Calcium Salts Of Fatty Acids Research Articles

The signalling association of glucagon-like peptide-1 and its receptors in the gastrointestinal tract and GPR40 and insulin receptor in the pancreas of sheep

The present study was aimed at gaining insight into the signalling relationship between glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) and its receptor (GLP-1R) in the regulation of glucose metabolism. Further, to assess the role of G-protein-coupled receptor 40 (GPR40) and insulin receptor (INSR) in the pancreas of sheep that were supplemented with calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CSFAs). An experiment was carried out over a period of 60 days with eighteen sheep, and they were fed with a standard basal diet. The sheep were divided into three groups: CSFA0 (without CSFAs), while CSFA3 and CSFA5 were supplemented with 3 % and 5 % of CSFAs, respectively. Plasma concentrations of GLP-1, insulin, glucagon, and glucose were assessed every two weeks. At the end of the experiment, sheep were slaughtered, and samples of gastrointestinal tract (GIT) epithelial tissues and pancreas were collected to assess the relative expression of mRNA of GPR40, GLP-1R, and INSR. Postprandial GLP-1 and insulin were increased by 3.7–4.1 and 1.45–1.5 times, respectively, in the CSFAs-supplemented groups compared to CSFA0. Post-feeding, glucagon and glucose levels decreased in CSFA3 and CSFA5 compared to CSFA0. The results indicated that the supplementation of LCFAs increased the expression of GLP-1R in the GIT and pancreas, as well as the mRNA of GPR40 and INSR in the pancreas. Chemosensing of LCFAs by GPR40 in the pancreas triggers signalling transduction, and enhanced GLP-1 and GLP-1R resulted in moderately increased insulin secretion and reduced glucagon levels. These combined effects, along with the glucose-lowering effect of GLP-1, effectively lowered glucose levels in normoglycemic sheep.

Effects of the palmitic-to-oleic ratio in the form of calcium salts of fatty acids on the production and digestibility in high-yielding dairy cows

The form of fat supplements, degree of saturation, and the fatty acid (FA) profile influence cows' production response. The objective was to determine the effects of supplemental fats in the form of calcium salts (CS) of FA (CSFA) with different ratios between palmitic (PA) and oleic (OA) acids on nutrient digestibility and cow performance. Forty-two dairy cows were assigned to 3 groups and fed (for 13 wk) rations that contained 2.2% CSFA (on a DM basis) with increasing PA-to-OA ratios as follows: (1) CS45:35, 45% PA and 35% OA; (2) CS60:30, 60% PA and 30% OA; and (3) CS70:20, 70% PA and 20% OA. Rumen and fecal samples were taken for VFA and digestibility measurements, respectively. Increasing the PA-to-OA ratio linearly decreased the milk and ECM yields, whereas a quadratic effect was observed for milk fat concentration (3.55%, 3.94%, and 3.87% in the CS45:35, CS60:30, and CS70:20 groups, respectively) and fat yield. Dry matter intake was highest in the CS60:30 group (33.7 kg/d) and lowest in the CS70:20 group (31.6 kg/d), and a tendency of quadratic effect was observed for calculated energy balance with no difference in BW gain among the groups. The milk-to-DMI ratio was decreased, and the ratio of ECM-to-DMI tended to decrease when the PA-to-OA ratio increased. The highest apparent total-tract digestibilities of DM, OM, and protein were observed in the CS60:30 cows, and NDF tended to decrease with increasing PA-to-OA ratio; however, digestibility of the total FA and FA subgroups (16- and 18-carbon FA) were not different among groups. Across treatments, the 18-carbon FA digestibility was higher than the 16-carbon FA digestibility. Under the current study conditions, the CS60:30 cows had the highest fat concentration and fat yield; energy output in milk; DMI; and digestibility of DM, OM, and protein. However, further research is required to fine tune the optimal FA ratio in supplemental fat sources to maximize production and efficiency under various conditions, such as production level, stage of lactation, and diet composition.

