the two seasons.The obtained results showed that increasing number of N applications (doses) combined with reasonable low quantity each application (dose) had a positive effect on color and quality of the turf in addition to its chlorophyll content. The results also supported the need of adding phosphorus to the turfgrass, but to a much lesser degree than the need of nitrogen. Based on the results of both seasons, Mansoura University Stadium fertilization program was the best to achieve better visual color and quality of the turfgrass in addition to total chlorophyll contents (mg/g fresh weight) of the clippings. This program comprised of five applications (doses) of a mixture of urea and potassium nitrate fertilizers (50% each); each dose containing 0.62 Kg N /100 m2 of the grass field during spring and summer months (March – October); summing up a total of 3.12 Kg N / 100 m2 / year, in addition to two applications of calcium super phosphate ; each containing 0.34 Kg P /100 m2 of the grass field during fall and winter months (November – February) summing up a total of 0.69 Kg P / 100 m2 of grass.

Effect of Timing of Nitrogen and Potassium Application in Combination with Local Application of Calcium Superphosphate on the Growth and Yield of Direct-seeded Onions (<i>Allium cepa</i> L.)

Effect of Timing of Nitrogen and Potassium Application in Combination with Local Application of Calcium Superphosphate on the Growth and Yield of Direct-seeded Onions (<i>Allium cepa</i> L.)

Mercury in rice (Oryza sativa L.) and rice-paddy soils under long-term fertilizer and organic amendment

High levels of mercury (Hg), especially methylmercury (MeHg), in rice is of concern due to its potential of entering food chain and the high toxicity to human. The level and form of Hg in rice could be influenced by fertilizers and other soil amendments. Studies were conducted to evaluate the effect of 24 years application of chemical fertilizers and organic amendments on total Hg (THg) and MeHg and their translocation in soil, plants, and rice grain. All treatments led to significantly higher concentrations of MeHg in grain than those from the untreated control. Of nine treatments tested, chemical fertilizers combining with returning rice straw (NPK1+S) led to highest MeHg concentration in grain and soil; while the nitrogen and potassium (NK) treatment led to significantly higher THg in grain. Concentrations of soil MeHg were significantly correlated with THg in soil (r = 0.59***) and MeHg in grain (r = 0.48***). Calcium superphosphate negatively affected plant bioavailability of soil Hg. MeHg concentration in rice was heavily influenced by soil Hg levels. Phosphorus fertilizer was a main source contributing to soil THg, while returning rice straw to the field contributed significantly to MeHg in soil and rice grain. As a result, caution should be exercised in soil treatment or when utilizing Hg-contaminated soils to produce rice for human consumption. Strategic management of rice straw and phosphorus fertilizer could be effective strategies of lowering soil Hg, which would ultimately lower MeHg in rice and the risk of Hg entering food chain.

Effects of Soil Amendments Application on Growth of Rice Cultivated in Soils Polluted with Heavy Metal(loid) and on the As and Cd Content in Brown Rice

Heavy metal(loid) contamination of rice is the main issue in abandoned metal mine area with regard to food safety. A field study was conducted in mine area to see if soil amendments treatment including calcium superphosphate, sulfur, steel slag and S-containing fertilizer could reduce As and/or Cd content in rice grain and increase the growth of rice. The As content in brown rice reduced to 60% compared to the control only in <TEX>$7.0Mg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX> of steel slag treatment. Cd reduction in rice was thought to be not the effect of amendments but the result from the difference in growth and development of rice plant and this could be ascribed to low soil Cd availability to rice plant. Compared with control, increased rice yield of cultivar Hwanggeumnuri was 1.3~2.2 and <TEX>$1.5Mg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX> in calcium super phosphate and S-containing fertilizer treatment, respectively and the trend was also observed in cultivar Ungwang. However, steel slag treatment reduced the Ungwang yield by <TEX>$0.4{\sim}0.9Mg\;ha^{-1}$</TEX>. Future work will be needed to establish the agricultural measure with which secure the safety and yield of rice simultaneously.

Effect of Phosphorus Sources and Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Inoculation on Growth and Productivity of Snap Bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.)

