Calcium Salts Of Fatty Acids Research Articles

Palmitic acid-enriched fat supplementation alleviates negative production responses during early lactation of Holstein dairy cows

Effects of rumen-protected fat (RPF) on suppressing the negative performance responses in early lactation period of Holstein dairy cows were investigated. Three hundred multiparous Holstein cows (647 ± 16 kg bodyweight and 90 days in milk (DIM)) were randomly housed into three free-stall barns (100 cows per barn) and assigned to the treatments for 90 days, as follows: (1) control (CTL) diet without RPF; (2) calcium salt of palm fatty acids (CaFA) 30 g/kg DM, and (3) fractionated fatty acids of palm oil (FFA) 25 g/kg DM. Cows were fed total mixed ration containing 580 g of concentrate and 420 g of roughage per kilogram DM. Cows fed FFA exhibited a higher (P < 0.05) DM intake and body condition score than did those fed CaFA or CTL diets respectively. Moreover, cows fed the FFA diet showed decreased (P < 0.05) changes to bodyweight at 30 DIM and to body condition score at 60 DIM and increased digestibility of ether extract and neutral detergent fibre. Blood concentrations of triglycerides, cholesterol and glucose were higher (P < 0.05) for cows fed FFA diet than for those fed the other diets, between 4 and 30 DIM, whereas concentrations of non-esterified fatty acids, β-hydroxybutyric acid and urine ketones were lower for cows fed RPF sources (P < 0.05). Relative to CTL diet, CaFA and FFA diets increased (P < 0.05) milk yield and milk fat content at 4–30 DIM. Feeding FFA improved feed efficiency by 8.9% (P = 0.006), between 31 and 60 DIM, compared with CaFA. Inclusion of a palmitic acid-enriched fat supplement in Holstein cow diet increased milk yield and fat content and mitigated the deleterious effects of metabolic disorders during the early lactation period.

Effects of Feeding Calcium Salts of Palm Fatty Acids on Lactation and Reproduction Performance in Nili Ravi Buffaloes

Effects of Feeding Calcium Salts of Palm Fatty Acids on Lactation and Reproduction Performance in Nili Ravi Buffaloes

Influence of rumen bypass fat supplementation during early lactation in tropical crossbred dairy cattle.

The present study investigated the influence of rumen bypass fat-supplemented total mixed ration (TMR) on milk production of tropical crossbred, dairy cows. Twelve stall-fed, tropical crossbred, dairy cows were studied from calving to 15 weeks of lactation. The cows were 397.6 kg in body weight and produced 9.14 L/cow/day milk at the first week of lactation. The experiment was on a complete randomized design with two treatments (i.e., basal diet alone and basal diet with bypass fat supplement) each consisting six (n = 6) replicate cows. During the experimental period, while cows of both treatments were individually fed with respective basal diet (TMR), only the cows allocated for experimental dietary treatment were supplemented with rumen bypass fat (200 g/cow/day) containing calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids. Feed intake, body weight (BW), and milk yield of cows were recorded. Proximate composition of feed, milk composition, and blood metabolic profile of cows were assessed. Dry matter intake and BW of cows were not affected (P > 0.05) by supplementation of rumen bypass fat. The cows supplemented with bypass fat had recorded significantly higher (P < 0.05) milk production compared with cows that did not receive bypass fat supplements until eleventh week of the lactation. As such, bypass fat supplementation resulted 132.38 L/cow higher (P < 0.05) cumulative milk production at 15 weeks compared with their counterparts (1142 vs. 1010 L/cow). But, milk fat, solid non-fat (SNF), protein, and milk urea nitrogen (MUN) contents were not influenced (P < 0.05) by bypass fat supplementation. Bypass fat-supplemented cows had comparatively greater (P < 0.05) serum non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA) level around 6-8 weeks of lactation. However, the serum metabolites' (i.e., NEFA, betahydroxy butyric acid (BHBA), albumin, calcium, and phosphorous) contents of both treatments varied within their respective reference range throughout the experiment. Neither the fat-supplemented cows nor their counterparts experienced negative energy balance (NEB). Benefit cost ratio of bypass fat supplementation confirmed that there is a direct financial benefit of bypass fat supplementation until 12.7th week of lactation. In conclusion, bypass fat supplementation with TMR feeding during early lactation is recommended to increase the milk production of tropical crossbred dairy cows with medium production.