Rumen degradable protein levels on fatty acid profile of rumen bacteria and milk fat of dairy cows supplemented with calcium salts of fatty acids.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) from soybean oil in diets with different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) on bio-hydrogenation extent, and fatty acid (FA) profile intake, omasal digesta, rumen bacteria, and milk fat. Eight Holstein lactating cows were used in a replicated 4 × 4 Latin square design. Treatments were arranged in a 2 × 2 factorial design with two CSFA levels (0 or 33.2g/kg DM of CSFA) and two RDP levels (98.0 or 110 g/kg DM). There was RDP and CSFA interaction effect on the omasal flow of total FA and some specific FA. Only in -CSFA diets, the higher RDP level increased omasal flow of total FA. Dietary RDP levels did not affect the FA profile of bacteria and milk fat. Feeding CSFA reduced or tended to reduce the bacterial proportion of C15:0, C16:0, C16:1, C17:0, and C18:0 FA and decreased the concentrations of short- and medium-chain FA (<18C) and increased the concentrations of unsaturated and long-chain FA (≥18C) in milk fat. Feeding CSFA of soybean oil increases the intake and omasal flow of FA and augments unsaturated FA content in bacteria pellets and milk fat.

Effect of feeding calf starter with calcium salts of medium-chain fatty acids on the growth and metabolic hormones in calves.

We investigated the effects of a calf starter supplemented with calcium salts of medium-chain fatty acids (MCFA-Ca) on growth and plasma hormone concentration in calves. Twelve Holstein calves were randomly assigned to two dietary groups (without supplementation [CON] and supplemented with MCFA-Ca [MCFA]) from 4 d of age. Calves were fed 1.0kg/d of milk replacer until 5wk of age and were completely weaned at 7wk of age. Calves in the MCFA group received a calf starter containing 1% MCFA-Ca. dry matter intake (DMI) was measured daily, and body weight was measured weekly. Rumen fluid was collected at 13wk of age to measure pH and volatile fatty acid concentration. Preprandial blood samples were collected weekly to measure the basal plasma hormone and metabolite concentrations. At 4, 8, and 13wk of age, peri-prandial blood samples were collected every 30min, from 60min before feeding to 120min after feeding, to observe metabolic responses to feeding. In addition, insulin sensitivity was assessed using euglycemic-hyperinsulinemic clamps at 4, 8, and 13wk of age in three calves from each treatment. There were no differences in starter and hay DMI between the treatments. However, the average daily gain (ADG) after weaning was higher in the MCFA group than in the CON group. Weekly changes in plasma parameters did not differ between the treatments. Plasma concentrations of preprandial ghrelin and postprandial total ketone bodies at 13wk of age were higher in the MCFA group than in the CON group. At 8wk of age, peri-prandial plasma insulin concentrations were lower in the MCFA group than in the CON group. There were no differences between the treatments in terms of insulin sensitivity. The present study suggested that feeding weaning calves MCFA-Ca increases the ADG during the postweaning period, which may be mediated by endocrine signals, such as enhanced ghrelin secretion and decreased insulin secretion, without altering insulin sensitivity.

Enhancing the recovery of human-edible nutrients in milk and nitrogen efficiency throughout the lactation cycle by feeding fatty acid supplements

Dairy cows convert low-quality feedstuffs unsuitable for human consumption into milk, a high-quality protein source for humans. Even under grazing conditions of well-managed pastures, dietary energy limits the efficiency of animal production, contributing to the excretion of nutrients to the environment. Thus, our study aimed to assess the effect of supplying sources and levels of supplemental fat to grazing dairy cows during early lactation on nutrient excretion and recovery of human-edible (HE) nutrients in milk throughout the lactation cycle. Two experiments were conducted with grazing Jersey × Holstein dairy cows. In Experiment 1, five dairy cows were used in a 5 × 5 Latin Square design. Treatments were a control diet (concentrate without supplemental fat) or diets supplemented with calcium salts of either soybean fatty acids (CSSO) or palm fatty acids (CSPO) fed at two levels of supplementation (400 g/day or 700 g/day) for 24 days. In general, the level of supplemental fat had a minor effect on production parameters and methane emission and intensity. Feeding cows with CSPO increased milk yield by 8.1%, milk energy output by 20%, and milk fat yield by 35.2% compared with CSSO. A tendency was observed for CSPO to decrease methane per unit of milk energy compared with CSSO. In experiment 2, 24 dairy cows were used in a randomized block design. Treatments were a control diet or diets supplemented with calcium salts of either CSSO or CSPO fed at 400 g/day for 13 weeks. The carryover effect of the diets was evaluated until 42 weeks of lactation. During the supplementation period, feeding CSPO improved the recovery of HE energy, protein, and indispensable amino acids compared with control and CSSO. Interestingly, we demonstrated that feeding CSPO improved the recovery of HE energy, protein, and indispensable amino acids compared with control over the lactation cycle. Overall, our results suggested that the dose of supplemental fat used in our study had a minor influence on production and rumen fermentation parameters. We demonstrated that feeding dairy cows with a fatty acid source based on palm oil under tropical grazing conditions reduced nutrient excretion and improved the recovery of HE nutrients throughout the lactation cycle.

