Calcium Succinate Research Articles

Growth at Room Temperature and Investigation of Physicochemical Characteristics of New Semi‐Organic BaxCa1‐xC4H4O4 (x = 0.2, 04, 0.5, 0.6 and 0.8) Crystals

AbstractSemi‐organic single crystals of barium ‐ calcium succinate have been grown by the slow evaporation solution growth technique for the first time with reasonable size. It illustrate like a routine growth methodologies and characterization but many applications demand crystals with greater flexibility and it can able to control and alter the properties of the single crystal. One of the useful approaches is to prepare hybrid crystals, their properties are different from the single component crystals. In this context the present work is considered. Crystal structure, chemical composition and thermal stability of the five grown crystals have been determined by carrying out single crystal X‐ray diffraction, FTIR spectroscopic, atomic absorption spectroscopic and thermogravimetric analyses. The grown crystals have been characterized optically, mechanically and electrically by carrying out optical transmittance, photoluminescence, second harmonic generation efficiency, microhardness and electrical (both AC and DC) measurements. Results obtained in the present study indicate the possibility of growing single phased mixed crystals with the end members being non‐isomorphous and with tuned thermal, optical, mechanical and electrical properties.

Growth by free evaporation method and physico - chemical properties of calcium succinate single crystals

Calcium succinate single crystals were grown by adopting the free evaporation method for the first time and characterized. Powder X-ray diffraction, FTIR spectral and thermo-gravimetric measurements were carried out to characterize the grown crystals structurally, chemically and thermally. Optical characterization has been done by UV–vis–NIR spectral and second harmonic generation efficiency measurements. Microhardness and dielectric measurements were carried out to characterize mechanically and electrically. The results obtained indicate that the grown crystals exhibit good crystallinity, triclinic lattice structure, reasonable thermal stability (up to 68°C), good transmittance (in the wavelength range from 240 to 1200nm), second harmonic generation, mechanical softness and normal dielectric behavior.

Distinguishing between carbonate and non-carbonate precipitates from the carbonation of calcium-containing organic acid leachates

Two organic acids were trialed for the extraction of calcium from steelmaking blast furnace slag for the purpose of precipitated calcium carbonate (PCC) production: succinic and acetic acids. While the leaching performance of succinic acid was superior, carbonation of its leachate did not result in the production of PCC, but rather the precipitation of calcium succinate, and only after the use of pH buffering agents (sodium hydroxide or bicarbonate). In contrast, carbonation of the acetic acid leachate resulted in the production of PCC, also with the aid of buffering agents. This discrepancy highlights the need for a combination of chemical, mineralogical and morphological analytical techniques for the accurate characterization of carbonation precipitates for future publications in this field. Additional effects observed in this study were the low atom-efficiency of the acids for calcium leaching, at ~20–30% of the stoichiometric value, the low extraction selectivity but high carbonation selectivity between calcium and magnesium, and the contamination of the formed PCCs with small amounts of co-leached aluminium and silicon. Further work is warranted on the purification of this PCC synthesis route.

Studies on growth, thermal and dielectric behavior of calcium succinate trihydrate single crystals

Calcium succinate trihydrate crystals have been grown by gel aided solution growth technique and the effect of different growth parameters on the growth of the crystal is investigated. The compound is characterized by X-ray single crystal structure determinations and powder X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique. The thermogravimetric (TG), differential thermal analysis (DTA) and differential scanning calorimetric (DSC) studies were carried out to investigate the thermal stability of the crystal. The dielectric behavior of the title compound crystal was investigated by measuring the dielectric constant and a c conductivity as a function of frequency at temperatures ranging from 30°C to 110°C.

Gamma-irradiated calcium succinate monohydrate single crystal investigation with EPR technique

In this study, EPR investigation of gamma-irradiated calcium succinate monohydrate [CaC 4H 4O 4·H 2O] single crystal has been carried out at room temperature. The compound crystallizes in monoclinic symmetry with the unit-cell dimensions: a = 11.952(2) Å, b = 9.691(2) Å, c = 11.606(2) Å, β = 108.81(1)°. The observed lines in the EPR spectra reveal the formation of C ˙ H α CH β 1 H β 2 radical after irradiating [CaC 4H 4O 4·H 2O] single crystal. The angular variations of EPR spectra have shown that the radical type has only one site in three perpendicular planes. The principal g and a values and direction cosines of C ˙ H α CH β 1 H β 2 radical have been determined.