The impact of the balanced feeding of cows in the dry period on the content of macro- and microelements in colostrum and milk

The article presents the results of the evaluation of the dynamics of microelements in the colostrum and milk, as well as microelements in milk of dairy cows when used in the composition of the rations they are feeding regulators of metabolism (vitamin-mineral premixes P60-3/2 and P60-3/P, propylene glycol, calcium salts of fatty acids) in accordance with the developed scheme of combined use. Less pronounced decrease of calcium and phosphorus content in milk of animals of the second and third groups is established. On day 30 lactation revealed a significant increase in the content of copper and selenium in individuals of the second (respectively 66.2% (P&lt;0.01) and 65.2% (P&lt;0.05)) and third (respectively 67.2% (P&lt;0.001) and 73.0% (P&lt;0.01)) groups. On the 60th day of lactation in animals of the first group the increase of zinc content in milk was significant and amounted to 6.9% (P&lt;0.05). In cows of the second and third groups, the copper content was significantly higher than in animals of the first group by 60.3% (P&lt;0.01) and 62.6% (P&lt;0.01), respectively. In individuals of the third group the content of selenium was significantly higher than in animals of the control group by 94.2% (P&lt;0.01).

Effect of production level and source of fat supplement on performance, nutrient digestibility and blood parameters of heat-stressed Holstein cows.

The interactive effect of dietary fat supplementation and milk yield level on dairy cows performance under heat stress has not been thoroughly investigated. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of production level, the source of fat supplements and their interaction on dairy cows performance under heat stress. In this study, 64 Holstein multiparous cows were divided into 2 groups and received one of two rations having either calcium salts of fatty acids (Ca-FA) or high-palmitic acid (PA) supplements (2.8% of DM; dry matter). After completing the experiment and based on maturity-equivalent milk, cows were divided into two groups of high-yielding (14,633 kg) and medium-yielding (11,616 kg). Average temperature humidity index (THI) was 71 during the trial period. Apparent digestibility of dry matter (p = 0.04), organic matter (p = 0.05), and neutral detergent fiber (NDF; p = 0.04) for cows fed Ca-FA were greater than cows fed PA. The milk fat content in high-producing cows was 0.3% greater than medium-producing cows (p = 0.03). The milk protein content in cows fed Ca-FA was greater than cows fed PA (p < 0.01). High-producing cows had greater serum cholesterol (p = 0.02) than medium-producing cows. The cows fed PA tended to have a greater BUN than cows fed Ca-FA (p = 0.06). Alanine aminotransferase and aspartate aminotransferase tended to be increased by PA, which indicates that cows in PA treatment may have experienced more adverse effect on the liver function than cows on Ca-FA. Therefore, under heat stress and in 90 d trial, milk production level does not affect the cows' response to PA or Ca-FA. Although cows fed Ca-FA received lower energy than those fed PA, they compensated for this shortage likely with increasing the digestibility and produced a similar amount of milk.