Phosphorus (P) is the second major plant nutrient required for plant growth. Different sources of water soluble P have been used to increase growth and yield of legumes. In addition, mycorrhizas have a potential role in increasing soil P supply. A factorial experiment was conducted to evaluate the effect of different phosphorus sources (monoammonium phosphate, monopotassium phosphate, urea phosphate, calcium superphosphate and phosphate rock fortified Bacillus megaterium) and arbuscular mycorrhizal inoculation (with or without) on growth and productivity of snap bean (Phaseolus vulgaris L.) cv. Paulista in plastic bags filled with sandy soil during 2014 and 2015 seasons at the Experimental Research Farm of the Horticulture Department, Faculty of Agriculture, Ain Shams University, Qalyubia Governorate, Egypt. The experiment was laid out in a completely randomized design with three replications. Results revealed that fertilization with monoammonium phosphate (MAP) significantly increased vegetative growth characteristics, yield, and total carbohydrates and protein content in green pods concomitantly with increases in chlorophyll and nutrients content in the leaves. Moreover, arbuscular-mycorrhizal inoculation significantly increased all above mentioned data compared with non-mycorrhizal inoculation. In addition, plants inoculated with arbuscular mycorrhizal and fertilized with MAP showed a synergistic effect.

Phosphate Solubilization by Enterobacter cloacae and its Impact on Growth and Yield of Wheat Plants

The most efficient phosphate solubilizing bacterial strain was isolated from rhizosphere of healthy rice plants and identified as Enterobacter cloacae (B1) based on morphological and biochemical characteristics and 16S r DNA. The optimum phosphate solubilization conditions for pH, temperature and incubation period were obtained at 8, 30 °C and 3 days, respectively. Accordingly, Enterobacter cloacae (B1) was evaluated under field conditions through its impact on growth and yield characteristics of wheat (Triticumaestivum L.) cultivar Masr 1 in comparison with chemical fertilizers (phosphoric acid,calcium super phosphate and NPK). Results of this study showed that, Enterobacter cloacae (B1) effectively increased growth characteristics including plant height (cm) (9.96 %), fresh weight (g/plant) (86.78 %), dry weight (g/plant) (58.36 %) and flag leaf area (cm2) (53.68 %) and physiological characteristics including chlorophyll pigments content, chl. a, b and total (µg/cm2) (31.91 %, 35.81 % and 33.33 %, respectively)as well as yield characteristics such as spike length(cm) (13.14 %), spikelets number (13.58 %), grains number/spike (23.16 %), 1000 kernels weight (g) (6.49 %), spike weight(g) (29.37 %), biological weight(g/m2) (55.92 %) and grains weight(g/m2) (41.18 %) in comparison with control treatment.

Effects of woody peat and superphosphate on compost maturity and gaseous emissions during pig manure composting

This study investigated the effect of calcium superphosphate on compost maturity and gaseous emissions during pig manure composting with woody peat as the bulking agent. Two treatments were conducted with or without the addition of calcium superphosphate (10% dry weight of the composting mass), which were denoted as the control and superphosphate-amended treatment, respectively. Results show that the composting temperature of both treatments was higher than 50°C for more than 5days, which is typically required for pathogen destruction during manure composting. Compared to the control treatment, the superphosphate-amended treatment increased the emission of nitrogen oxide, but reduced the emission of methane, ammonia and hydrogen sulfide by approximately 35.5%, 37.9% and 65.5%, respectively. As a result, the total greenhouse gas (GHG) emission during manure composting was reduced by nearly 34.7% with the addition of calcium superphosphate. The addition of calcium superphosphate increased the content of humic acid (indicated by E4/E6 ratio). Nevertheless, the superphosphate-amended treatment postponed the biological degradation of organic matter and produced the mature compost with a higher electrical conductivity in comparison with the control treatment.