Calcium salts of fatty acids in the feeding of broiler chickens: impact on productivity and safety

Relevance. The products of fiber fermentation by autochthonous microorganisms are called postbiotics. Postbiotics are a complex of substances that have a synergistic effect on the metabolism and intestinal contents in the host organism. These products of the vital activity of lactic acid bacteria (capronic, capric and lauric acids) have a pronounced antibiotic effect on the putrefactive intestinal microflora. The influence of the isolated and synthesized blend of short-chain fatty acids in the form of calcium salts on the productivity, safety and blood composition is considered.Methods. To confirm its effectiveness, the experiment has been conducted on the basis of the educational and scientific poultry farm of the Educational and Scientific Innovation Center «Agrotechnopark» at FSBEI Belgorod State Agricultural University in February — April 2022. The object of research is broiler chickens, on which the effect of calcium salts of fatty acids «Calcifid Chicken» was studied. Three groups of 240 heads (with a breakdown of 40 heads in each cage) were formed from a batch of chickens of the daily age of one brood of the Ross 308 cross. The experiment lasted 42 days. Productivity and safety indicators were considered.Results. The use of the new product contributed to a decrease in conversion in the diets of the 1st and 2nd experimental groups. The safety of the control group at the end of the experiment was 97.08%, the 1st experimental group — 97.08%, the 2nd experimental group — 96.7%. The use of the «Calcifid Chicken» product contributed to an increase in profitability: in the 1st experimental group — by 4463 rubles / 1000 goals, in the 2nd experimental group — by 3684 rubles / 1000 goals in comparison with the control.

Development of productive pseudocapsulated compound feeds for rainbow trout grown in the Central Federal District of the Russian Federation

The decrease in catch of valuable fish species from natural water bodies is compensated by their intensive cultivation in artificial conditions. In order to realize the main task of trout farms associated with obtaining marketable products in the shortest possible period of time, artificial feed is used as a source of food. A economically feasible alternative source of raw materials is the products of plant origin. In the process of production of oil and fat products at various stages, numerous fat wastes and by-products are formed, wich have fodder value and are not used as feeding facilities in industrial scale. This is especially frue for fat processing (soapstock of Light oil, fatty bleaching clays, dezodoration chases, phosphatides, calcium salts of fatty acids), as well as waste oils in combination with fat processing waste. On the base of studying the classical technology of producing mixed fodders for valuable fish species and eliminating its drawbacks the technology of pseudocapsulated mixed fodders for salmon fish grown in the CFD of Russia Federation with given fodder value and a line for its realization is suggested. The best way to bring fats and vitamins contained in them to valuable fish species is to feed them as a part of mixed fodders. At present, however, it is difficult to increase the level of fat in feed on the existing Russian fats supply lines, since most plants can include up to 10% of fat in the bulk feed line. Therefore, the development of mixing formulations and techniques for valuable fish breeds using sturgeon fish with more than 10% fat in it as an addition of fat oily wastes such as epaulettes and phosphates is not only of scientific interest. In the course of studies optimization encapsulated optimal feeds for program "Feed Optima Expert" pseudorainbow trout were also developed. As a result, close results were obtained in terms of the rate of growth of trout, the development, conversion of feed and viability in comparison with the best feed counterparts on the Russian market.

High Fat Diets Increase Plasma Cholecystokinin and Pancreatic Polypeptide, and Decrease Plasma Insulin and Feed Intake in Lactating Cows

High fat diets often decrease feed intake in dairy cows; however, mechanisms underlying fat-induced depression of feed intake are yet to be established. The postulate that high fat diets decrease feed intake by increasing concentrations of lipid metabolites or satiety hormones in blood was tested by using eight multiparous Holstein cows in a simultaneously replicated 4 × 4 Latin-square design. Treatments were control diet with 1) no fat added, 2) 30 g/kg calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids, 3) 60 g/kg calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids, and 4) 90 g/kg calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids. Cows were fed once daily a diet of concentrate, corn silage, alfalfa haylage and alfalfa hay (50:25:14:11 on a dry matter basis). Dry matter and energy intakes were decreased by inclusion of calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids >30 g/kg of total diet dry matter (P = 0.0001). Plasma nonesterified fatty acids and triglyceride concentrations were increased linearly by feeding increasing amounts of fat (P < 0.003 and P = 0.0001, respectively), whereas plasma β-hydroxybutyrate and glucose concentrations were not influenced by supplemental fat. Fat supplementation increased postfeeding plasma cholecystokinin concentrations and linearly increased plasma pancreatic polypeptide concentrations. Highest concentrations of plasma cholecystokinin (P < 0.001) and pancreatic polypeptide (P < 0.05) were observed in cows fed the 90 g/kg fat supplement. Plasma insulin was lowered linearly by feeding fat (P = 0.0001). Increased concentrations of cholecystokinin and pancreatic polypeptide were associated with decreased intakes of feed and energy, whereas insulin may not be involved in the control of feed intake in cows fed fat.