Calcium Propionate Increased Milk Parameters in Holstein Cows

Background: In the early lactation, dairy cows go through a period of negative energy balance because they do not intake enough food to supply the energetic demand of milk production. In this period, dairy cows are susceptible to metabolic disorders, although has little evidence that milk production contribute to increase diseases occurrence. Some alternatives to minimize metabolic disorders, that reduce milk yield, has been suggested, as increase energy density in the diet of dry cows 21 days before the parturition and include additives in the diet pre and post-partum. The aim of this study was to measure the productive parameters in dairy cows fed calcium salts as energetic source. Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows and the other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups. The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate, T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. The animals were milked twice a day, the first milking at 07:00 am and the second milking at 05:00 pm. Milk samples were collected in plastic containers with potassium dichromate. These samples were sent to the Laboratory of Milk Analysis of the Paranaense Association of Breeders of the Holstein Breed for analysis of fat, protein, lactose and total solids through the infrared method. Throughout the experimental period, the daily production of the animals under study was recorded. The production of milk (kg) was corrected to 3.5% fat using the formula PLA 3.5% = (0.432 + kg milk) + (0.1623 x kg milk x fat content).Discussion: Greater supply of glucose or propionate stimulate milk protein production, but the mechanism of this stimulation is unclear. Milk protein is dependent on energy supply, and deficient energy intake reduces milk protein levels. Calcium propionate provided enough energy supply and increased milk protein levels. The synthesis of lactose has influence in water absorption in mammary gland and lactose determine milk osmolarity. The lactose levels vary according blood glucose, somatic cells count and energy availability for physiological processes. In the literature, rarely has been found greater lactose concentration caused by feed intake, becoming very important the results found in this work. The diet energy concentration and consumption rate determine energy intake, which limit milk yield. Dairy cows in early lactation has marked increased of nutrient requirements to support milk production. Support milk lactose synthesis in the mammary gland is the one of responsible for increase of nutrients requirements. In this period, the glucose demands increases 2 times more than during late gestation. Propionate is converted to glucose in the liver and it will be support lactose synthesis in the mammary gland. Propionate supplementation in this work provided better energetic supply and it is possible to consider, evaluating the milk yield. It was concluded that calcium propionate increased milk parameters like: milk protein, lactose and milk fat. Holstein cows fed calcium propionate had greater milk yield than other groups.

Evaluation of 15N and purine bases as microbial markers to estimate ruminal bacterial nitrogen outflow in dairy cows

The present study aimed to evaluate 15N and purine bases (PB) as markers for ruminal bacterial nitrogen (N) outflow in dairy cows. Additionally, the effects of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) in diets with different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) on PB omasal flow, urinary recovery of purine derivatives (PD), and endogenous excretion of PD were evaluated. Eight ruminal cannulated Holstein cows, with 207 ± 23.6 (mean ± SD) days in milk, 618 ± 39.0 kg of body weight, and 33.4 ± 2.45 kg/d of milk yield were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Four treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design to evaluate the following factors: CSFA addition [-CS: basal diet without CSFA; and + CS: with 33.2 g/kg dry matter (DM) of CSFA]; and the level of RDP (LRDP: low RDP, with 98 g/kg DM of RDP; and HRDP: high RDP, with 110 g/kg DM of RDP). Particle-associated bacteria (PAB) showed lower (P ≤ 0.008) 15N enrichment and purine N to total bacterial N ratio than liquid associated bacteria (LAB). Increasing RDP concentration reduced (P = 0.007) 15N enrichment and tended (P ≤ 0.095) to reduce PB concentration in bacterial pellets. Purine bases overestimated (P ≤ 0.002) LAB-NAN and total microbial flow but, regarding PAB-NAN flow, there was a trend of interaction (P = 0.067) between marker and fat supplementation effects. In the absence of fat supplementation, PB underestimated (P ≤ 0.05) the flow of PAB-NAN compared to 15N and failed to detect the negative effect of fat supplementation evidenced by 15N labeling. Omasal PB flow tended to increase (P = 0.061) in low protein degradability diets, but PD excretion was constant (322 ± 5,9 mmol/d, mean ± SE) regardless of diet and, as a result, urinary recovery of PB decreased (P = 0.007). Daily excretion of creatinine and endogenous PD was also unaffected by the diet and averaged 0.262 mmol/kg BW and 0.640 mmol/kg BW0.75, respectively. In conclusion, the response of PB and its urinary derivatives to variation in diet composition compared to 15N reveals their weaknesses in the estimation of microbial synthesis.

Effects of supplementation with calcium salts of medium-chain fatty acids on the plasma metabolic hormone concentrations in weaning beef calves

Effects of supplementation with calcium salts of medium-chain fatty acids on the plasma metabolic hormone concentrations in weaning beef calves

Source of supplemental dietary fat interacts with relative proportion of forage source in Holstein dairy cows: Production responses, milk fat composition, and rumen fermentation