天然放射性同位元素を用いた放射化学実験法 (IV) : 園芸用過リン酸石灰から放出される ^ Rn およびその娘核種の放射能測定 (i)

天然放射性同位元素を用いた放射化学実験法 (IV) : 園芸用過リン酸石灰から放出される ^ Rn およびその娘核種の放射能測定 (i)

Crop yields and soil organic carbon dynamics in a long-term fertilization experiment in an extremely arid region of northern Xinjiang, China

A long-term fertilization experiment was set up in northern Xinjiang, China to evaluate the dynamics of crop production and soil organic carbon (SOC) from 1990 to 2012 with seven fertilization treatments. The seven treatments included an unfertilized control (CK) and six different combinations of phosphorus (P), potassium (K), nitrogen (N), straw (S) and animal manure (M). The balanced fertilization treatments had significantly (P<0.05) higher average yields than the unbalanced ones. The treatment with 2/3 N from potassium sulfate (NPK) and 1/3 N from farmyard manure (NPKM) had a higher average yield than the other treatments. The average yields (over the 23 years) in the treatments of NPK, and urea, calcium superphosphate (NP) did not differ significantly (P>0.05) but were higher than that in the treatment with urea and potassium sulfate (NK; P<0.05). The results also show that the highest increases in SOC (P<0.05) occurred in NPKM with a potential increase of 1.2 t C/(hm2•a). The increase in SOC was only 0.31, 0.30 and 0.12 t C/(hm2•a) for NPKS (9/10 N from NPK and 1/10 N from straw), NPK and NP, respectively; and the SOC in the NP, NK and CK treatments were approaching equilibrium and so did not rise or fall significantly over the 23-year experiment. A complete NPK plus manure fertilization program is recommended for this extremely arid region to maximize both yields and carbon sequestration.

Effects of Calcium Superphosphate Additive on Nitrogen Conservation During Dead-pig Composting

Effects of Calcium Superphosphate Additive on Nitrogen Conservation During Dead-pig Composting

Effectiveness of Single and Composited Stabilizers on Enhancing Stability of Multiple Metals in Mine Soil

The soil pollution is getting worse with the rapid development of industry in recent years, Heavy metals can ultimately affect human health through the food chain. So immobilization of heavy metals in soil is of great significance. Here, six single stabilizer and six composite stabilizers, including CaO, bone char (BC), Na2S, calcium superphosphate (SSP), sodium diethyldithiocarbamate (DDTC-Na) and FeSO4, were investigated to immobilize heavy metals and As in mine soil. Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure (TCLP) was adopted to evaluate the stabilization effectiveness of the stabilizers on Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and As, and the best stabilizers for simultaneously immobilizing Pb, Zn, Cu, Cd and As in soil were selected based on the TCLP results. The results in this study provide useful information for remediation of heavy metals contaminated soil.

EFFECT OF CHEMICAL AND BIO-FERTILIZERS ON THE GROWTH AND ACTIVE INGREDIENTS OF MAJORANA HORTENSIS PLANT

The experiment was carried out in the experimental farm of El-KanaterResearch Station, Horticulture Research Institute, Kalubia Governorate, Egypt. Cultivation of seedling carried out in two seasons 2011-2012/2012-2013to study the effect ofN.P.K. fertilizers and boifertilizer on Majorana Plant. This work was designed in order to investigate the possibility of reducing the need for NPK chemical fertilization as well as improving plant productivity by using bacterial biofertilization as an alternative. The plants of control treatment received only the full recommended rate of NPK chemical fertilization as ammonium sulphate, calcium superphosphate and potassium sulphate. For the other treatments, a single inoculum or mixture of different inoculum combinations of Azotobacterchroococcum and Azospirillumlipoferum were used in combination with NPK chemical fertilizer as quarter or half dose of the full recommended rate. The experiment was complete random parts to study the effect of nitrogen fixing bacteria application (Azospirillumlipoferum and Azotobacterchroococcum). The results revealed that the application of biological fertilizers plays a remarkable role in improving yield quality and quantity in Marjoram and can be viewed as a suitable replacement for chemical fertilizers. Keywords: Chemical fertilization, Bio-fertilization, Majoranahortensis

Comparison of greenhouse gas emissions of chemical fertilizer types in China's crop production