The form more than the fatty acid profile of fat supplements influences digestibility but not necessarily the production performance of dairy cows

The form of a lipid supplement, its degree of saturation, and its fatty acid (FA) profile greatly influence digestibility and cow productive response. The objective in this study was to examine the effect of fat supplements that differ in their form or FA profile on nutrient digestibility and cow performance. Forty-two mid-lactation cows (128 ± 53 d) were assigned to 3 treatment groups according to milk yield, days in milk, and body weight. For 13 wk, the cows were fed rations that contained (on a dry matter basis) (1) 2.4% of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) consisting of 45% palmitic acid (PA) and 35% oleic acid (OA; CS45:35); (2) 2.4% of CSFA consisting of 80% PA and 10% OA (CS80:10); or (3) 2.0% of free FA consisting of 80% PA and 10% OA (FF80:10). Rumen samples were taken to measure the ammonia and volatile FA concentrations, and fecal samples were taken to measure the digestibility. Preplanned comparisons were CS45:35 versus CS80:10 to assess 2 CSFA supplements with different FA profiles, and CS80:10 versus FF80:10 to assess similar FA profiles in different forms. Compared with CS45:35, CS80:10 decreased the milk yields, increased the fat percentage, and tended to increase the energy-corrected milk (ECM) yields. The fat percentage of milk was highest in the FF80:10 cows (4.02%), intermediate in the CS80:10 cows (3.89%), and lowest in the CS45:35 cows (3.75%). Compared with CS80:10, FF80:10 increased milk yields (50.1 vs. 49.4 kg/d, respectively), tended to increase fat percentage, and increased 4% fat-corrected milk (4% FCM; 49.1 vs. 47.7 kg/d, respectively) and ECM yields (49.5 vs. 48.2 kg/d, respectively). Treatment had no effect on dry matter intake (DMI), and compared with CS80:10 cows, the calculated energy balance was lower in the FF80:10 cows. The 4% FCM/DMI and ECM/DMI ratios were higher in the FF80:10 group compared with the CS80:10 group. Compared with the CS80:10 cows, the FF80:10 cows had a lower rumen pH, higher propionate, lower acetate/propionate ratio, and higher total VFA. Compared with CS45:35 cows, the apparent total-tract digestibilities of neutral detergent fiber and acid detergent fiber were higher in CS80:10 cows; whereas, the apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, protein, neutral detergent fiber, and acid detergent fiber were higher in the CS80:10 cows compared with the FF80:10 cows. Compared with the CS80:10 group, the apparent digestibility of total FA was 13.0 percentage points lower in the FF80:10 cows (79.1 vs. 66.1%, respectively), and similarly, the digestibilities of 16-carbon and 18-carbon FA were lower in the FF80:10 cows than in the CS80:10 cows. In conclusion, the form, more than the FA profile of fat supplements, influenced digestibility. Further, the CSFA supplements were more digestible than the free fatty acids, regardless of the FA profile. However, energy partitioning toward production appeared to be higher in the FF80:10 cows, although the digestibility of nutrients was lower than in the CSFA product with a similar FA profile.