The effects of alfalfa hay to corn silage (AH:CS) ratio in high-concentrate diets containing 2 sources of fat supplements on production responses and milk fat secretion of dairy cows were evaluated using 8 lactating multiparous Holstein cows in a duplicated Latin square with a 2 × 2 factorial arrangement of diets with 21-d experimental periods. Diets comprised AH:CS ratios of 70:30 or 30:70 supplemented with either calcium salts of palm fatty acids (FA; CaS-FA, 3.5% of dietary dry matter (DM)) or C16:0 enriched palm fat (Palm-FA; 3.0 % of dietary DM). Dry matter intake (DMI) was greater (1.74 kg/d) in cows fed high compared with low AH:CS ratio. Similarly, the high AH:CS ratio had greater production of milk yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, and energy-corrected milk compared with low AH:CS ratio whereas fat sources did not differ in any of these parameters with the exception of greater milk yield by CaS-FA compared with Palm-FA. Milk protein yield was the greatest in the high AH:CS ratio + CaS-FA diet. Milk protein content was greater for diets containing the high AH:CS ratio and also for Palm-FA vs. CaS-FA diets. Milk fat yield was not affected by the treatments, but milk fat content was greater for Palm-FA diets. Feed efficiency (milk yield/DMI) was the lowest for the high AH:CS ratio + Palm-FA diet. The molar proportion of propionate was greater for diets containing high AH: CS ratio, but otherwise volatile FA were not affected by treatments. The high AH:CS ratio had greater de novo synthesized FA (< C16:0) in milk fat without affecting mixed-origin FA (C16:0 plus cis-9 C16:1) or preformed FA (> C16) compared with Palm-FA. CaS-FA had greater proportions and yields of de novo synthesized and mixed-origin FA, and lower preformed FA including many C18 biohydrogenation intermediates such as trans-10 C18:1 and trans-10, cis-12 C18:2 which are due to greater intake of n-6 C18:2 indicating altered ruminal biohydrogenation. CaS-FA also had greater unsaturated FA in milk fat compared with Palm-FA. Overall, the source of fat supplement interacted with AH:CS ratio affecting milk FA profile and protein yield but not milk production of dairy cows.

Effect of supplementation different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids on performance and some blood biochemical in male Holstein calves

Effect of supplementation different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids on performance and some blood biochemical in male Holstein calves

Ruminal fatty acid outflow in dry cows fed different sources of linoleic acid: reticulum and omasum as alternative sampling sites to abomasum

ABSTRACTThis study was designed to determine the rumen outflow of fatty acids (FA) and biohydrogenation (BH) extent using alternative sampling sites (reticulum and omasum) to abomasum in dry cows fed different sources of FA. Four Holstein non-pregnant dry cows (≥3 parturitions, and 712 ± 125 kg BW), cannulated in the rumen and abomasum, were randomly assigned to a 4 × 4 Latin square design experiment, containing the following treatments: 1) control (CON); 2) soya bean oil (SO), dietary inclusion at 30 g/kg; 3) whole raw soya beans (WS), dietary inclusion at 160 g/kg; and 4) calcium salts of FA (CSFA), dietary inclusion at 32 g/kg. Rumen outflow of nutrients was estimated using the three markers reconstitution system (cobalt-EDTA, ytterbium chloride, and indigestible neutral detergent fibre [NDF]). Diets with FA sources decreased feed intake and increased FA intake. No differences in nutrient intake and digestibility were detected among cows fed diets supplemented with different FA sources. Diets with FA sources reduced the rumen outflow of DM and NDF, hence decreasing their passage rates. In addition, SO diet reduced the ruminal outflow of DM and NDF in comparison with WS and CSFA. Omasal sampling yielded the highest values of rumen outflow of NDF and potentially degradable NDF (pdNDF), whereas the reticular and abomasal samplings yielded intermediate and least values, respectively. The interaction effect between diet and sampling site was observed for rumen outflow of majority FA (except for C16:0, C18:0, and C18:2 trans-10, cis-12) and BH extension of C18:1 cis, C18:2, and C18:3. Calculations derived from abomasal sampling revealed that WS and CSFA diets had lower BH extent of C18:1 cis and C18:2 in comparison with SO, whereas cows fed CSFA had greater BH extent of C18:3 and lower BH extent of C18:1 cis compared to those fed WS. However, the latter results were not similar when calculations were performed based on the reticular and omasal samplings. Thus, there is evidence that neither reticular nor omasal samplings are suitable for estimating rumen outflow of FA in dry cows. In addition, WS and CSFA diets can increase the abomasal flow of polyunsaturated FA in dry cows.