Calcium acetate, calcium pyruvate, calcium succinate, magnesium pyruvate magnesium succinate and potassium malate added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

Calcium acetate, calcium pyruvate, calcium succinate, magnesium pyruvate magnesium succinate and potassium malate added for nutritional purposes to food supplements

Solubilization of poorly soluble calcium salts of organic acids with sorbitol

Computer simulation was used to demonstrate the formation of complexes between calcium cations and calcium succinate (CS) with sorbitol in an aqueous environment. Solubility-associated descriptors of complexes were calculated, i.e., the enthalpies of complex formation and hydration and log P. Experimental data supported the theoretical calculations in terms of measurements of the solubility of calcium succinate, citrate, and malate in solutions of sorbitol at different concentrations. Aqueous sorbitol was shown to have a solubilizing action in relation to these salts. These results allowed development of a pediatric syrup containing CS in a combined sorbitol-fructose base.

Calcium dicarboxylates nucleation of β‐polypropylene

AbstractSeven dicarboxylates of calcium were synthesized. The effect of dicarboxylate on the formation of β‐form polypropylene was investigated by X‐ray diffraction. Calcium pimelate, calcium suberate, calcium phthalate, and calcium terephthalate have been found to be an effective β‐nucleator. The Kx values of the isotatic propylene samples with 0.5 wt % of the nucleators above are 0.95, 0.96, 0.93, and 0.62, respectively. Calcium succinate, calcium adipate, and calcium sebacate behave invalidly on the nucleating of the β‐phase. We conducted an investigation on the affect of particle shape, crystal form, and crystallinity upon the level of the β‐form. The X‐ray diffraction of the effective nucleators reveals a common character that their first reflection locate at the d‐spacing between 10 to 13 Å, indicating structural similarity of the nucleators with β‐polypropylene. The nucleation mechanism is explained by the cooperative effect of the nonpolar and polar part of nucleating agents in the crystallization of polypropylene. © 2002 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Appl Polym Sci 86: 633–638, 2002

Effects of Calcium Salts on Growth, Polygalacturonase Activity, and Infection of Peach Fruit by Monilinia fructicola.

The effects of several calcium salts on growth, polygalacturonase (PG) activity, and infection of peach fruit by Monilinia fructicola were determined. All salts except calcium formate, calcium pantothenate, and dibasic calcium phosphate reduced growth of M. fructicola on amended potato-dextrose agar (PDA) after 7 days. Minimal growth occurred on PDA amended with calcium propionate. Calcium hydroxide, calcium oxide, calcium silicate, and calcium pyrophosphate reduced growth by approximately 65% compared with the control. Substances that were inhibitory on amended PDA were also inhibitory in potato-dextrose broth (PDB) but varied in effectiveness depending on whether PDB or PDA was used. The correlation between the amount of growth on PDA versus that in PDB was not significant. Fungal PG activity was inhibited by all salts used in this study except dibasic calcium phosphate and calcium tartrate. Greatest inhibition of PG was associated with calcium propionate followed by calcium sulfate, tribasic calcium phosphate, calcium gluconate, and calcium succinate. The activity of calcium salts was not affected by pH. PG activity was correlated with growth on PDA (r s = 0.48, P ≤0.04) but was not correlated with growth in PDB. When inoculum was sprayed on detached fruit, the incidence and severity of brown rot were least on fruit that had been dipped in solutions of calcium propionate or calcium silicate. When inoculum was applied as a localized drop to wounded fruit that had been dipped in a solution containing 1,200 mg of calcium per liter, brown rot severity was least for fruit treated with calcium oxide and calcium hydroxide. For nonwounded fruit and drop inoculations, calcium hydroxide was the most effective in reducing brown rot incidence, and all salts reduced rot severity similarly. There were significant correlations between growth in PDB and disease incidence and severity 4 days after inoculation at both calcium levels (600 and 1,000 mg per liter). Furthermore, disease incidence and severity at both levels of calcium were also correlated significantly with PG activity. Future investigations on brown rot and calcium salts should utilize PDB for in vitro investigations and spray mist inoculations for fruit studies.