Suplementação com fontes lipídicas em dietas para vacas Jersey no terço inicial de lactação

Abstract The objective of this work was to evaluate the effect of the addition of whole-crude oilseeds of linseed, sunflower, and soybean to the diet of Jersey cows, in the first third of lactation, on the following characteristics: intake, apparent nutrient digestibility, milk production and its variables, energy-corrected milk, feed efficiency, energy balance, milk fatty acid profile, and blood metabolic profile. Eight multiparous Jersey cows were used in a double Latin square design. The treatments were the experimental diets with the oilseeds, and calcium salts of fatty acids were used as the control. Protein digestibility was lower for soybean, whereas that of ether extract was higher in the control, not differing between the evaluated oilseeds. There was no difference between oilseeds for milk production, milk production corrected for fat, milk nutritional content, feed efficiency, energy balance, and blood metabolic profile. The levels of mil k monou n sat u rated fatty acids increased with the use of sunflower. Higher levels of cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) in milk were observed in the control. The addition of the evaluated whole-crude oilseeds to the diet of Jersey cows in the first third of lactation does not affect milk production variables, feed efficiency, energy balance, and blood biochemical profile, but alters the fatty acid profile.

Clarification of the Mechanism of Inhibiting the Maillard Reaction between Phosphatidylethanolamine and Sugars by Adding Fatty Acid Calcium Salts.

Lecithin is known to undergo heat induced deterioration by the Maillard reaction between 1 mol of any sugar, except 2-deoxy sugar, and 2 mol of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE). However, we have previously reported that adding fatty acid metal salts can inhibit heat deterioration of soybean lecithin (SL). To clarify the mechanism of inhibition, 1,2-di-O-stearoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphatidylethanolamine (DSPE), d-glucose, and calcium stearate or calcium decanoate were heated in octane. When DSPE and d-glucose with calcium stearate or calcium decanoate were heated in the octane, the heat deterioration of DSPE was significantly inhibited, and no increase in UV absorption at 350 nm was observed. From these reactant solutions, one compound having a phosphate group and no primary amine was isolated, and NMR spectra confirmed that two molar of stearic acid derived from DSPE were coordinated to the amino group and phosphate group of DSPE. Therefore, we concluded that adding fatty acid metal salts reduced the nucleophilic reactivity of the amino group of PE and inhibited the Maillard reaction with sugars because two molar of fatty acid derived from PE coordinated to the amino group and phosphate group of PE.

Increasing levels of calcium salts of palm fatty acids affect production responses during the immediate postpartum and carryover periods in dairy cows.

Our objective was to determine the dose-response effects of calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPF) on nutrient digestibility and production responses of early-lactation dairy cows grazing on tropical pastures and to evaluate carryover effects throughout mid and late lactation. Forty multiparous dairy cows (Jersey × Holstein) with (mean ± standard error of the mean) 20 ± 1.69 kg of milk/d and 20 ± 5.0 d in milk were used in a randomized complete block design. During the treatment period, all cows were kept in a grazing system. The treatments were offered for 90 d (treatment period) and consisted of 4 increasing levels of CSPF: 0 (0 kg/d), 0.2 (0.2 kg/d), 0.4 (0.4 kg/d), and 0.6 (0.6 kg/d). Each treatment had 10 animals. Increasing CSPF from 0 to 0.6 kg/d replaced an equivalent amount of a corn-based concentrate supplement offered at 10 kg/d on an as-fed basis (8.96 kg/d as a dry matter basis). All cows were housed and received a diet without fat inclusion fed as total mixed ration once a day from 91 to 258 d of the experiment (carryover period). During the treatment period, increasing CSPF linearly decreased dry matter intake (1.20 kg/d), linearly increased neutral detergent fiber digestibility (3.90 percentage units), and quadratically increased total fat digestibility (6.30 percentage units at 0.4 kg/d CSPF). Increasing CSPF linearly increased the yields of milk (4.10 kg/d), milk fat (0.11 kg/d), milk lactose (0.19 kg/d), energy-corrected milk (ECM; 3.30 kg/d), and feed efficiency (ECM/dry matter intake, 0.34 kg/kg), and linearly decreased milk protein content (0.38 g/100 g), body weight change (0.05 kg/d), and body condition score (0.37). We observed interactions between CSPF and time during the carryover period. Overall, CSPF supplementation linearly increased or tended to increase milk yield until 202 d of the experiment with a similar pattern observed for all the other yield variables. In conclusion, supplementing CSPF from 0 to 0.6 kg/d during 90 d increased neutral detergent fiber and total fat digestibility and the yields of milk, milk fat, and ECM in early-lactation dairy cows grazing on tropical pastures. Most production measurements linearly increased during the treatment period, indicating that 0.6 kg/d CSPF was the best dose. Also, supplementing CSPF from 0 to 0.6 kg/d for 90 d during early lactation had positive carryover effects across mid and late lactation.