Effect of supplementation different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids on performance and some blood biochemical in male Holstein calves

This study was conducted to investigate the effect of different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) on performance in Holstein calves. A total of sixteen 17 month of age male Holstein calves with average of (540 ± 5 Kg) weight were selected and were divided into four groups in order to the experimental complete randomized block design. The calves were fed by control groups with no fat protected and 2, 4 and 6 percentages of fat protected oils until 60 days. Feed intake, Body weight gain and feed conversion ratio were measured. The blood samples were taken to investigate the serum content of plasma protein, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL and HDL. Additionally the fat and protein digestibility in each groups were measured. Data from this study showed that the highest FI and BW and the better FCR was related to the calves fed by 2 % fat protected supplement but there were no significant effects on calves performance between treatments. Feeding the fat protected supplementations lead to higher protein and fat digestibility none significantly. The higher use of calcium salts of fatty acids supplements lead to higher serum triglyceride, cholesterol, calcium and LDL significantly (P≤0.05). There were no significant differences between treatments about glucose, phosphorous and protein content in the calves were feed by different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids supplements. In conclusion we could demonstrated that using of different levels of calcium salts of fatty acids may have beneficial effects on performance and some blood biochemical in the male Holstein Calves.

Concentrate containing calcium salts of fatty acids rich in polyunsaturated fatty acids can change rumen fermentation in grazing goats

Feeding goats with calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) can supply ruminants with lipids, with minimal effects on ruminal fermentation and fiber digestibility. However, there is a shortage of information on the effect of CSFA on characteristics of rumen fermentation in grassland goats. Thus, the present study aimed to assess the addition of CSFA to concentrate on the parameters of rumen fermentation of grazing goats. Five rumen cannulated goats were distributed in a Latin square 5x5 design (treatments: 0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5% and 6.0% CSFA. The pH, ammonia N and volatile fatty acids (VFA) content were analyzed in the ruminal fluid at 0, 2, 4, 6 and 8 hours after concentrate supplementation. The pH and ammonia N concentration showed a linear effect with the addition of CSFA. There was no effect observed for the VFA molar concentration after grazing goats were fed with the experimental diet. In conclusion, further research is needed to investigate the addition of CSFA to goat diets because there is evidence that CSFA increases ruminal pH and decreases excess ruminal ammonia without changing the VFA concentration in the rumen fluid.

Blood Parameters of Lactating Cows Fed Calcium Salts as Energetic Source

Background: The negative energetic balance of lactating cows that occurs during the few weeks postpartum shifts the hormonal profile of the animal. These alterations may lead to metabolic disturbance as ketosis and lipid infiltration. Hypocalcemia is another metabolic problem that occurs in the peripartum period, it is characterized by the reduction in blood levels of calcium (Ca2+) near birth. Blood parameters illustrates the nutritional status of milking cows. The serum levels of glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHB) and cholesterol are parameters that reveal liver condition and it is very important for the metabolism of milking cows. The objective of this study was to evaluate three additives in the form of a calcium salts on blood parameters of lactating cows.Materials, Methods &amp; Results: Two Latin square 4x4 were used, whereas one comprehended of early lactation cows and the other of mid lactation cows. Animals of 2nd and 3rd parity were used only. Parity was distributed evenly among groups. The trial consisted of 4 groups with 4 treatments as follow: T1: 300 g of calcium acetate, T2: 200 g of calcium propionate, T3: 200 g of calcium salts of fatty acids, and T4: control without any calcium additive. Blood samples were collected for analysis of serial calcium, glucose, β-hydroxybutyrate (BHBA) and cholesterol. The calcium levels were higher in T1 than T3 in early lactation. There was no significant difference of glucose levels between groups. Groups T1 and T2 had lower amounts of BHBA. Cholesterol was higher in T3 and T1 in the early lactation and just in T3 was higher in the mid lactation.Discussion: Adjust the Ca2+ flow due to high feed consumption and milk production near birth is a big challenge for milking cows due to the difficulties to maintain normal serial levels of Ca2+ in the early lactation. The lower serial levels of Ca2+ in the group supplemented with calcium salts of fatty acids is due to its physical characteristics that reduces its effects on ruminal microbiota and also reduced absorption of fatty acids in intestine. The evaluation of total cholesterol can be a parameter to judge the productive capacity of milking cows, because it demonstrates the capacity of corporal fat mobilization and ingestion of energy to produce milk. An increase of total cholesterol in cows supplemented with calcium salts of fatty acids is justified by the higher intake of fatty acids in the feed containing fat, which leads to a greater lipid metabolism in blood. As the literature has limited information about calcium acetate, it is believed that the animals supplemented with calcium acetate showed higher levels of cholesterol because the acetate is converted to Acetyl coenzime A, it is the basis for cholesterol biosynthesis in lactating cows. The BHBA can be considered as an indicator of negative energetic balance due to its correlation between energetic demand and energy reserves. As propionate is produced by ruminal fermentation and is the principal source for gluconeogenesis in peripartum cows, it lowered level of BHBA in the propionate supplemented group. The acetate availability is fundamental to attend the energetic requirements of lactating cows. The acetate enters in the synthesis of fatty acids as Acetyl coenzyme-A or enters in Krebs cycle through condensation with oxaloacetate, this explains the lower serial levels of BHB in group T1. It was concluded that T1 and T2 lowered the values of BHBA in early lactation cows and the animals supplemented with calcium salts of fatty acids and calcium acetate shower higher levels of cholesterol in early lactation and the T3 group in the mid lactation.