Increasing awareness of climate change and food security has spawned an interest in low-carbon agriculture, an important aspect of which is the reduction of greenhouse gas emissions. As the largest source of agricultural emissions is fertilizer application, using a different type of fertilizer may help to mitigate greenhouse gas emissions from agriculture systems. The objectives of this study were to report a basic estimate of agricultural inputs and greenhouse gas emissions of crop production using national statistical data available for the period of 1993–2007, to compare the quantities of greenhouse gas emissions from different fertilizer types (per unit of N, P2O5, and K2O), to identify fertilizer types with the lowest emissions and the lowest costs, and to quantify the emissions gap between the lowest and actual emission scenarios, which will provide critical information for pursuing low-carbon agriculture in the future. According to available data, the use of all agricultural inputs increased during 1993–2012, resulting in an increase in not only yield but also in total greenhouse gas emissions from crop production. Not considering direct N2O emissions from the field, fertilizer-induced emissions accounted for up to 47.71% of the total greenhouse gas emissions from crop production. Therefore, lowering fertilizer-induced emissions is a priority measure that will result in low-carbon agriculture. Furthermore, ammonium bicarbonate, calcium superphosphate, and potassium chloride were found to be fertilizers with the lowest greenhouse gas emissions, and adoption of these fertilizers would result in a 49.15% reduction in fertilizer-induced emissions. This finding indicates that the judicious choice of fertilizer type would contribute to reducing greenhouse gas emissions in intensive production systems in China. Accordingly, utilizing ammonium bicarbonate, calcium superphosphate, and potassium chloride would be beneficial for greenhouse gas emission reduction and could be adopted as a good practice of low-carbon agriculture in China. This study highlights that changing to an appropriate fertilizer type could be an efficient option for mitigating greenhouse gas emissions in crop production in China.

Influence of Soil and Irrigation Water pH on the Availability of Phosphorus in Struvite Derived from Urine through a Greenhouse Pot Experiment.

One greenhouse pot experiment was used to investigate the availability of phosphorus in struvite derived from urine affected by soil pH (cinnamon soil, pH 7.3; paddy soil, pH 5.3) and irrigation water (pH 6.0 and 7.5) with bird rapeseed (Brassica campestris L.). The biomass of applied struvite in paddy soil was significantly greater than that of applied calcium superphosphate. However, statistically significant differences were not observed in cinnamon soil. Soil-applied struvite had a higher Olsen P compared to soil-applied calcium superphosphate irrespective of soil type. The biomass of applied struvite and irrigation with pH 6.0 water was greater compared to that with irrigation with pH 7.3 water irrespective of soil type, accompanied with significantly higher leaf chlorophyll concentration. Therefore, struvite has the potential to be an effective P fertilizer, and acidic irrigation water has greater influence on the availability of phosphorus in struvite than does acidic soil.

黒ボク土圃場のタマネギ（&lt;i&gt;Allium cepa&lt;/i&gt; L.）直播栽培における種子直下のリン酸局所施用がリン酸吸収および初期生育・収量に及ぼす影響

黒ボク土圃場において播種したコート種子の直下2～4 cmに過リン酸石灰を施用する局所施肥が直播タマネギの生育に及ぼす影響について検討した．有効態リン酸が10 mg・100 g-1乾土以下の黒ボク土の圃場において，肥料を全層施肥した場合に比べて，施用リン酸の1／3を種子直下に局所施肥し，リン酸吸収を改善することで，第2葉から3葉の抽出が速まり，生育が促進されることが明らかになった．その結果，生育期間を通じて葉数展開が速まり，草丈や乾物重が増加するため，球肥大が助長され，加工用に適した直径8 cm以上（L大および2L）の個体割合が高まると考えられた．

Effect of NPK and Bio-Fertilizers Rates on the Vegetative Growth and Oil Yield of Ocimum basillicum L. Plants

The present study was designed to investigate the response of Ocimum basilicum L. plants to four rates of NPK (0, 50, 75 and 100% of recommended) and four treatments of active dry yeast (ADY) as biofertilizer (0, 2, 4, and 6 g l-1) and their combinations. The recommended dose of NPK (100%) was 11.11, 7.41 and 3.70 g plant-1 of ammonium sulphate (20.5% N), calcium super phosphate (15.5 P2O5) and potassium sulphate (48.5% K2O), respectively. The experiment was carried out during the growing seasons of 2012 and 2013 at Agric. Research Station, Alex. Univ., Egypt. The result showed that 100% of NPK combined with ADY at 4 and/ or 6 g l-1 gave the highest value of vegetative growth characters (plant height, number of branches, number of leaves, leaf area and leaves dry weight) in the two cuts of the two seasons as well as the greatest content of total chlorophyll, oil percentage and linalool, eucalyptol percentage in the oil of basil leaves. The highest significant increase in the Estragol and trans-4-methoxycinamaldehyde percentage in the oil of basil leaves were obtained by using 50 or 75% dose of NPK in combination with 4g l-1 of ADY.