Comparison of a three-step in vitro method and the mobile nylon bag technique for determining the intestinal digestibility of rumen-protected products in dairy cows

The objectives of this study were to develop a three-step in vitro method to assess intestinal digestibility of rumen-protected products in dairy cows, and compare this method with the mobile nylon bag technique. A 3 × 4 × 3 factorial experiment was performed to determine an optimal combination of pancreatin (0.8, 1.0, and 1.2 g/30 mL), sodium cholate (0, 1.0, 2.0, and 3.0 g/30 mL), and incubation length (8, 16, 24 h) for maximizing lipid digestion of a hydrogenated fat product. Following the preliminary study, a 23 factorial experiment was conducted to investigate the effects of ruminal incubation (with or without 16 h rumen in situ incubation), gastric pH (pH = 1.0 or 2.0), and gastric acid incubation time (1 or 2 h) on digestion of the hydrogenated fat and a calcium salts of long chain fatty acids product. Once optimal culture parameters were determined, the developed in vitro method was compared with the mobile nylon bag technique. The pancreatin × sodium cholate and sodium cholate × incubation time interactions were significant in the intestinal digestibility of the hydrogenated fat product (P < 0.001), and the best case scenario was observed when the hydrogenated fat was incubated in 30 mL buffer solution containing 1.0 g pancreatin and 2.0 g sodium cholate for 24 h. A ruminal incubation × pH × incubation time interaction was detected for the intestinal digestibility of the hydrogenated fat (P = 0.002), and a ruminal incubation × pH interaction was observed for the calcium salts of fatty acids (P = 0.04). The digestion of hydrogenated fat was maximized when it was incubated in gastric pH 1.0 solution for 2 h following 16 h ruminal incubation. However, ruminal incubation had no effect on the intestinal digestibility of the calcium soap when incubated in gastric pH 1 solution (P < 0.05). The developed in vitro method had greater DM intestinal digestibility than the mobile nylon method (on average 0.78 versus 0.33), implying the mobile nylon bag method might have underestimated the DM intestinal digestibility of rumen-protected products. However, no significant difference was observed on intestinal digestibility of Met, Lys and choline in the rumen fat-protected products. Overall, the developed method could be used as an alternative approach for screening and evaluating intestinal digestibility of rumen-protected products.

PSVI-15 Effects of Different Dietary Sources of Lipids for Lactating Ewes

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets with fatty acid profiles on lactation performance and milk composition of ewes. Dorper vs. Santa Inês ewes (n=40; 54.9 ± 8.3 kg BW and 14 days in milk) were penned individually and used in a randomized complete block design. Ewes were fed a basal diet (19.87 ± 0.62% CP) containing 70% concentrate and 30% coastcross hay, and no added oil (CON). The remaining diets were added with 4.0% of soybean oil (SO), calcium salts of palm fatty acids (CSPF), or calcium salts of soybean fatty acids (CSSF) (DM basis). Ewes were fed the diets from the week 2 to 10 of lactation. Milk production was determined every 7 days during the experiment. Ewes were separated from their lambs and mechanically milked for emptying of the mammary gland. After 3 hours, using the same procedure, milk production was recorded and samples collected for milk composition analysis. The addition of SO decreased (P&amp;lt; 0.001) DM intake, with no difference between the other treatments. Milk production, as well as the production of fat, protein, lactose and total solids (g/3 hours) were not affected by the treatments. Regarding milk composition, the percentage of milk fat and total solids increased (P&amp;lt; 0.0001) with CSSF. The percentage of protein was less (P&amp;lt; 0.001) in the milk from ewes that received the diet containing CSPF, with no difference between the other diets. Finally, the percentage of lactose was less (P&amp;lt; 0.001) for ewes fed the diet containing calcium salts of palm fatty acids. In conclusion, soybean oil had the greatest negative effect on dry matter intake. All the oil sources modulated the milk composition, with better results in this regard for the calcium salts of palm fatty acids, considering that it increased the fat and total solids content of the milk.