Effects of dietary protein levels and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids on nitrogen mobilization, rumen microbiota and plasma fatty acid composition in Holstein bulls

The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary crude protein (CP) levels and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CSFA) on the nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen deposition, rumen fermentation characteristic and microbiota, plasma biochemical indexes and fatty acid composition in the Holstein bulls. Eight Holstein bulls was used in a 4 × 4 Latin Square design with 2 × 2 factorial diets, including two levels of CP (133 or 112 g/kg dry matter), and with or without 2.32 g/kg CSFA. The high CP level diets increased the CP intake and the CP apparent digestibility and the urinary nitrogen excretion (P = 0.001). Dietary supplementation with CSFA promoted the apparent digestibility of organic matter (P = 0.012). The diets of CSFA and high CP level raised the rumen ammonia nitrogen concentration (P = 0.009), and enhanced the isovalerate and valerate concentrations, respectively. The high CP diets improved the abundance of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens (P = 0.037) and Megasphaera elsdenii (P = 0.023), while the CSFA reduced the abundance of methanogens (P = 0.047). High CP increased urea concentration (P = 0.008). Dietary supplementation with CSFA increased the cholesterol and the low-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentration in the plasma, and the proportion of C16:0, C18:1n9c and Δ9 desaturase C18, while it reduced the ratio of C21:1 and C22:0. The low CP diets reduced the protein waste and environmental pollution in the final stage of fattening Holstein bulls. Further study needs to be done to investigate the effect of CSFA on the CH4 emission in terms of microbial mechanism in the rumen.

Ruminal biohydrogenation and abomasal flow of fatty acids in lactating cows fed diets supplemented with soybean oil, whole soybeans, or calcium salts of fatty acids

Ruminants have a unique metabolism and digestion of unsaturated fatty acids (UFA). Unlike monogastric animals, the fatty acid (FA) profile ingested by ruminants is not the same as that reaching the small intestine. The objective of this study was to evaluate whole raw soybeans (WS) in diets as a replacer for calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) in terms of UFA profile in the abomasal digesta of early- to mid-lactation cows. Eight Holstein cows (80 ± 20 d in milk, 22.9 ± 0.69 kg/d of milk yield, and 580 ± 20 kg of body weight; mean ± standard deviation) with ruminal and abomasal cannulas were used in a 4 × 4 Latin square experiment with 22-d periods. The experiment evaluated different fat sources rich in linoleic acid on ruminal kinetics, ruminal fermentation, FA abomasal flow, and milk FA profile of cows assigned to treatment sequences containing a control (CON), with no fat source; soybean oil, added at 2.68% of diet dry matter (DM); WS, addition of WS at 14.3% of diet DM; and CSFA, addition of CSFA at 2.68% of diet DM. Dietary fat supplementation had no effect on nutrient intake and digestibility, with the exception of ether extract. Cows fed fat sources tended to have lower milk fat concentration than those fed CON. In general, diets containing fat sources tended to decrease ruminal neutral detergent fiber digestibility in relation to CON. Cows fed WS had lower ruminal digestibility of DM and higher abomasal flow of DM in comparison to cows fed CSFA. As expected, diets containing fat supplements increased FA abomasal flow of C18:0 and total FA. Cows fed WS tended to present a higher concentration of UFA in milk when compared with those fed CSFA. This study suggests that under some circumstances, abomasal flow of UFA in early lactation cows can be increased by supplementing their diet with fat supplements rich in linoleic acid, regardless of rumen protection, with small effects on ruminal DM digestibility.