Effect of pruning and soil treatments on stem growth of holm oak in open woodland forests

The growth rate of forest trees indicates the rate of wood production and overall tree health. Tree growth also indicates resource distribution and the effect of ecological variables. Silvicultural treatments may improve the growth and resilience of trees growing in dehesas (Mediterranean open-woodland forests). These ecosystems are expected to experience increased temperature and decreased precipitation due to global climate change; hence their management is a key factor contributing to the adaption, and hence the conservation of these systems. In this paper, we analyzed the effect of traditional silvicultural treatments on the intra-annual stem growth of holm oak (Quercus ilex L.) in three dehesa plots in SW Spain: (i) soil treatments (ploughing, or ploughing + fertilization with calcium superphosphate + sowing with the legume yellow lupin, Lupinus luteus) and (ii) pruning intensity (heavy, moderate, or light). The soil treatments had no significant effects on growth, but pruning significantly affected growth patterns. Heavy pruning slightly reduced growth during the spring, and moderate and heavy pruning increased the normal stem contractions (due to water stress during drought) and expansions (due to rehydration after drought) in sites with poorly developed soils or other stress causes. Hence, heavy pruning could affect the vigor and vegetative status of trees in areas where tree survival is already compromised. Light pruning did not affect tree growth, so this treatment may be acceptable if the extraction of firewood or biomass is one of the management objectives.

Controlled-release fertilizer, floating duckweed, and biochar affect ammonia volatilization and nitrous oxide emission from rice paddy fields irrigated with nitrogen-rich wastewater

It is of great concern that nitrogen-rich (N-rich) wastewater irrigation increases ammonia (NH3) volatilization from rice (Oryza sativa L.) paddy fields. A pilot-scale field trial was conducted to study the impact of different management practices on reducing NH3 volatilization and their subsequent impacts on nitrous oxide (N2O) emission from a paddy field irrigated with N-rich wastewater generated by livestock production and supplemented with urea N fertilizer. A total of 225 kg N ha−1 combined with urea and N-rich wastewater was split into basal, the first, and second supplementary applications for the following five treatments: urea N mixed with controlled-release N fertilizer (BBF), floating duckweed (FDW), biochar alone (BC), biochar mixed with calcium superphosphate (BCP), and control with no amendment (CK). Results showed that each treatment had similar pattern of NH3 volatilization and N2O emission after N application. Treatments of BBF, FDW, and BCP effectively reduced NH3 losses by 22.8, 55.2, and 39.2 %, respectively, compared with the CK. BBF treatment decreased NH3 volatilization after the first supplementary N fertilization; BCP treatment reduced NH3 volatilization after the basal fertilization; and FDW treatment reduced NH3 volatilization after both the basal and first supplementary fertilization. Besides controlling the NH3 volatilization, BCP treatment also reduced 19.5 % of N2O loss. However, BC alone suppressed N2O emission by 24.3 %, but did not reduce NH3 loss. The findings can practically guide farmers to choose the appropriate management practices in improving N use efficiency and minimizing the impact of fertilization on environmental quality.

Evaluation of calcium superphosphate as an additive to reduce gas emissions from rabbit manure

Techniques to reduce the emission of air pollutants from livestock production are demanded. In this study, the effect of an additive (calcium superphosphate) on gas emissions from rabbit manure was investigated and compared with a control where no additive was used. Calcium superphosphate was applied at a rate of 100 g/m2 per week in a manure pit during 2 cycles of growing rabbits. Manure samples were collected weekly and then chemically and microbiologically analysed. Gas emissions (ammonia, carbon dioxide, methane and nitrous oxide) were determined in 2 open flux chambers. No differences were observed in gas emissions between the treated and control samples except for ammonia emissions, which were reduced by 33% when the additive was applied (P&lt;0.05). No statistical differences were obtained in the microbial content between control and treatment, as results showed a high variability. Dry matter content and pH were the most influential parameters on the emission of gases from manure. According to these results, the application of calcium superphosphate may be considered as an effective technique to reduce ammonia emission from rabbit manure. The additive may also be potentially effective in other species, but additional research is necessary to investigate its performance.