Effect of feeding slow release non protein nitrogen sources on milk productionand milk quality parameters in Cross bred dairy cows

A study of 90 days duration was conducted on 18 multiparous crossbred cows (363±14kg, body weight; in II or III lactation; 3,000-4,500kg milk yield per lactation) randomly allotted to 3 dietary treatments with 6 animals in each group in a completely randomized design to investigate the effect of two slow release non protein nitrogen (SRNPN) products on feed intake, milk yield, milk composition, blood biochemical parameters and cost economics. The concentrate mixture for control group was formulated with maize, gram husk, ground nut cake, wheat bran, deoiled rice bran, salt and mineral mixture. The other two experimental concentrate mixtures were prepared by totally replacing ground nut cake with calcium salts of fatty acid coated urea (CFCU) and Hydroxypropyl methylcellulose coated urea (HMCCU) at 2.42%. The cows were offered fixed quantity of Napier green fodder (10kg/cow/day) and ad libitum paddy straw. The daily allowance of respective concentrate mixture offered to each cow was calculated based on body weight, previous week milk yield and roughage intake to meet the nutrient requirements of as per ICAR (2013). Incorporation of either of the coated urea products in concentrate mixtures did not affect the total DM intake, milk yield (13.94 to 14.11kg/d), milk composition (Milk fat, Protein, SNF and Lactose) and blood biochemical (Blood urea nitrogen, Glucose and total protein). Though non significant, the average daily cost of feeding (Rs/d) was lowered in CFCU (228.14) and HMCCU (215.98) diet fed cows compared to control group cows (237.08) by 3.77 and 8.89% respectively. Whereas, the cost of feeding (Rs) per kg milk production differed significantly (P&lt;0.01) with highest in control diet fed group (16.80) while in CFCU (15.43) and HMCCU (15.49) fed group it was lower. CFCU and HMCCU can be included at 1% of dry matter or 2.42% in the concentrate replacing the conventional protein sources, without affecting the milk yield and its composition in cross bred cows and reducing the feed cost per kg milk production.

Effects of sampling time on internal markers concentration and fecal recovery in dairy cows

We aimed to evaluate the effects of sampling time points on fecal contents of indigestible DM, NDF, and ADF, fecal recovery, and apparent digestibility in cows fed different levels of rumen degradable protein (RDP) without or with supplementation of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA). Eight multiparous Holstein cows (207 ± 23.6 days in milk, 618 ± 39.0 kg body weight; mean ± SD) were randomly allocated into a 4 × 4 Latin square design with 21 days of experimental period. A 2 × 2 factorial treatment arrangement was used in this study to evaluate the effects of calcium salts of fatty acids [CSFA: -CS, basal diet without fat supplementation; and +CS, with 33.2 g CSFA/kg DM] and rumen degradable protein (RDP) levels [LP: low RDP, 98.0 g/kg DM; and HP: high RDP, 110 g/kg DM]. Cows were fed twice daily, and total collection of feces was carried out for 72 h (from D15 8:00 to D18 8:00 h). In addition, spot samples were collected every nine hours, from D15 09:00 until D18 00:00 h. Samples of each sampling time were analyzed for iDM, iNDF, and iADF content. Internal markers showed a partial fecal recovery and, consequently, overestimated fecal excretion, and underestimated total-tract apparent digestibility. Indigestible NDF showed lower fecal recovery than iADF (855 vs. 935 g/kg). An interaction effect between marker and CSFA was observed for marker recovery where fat supplementation had greater influence on iADF recovery compared with iDM recovery. In addition, the fecal concentration of internal markers was affected by sampling time where the lowest concentrations of iDM were observed at 9:00 and the highest concentrations were detected between 15:00 and 00:00. Thus, experimental procedures need to consider diurnal variation of internal markers excretion. Internal markers, especially iDM, show partial fecal recovery.

Effect of Protected Calcium Salts of Fatty Acid-Amino Acid on Growth Rate of Young Ongole Crossbred Bulls

Background: Protected calcium salts-fatty acid-amino acid supplement contains high-density of energy that can be used as cattle feed. This study aimed to test the efficacy of the supplements in the growth rate of young Ongole crossbred bulls. Methods: Thirty Ongole crossbred bulls (345±14 kg; live weight±SEm) were ranked and blocked based on liveweight and randomly allotted to one of three supplement levels (A: null 0 g/kg; B: 0.3 g/kg and C: 0.6 g/kg LWs) and 10 replicates. All bulls were offered elephant grass and a concentrate diet containing 12% crude protein and 65% of total digestible nutrients. The parameters were liveweight gain, hip height gain, body condition score, feed conversion ratio, plasma fat and glucose concentrations, back fat and muscle depth. Result: There was no significant difference in feed intake among treatment groups (P greater than 0.05). All bulls ate around 11 kg/d on a DM basis, equal to around 2.8% LW. Bulls in C group were heavier and gained more weight (P less than 0.05) and required less feed/kg LWG. The depths of backfat and muscle depth were no differences between treatments (P greater than 0.05). The inclusion of 0.6 g/kg LW of the supplement improve the growth rate of young Ongole crossbred bulls.