The relationship between fat, oil and grease (FOG) deposits in building drainage systems and FOG disposal patterns

Fat, oil and grease (FOG) deposits are an important contributor to blockages in building drainage systems. Such blockages bring undesirable financial, health and environmental costs, and thereby burden society. It is unclear to what extent the behavior of inhabitants, and more precisely domestic FOG disposal, affects the occurrence of FOG blockages. For this study, samples of FOG blockages were collected from building drainage systems (kitchen drains and lateral house connections) and analyzed. The results showed that the deposits were calcium salts of fatty acids. Dissimilarities between the network locations demonstrate that, even at short distance, in-sewer transformation processes occur. Surveys were conducted to reveal information about FOG disposal patterns. Three households showed a clear link between the type of cooking oils used and the type of deposits collected.

61 Digestibility of Calcium Salt of Fatty Acids and Soybean Oil in the Equine.

61 Digestibility of Calcium Salt of Fatty Acids and Soybean Oil in the Equine.

Effects of fat supplementation to diets high in nonforage fiber on production responses of midlactation dairy cows

The effects of dietary nonforage fiber sources on production responses of lactating dairy cattle have been well described, but interactions with other components of the diet have been less thoroughly explored. We investigated the effects of adding 2 commonly fed fat sources to a ration featuring high levels of nonforage fiber supplied by a corn milling by-product. Midlactation Holstein cows were blocked by parity, stratified by days in milk, and randomly assigned to 1 of 6 pens (12 cows/pen). Pens were randomly assigned to treatment sequences in a 3 × 3 Latin square design, where the treatments consisted of prilled saturated fat (SAT; Energy Booster 100, Milk Specialties Co., Dundee, IL), calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (UNS; Megalac, Church and Dwight Co. Inc., Princeton, NJ), or no added dietary fat (control), with fat sources included to provide 1.2% added fat (dry matter basis). Treatment periods were 21 d; milk and feed samples were collected and milk yield and feed intake were recorded for the last 4 d of each period. Results were analyzed with mixed models with pen as the experimental unit, and orthogonal contrasts were employed to evaluate the overall effect of added fat and the effect of fat source. Dry matter intake and milk yield tended to increase with added fat. Protein content decreased with fat supplementation, to a greater degree for UNS than for SAT, but protein yield was not affected. Fat content, fat yield, and energy-corrected milk yield were not affected by treatment. Conversion of feed to milk tended to increase for UNS compared with SAT. Fat supplementation to diets high in nonforage fiber had effects that were similar to those reported for more traditional lactation diets, except for the dry matter intake response.

Re-evaluation of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (E470a) and magnesium salts of fatty acids (E470b) as food additives.

The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (E 470a) and magnesium salts of fatty acids (E 470b) when used as food additives. In 1991, the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) ‘not specified’ for the fatty acids (myristic‐, stearic‐, palmitic‐ and oleic acid) and their salts. The sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids are expected to dissociate in the gastrointestinal tract to fatty acid carboxylates and their corresponding cations. There were no data on subchronic toxicity, chronic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity of the salts of fatty acids. There was no concern for mutagenicity of calcium caprylate, potassium oleate and magnesium stearate. From a carcinogenicity study with sodium oleate, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) could not be identified but the substance was considered not to present a carcinogenic potential. Palmitic‐ and stearic acid which are the main fatty acids in E 470a and E 470b were already considered of no safety concern in the re‐evaluation of the food additive E 570. The fatty acid moieties of E 470a and E 470b contributed maximally for 5% to the overall intake of saturated fatty acids from all dietary sources. Overall, the Panel concluded that there was no need for a numerical ADI and that the food additives sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids (E 470a and E 470b) were of no safety concern at the reported uses and use levels.