The crystal structure of calcium succinate monohydrate

The crystal structure of calcium succinate monohydrate, Ca(C4H4O4)·H2O, has been determined by single crystal X-ray diffraction. The crystals are monoclinic witha=11.952(2),b=9.691(2),c=11.606(2)A, β=108.81(1)°, space group C2/c,Z=8,V=1272.49 A3,dm=1.80, anddc=1.818 Mg m−3. The structure was refined by full-matrix least-squares techniques toR=0.027,Rw=0.040, for 829 reflections with1≥3δ(I). Ca is coordinated to seven oxygen atoms, and the coordination polyhedron is best described as a pentagonal bipyramid. One carboxylate group in the succinate ion is bonded to three different Ca ions, forming a four-membered chelate ring with one Ca ion is bonded to three different Ca ions, forming a four-membered chelate ring with one Ca ion and unidentate bridge bonds to two other Ca ions. The other carboxylate group is bonded to two Ca ions through unidentate bonds. The structure is highly polymeric. The general structural features are nearly identical to those of calcium adipate monohydrate.

Comparison of culture methods for enumeration of microaerophilic bacteria in marine sediments

Agar-mixed cultures in semi-solid media provide a range of oxygen concentrations which fulfill microaerophilic bacterial requirements. Such conditions are more suitable than those provided by liquid media since, in broth cultures, the oxygen concentration must be determined at a level which might later show a lack of or excess of sensitivity to microaerophilic bacteria, thereby giving an erroneous count. A high content of organic substrates appears to be disadvantageous. It can prevent enumeration of microaerophilic growing rings or even induce false results. Minielectrodes permit the control of the oxygen concentration in each growing ring so as to confirm the efficiency of the culture method used for a selective count of microaerophilic bacteria. Semi-solid seawater culture medium supplemented with calcium succinate at 0.5 gram per litre appears to be an adequate culture medium for counting microaerophilic bacteria in marine sediments.

A Structural Model for Octacalcium Phosphate–Succinate Double Salt

Abstract A new structural model for octacalcium hydrogenpentakis(phosphate) succinate pentahydrate, Ca8H(PO4)5(C2H4·(COO)2)·5H2O, a reaction product of octacalcium dihydrogenhexakis(phosphate) pentahydrate, Ca8H2(PO4)6·5H2O, OCP, and succinate ions, is proposed on the basis of similarities in the unit cell dimensions and structures of OCP and calcium succinate trihydrate. This model can be used to develop information on the mode of incorporation of dicarboxylate ions into OCP and hydroxyapatite and its possible effects on biological mineralization processes.

Vitamin E Reversal of the Effect of Extracellular Calcium on Chemically Induced Toxicity in Hepatocytes

Isolated rat hepatocytes were incubated in the presence or absence of extracellular calcium and alpha-tocopherol succinate with three different toxic chemicals; namely, adriamycin in combination with 1,3-bis(2-chloroethyl)-1-nitrosourea, ethyl methanesulfonate, and the calcium ionophore A23187. In the absence of extracellular calcium these three compounds were far more toxic to the cells than in its presence. The addition of vitamin E to calcium-free medium, however, protected hepatocytes against toxic injury, whereas cells incubated in medium containing calcium were not protected. Hepatocyte viability during each toxic insult correlated well with the cellular alpha-tocopherol content but not with the presence or absence of extracellular calcium. These results suggest that cellular alpha-tocopherol maintains the viability of the cell during a toxic insult and that the presence or absence of vitamin E in the incubation medium probably explains the conflicting reports on the role of extracellular calcium in toxic cell death.

Effects of Chemical Compounds on Anthocyanin Formation in ‘McIntosh’ Apple Skin1

Abstract This laboratory study on stimulating anthocyanin production in skin disks of ‘McIntosh’ apples consisted of 3 primary parts, the effects of sugars, calcium containing compounds, and a series of miscellaneous substances. Fructose, glucose, lactose, maltose, and sucrose all stimulated anthocyanin production. Lactose increased the color in the skin of immature fruits only. Calcium chelate, tetra sodium EDTA, calcium carbonate, and calcium succinate increased anthocyanin formation, but in varying degrees depending on the stage of fruit maturity. Among possible precursors in anthocyanin synthesis, trans-cinnamic acid and L-phenylalanine stimulated red color development at relatively low concentrations, but acted as inhibitors at higher ones. Shikimic acid had no effects. Solutions with a low pH tended to inhibit anthocyanin formation.