The effectiveness of the use of rumen protected fats in dairy cow feeding

In order to study the effect of the use of protected vegetable fat, prepared according to a specialized technology and contained calcium salts of vegetable fatty acids, in feeding of highly productive dairy cows on milk productivity, rumen digestion and reproductive indicators, we carried out a scientific and economic experiment at Lestekhstroy LLC (Moscow) on two groups of Holstein cows, 10 heads in each, during the first 100 days of lactation. It has been established that the inclusion of protected vegetable fat in the composition of the diets at a dosage of 500 g/head/day contributes to an increase in parameters of milk productivity of cows: the milk yield was higher by 188 kg, compared to control group, and therefore the average daily milk yield in the experimental group exceeded the control group by 5.4%, milk yield of 4% fat content in the experimental group was higher by 8.0% (PЈ0.05), compared with the control, the production of milk fat in the experimental group exceeded the control by 11, 0% (PЈ0.05), the production of milk protein in the experimental group exceeded the control by 5.8% (Pі0.05). It was shown that the use of protected fats contributed to a reducing the feed costs, expressed in ME, in the experimental group by 4.3%, compared with the control. The use of studied vegetable fats had a positive effect on rumen digestion through a tendency to increase the concentration of VFAs in the rumen fluid of the cows of the experimental group by 7.6% and microbial mass by 7.5% (Pі0.05), compared with the control. It was found that reproductive indicators of cows in experimental group were better, although the differences with the control were not statistically significant: the service period in the experimental group was 120.5 days, which is lower by 20.7 days, compared with the control group, the insemination index was lower in the experimental group compared to the control and amounted to 2.19.

Effects of calcium salt of linseed oil fatty acid with different oil adsorbents on in vitro gas production and ruminal fermentation characteristics.

We investigated the effects of supplementary calcium salt of fatty acid (CSFA) from linseed oil with different oil adsorbents on in vitro gas production and rumen fermentation characteristics in barley substrate condition. A non-supplementation treatment (CONT) and treatments of six products, CSFA without oil adsorbent (2.1 fatty acid/Ca molar ratio) and CSFAs with silica gel, zeolite, bentonite, diatomite, and vermiculite (2.8 fatty acid/Ca molar ratio), were prepared. The supplementary 2% and 4% CSFA with silica gel (+S) in the substrate reduced CH4 production 56% and 79%, respectively, compared with that in CONT (p < 0.01). The products, except for +S, did not decrease CH4 production. The dry matter (DM) disappearance in CSFAs with oil adsorbents was lower than that in the CSFA without oil adsorbent (74.8%-77.3% vs. 79.3%, p < 0.01), and crude protein (CP) disappearance in +S supplementation was lower than that of the other products (53.5% vs. 57.2%-59.1%, p < 0.01). The +S supplementation decreased acetate proportion and increased propionate proportion (p < 0.01). Our study indicated that although the disappearance of DM and CP might decrease, using silica gel as an oil adsorbent of linseed oil calcium salt with high fatty acid/Ca molar ratio has the potential to mitigate CH4 emissions from ruminants.

Biomarkers for negative energy balance and fertility in early lactating dairy cows

Most dairy cows suffer from negative energy balance in early lactation that can affect their fertility. Adding fat to the cattle diet increases the diet energy content. In this study, ketone bodies (acetone and acetoacetate), nonesterified fatty acids (NEFAs), and some individual fatty acids in serum and milk were used as biomarkers for negative energy balance and fertility in dairy cows supplemented with two sources of fat. A comparison of calcium salts of palm oil fatty acid versus MixPro-omega-3 (a heat-treated linseed oil) diet on the level of fatty acids in serum and milk of early lactating Holstein cows was assessed in relation to their fertility. The diets were formulated to be iso-nitrogenous and iso-caloric. Two diets were provided from day 0 to 30 days postpartum. Blood and milk samples were collected at 1st, 2nd, and 3rd weeks after calving. Results revealed that the increased serum and milk linoleic and linolenic acid with decreased saturated (palmitic and stearic acid) fatty acids and oleic acid are related to improved energy status with decreasing the ketone bodies and (NEFAs), and enhance the fertility of dairy cows received MixPro-omega-3 when compared with calcium soap fed group. The level of ketone bodies and NEFAs, increased in milk than in serum in the same group. The fertility was enhanced by giving MixPromega-3 diet compared with calcium soap diet.