Effects of Malic Acid Salts on Growth of Young Cotton Embryos In vitro

Chromatographic analysis of the liquid endosperm from 12- to 14-day-old cotton ovules indicated the presence of malic acid in excess of 7 mg/milliliter. Addition of 4 mg of ammonium or calcium malate to each milliliter of culture medium resulted in more rapid growth and greater viability of cotton embryos cultured in vitro from the heart stage. Sodium malate in excess of 0.01 mg/milliliter inhibited embryo growth in vitro. Ammonium or calcium citrate and succinate were either less effective than malate in supporting embryo growth or inhibitory.

Effect of Calcium Succinate and Calcium Carbonate on the Stability of Aspirin Tablets

The effect of calcium carbonate and calcium succinate on the stability of aspirin tablets containing corn starch and talc were studied over a period of eight weeks. This study shows that aspirin in the absence of moisture is stable in the presence of calcium carbonate, but unstable in the presence of calcium succinate.

Calcium succinate with aspirin as an anti-rheumatic agent.

Calcium succinate with aspirin as an anti-rheumatic agent.

Calcium succinate with aspirin in the treatment of rheumatic disease. I. A clinical evaluation.

Calcium succinate with aspirin in the treatment of rheumatic disease. I. A clinical evaluation.

IV. Researches on the hydrocarbons of the series C n H 2 n +2 .—No. V

Oxidation Products . In a former communication I have shortly described the action of different oxidizing agents upon some of the saturated hydrocarbons; the following paper contains some further results which I have since then obtained. One of the most striking properties of these compounds is, that they are with the greatest difficulty acted upon by any oxidizing substance in the cold. On heating them, however, a reaction sets in, and either they are completely burnt up to carbonic dioxide and water, or other oxidation products besides those two are formed in comparatively small quantities; thus chromic acid produces some acetic acid. Fuming nitric acid, which in the cold shows no action whatever, even if left in contact with one of these hydrocarbons for months, acts rather violently on gently heating; acid of the specific gravity 1.4 acts in a similar way, and produces the same products, but the reaction is much less violent. The apparatus which I used consisted of a glass flask of about one litre capacity, the narrow neck of which was several feet in length, and surrounded by a wider tube through which cold water flowed. The hydrocarbons treated in this way were hexylhydride and octylhydride (from petroleum), and diamyl. They were heated with the acid as long as red fumes were evolved; the liquid left in the flask was then distilled in a retort, until the unaltered hydrocarbon together with the greater part of the diluted nitric acid had passed over. The syrupy residue was heated in a steam-bath as long as nitric acid vapours escaped. A thick syrupy mass was left, from which, on cooling, a crystallized acid was deposited; on adding water these crystals dissolved, whilst a thick yellowish oil separated. This oil is insoluble in water, but somewhat soluble in the aqueous solution of the crystalline acid, which therefore cannot be obtained quite free from the oily substance by recrystallization only; but this may be effected by washing the crystals with cold ether, which dissolves very little of them, whilst the oil itself is very soluble. The acid obtained from octylhydride and that from diamyl melted at 180° C., and showed all the characteristic reactions of succinic acid; that from hexylhydride, from which I obtained only a very small quantity, could not be completely freed from the yellow oil, and therefore did not show a definite melting-point; it began to fuse at about 120°, and became perfectly liquid at 150°; it exhibited, however, all the reactions of succinic acid; and the following analyses, although they do not agree very well, yet show that it was this compound. From the acids the calcium and the silver-salt were prepared by neutralizing the aqueous solution with calcium carbonate and concentrating the filtered solution by boiling, when the salt separated in microscopic needles. Calcium succinate obtained in this way has the formula C 4 H 4 CaO 4 + H 2 O; the quantities of water and calcium found agree with this composition. The water was determined by drying the salt at 180° C., and the calcium by heating the dried salt over the blowpipe until the residue had a constant weight.