Calcium Salts Of Acids Research Articles

Re-evaluation of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (E470a) and magnesium salts of fatty acids (E470b) as food additives.

The EFSA Panel on Food Additives and Nutrient Sources added to Food (ANS) provides a scientific opinion re‐evaluating the safety of sodium, potassium and calcium salts of fatty acids (E 470a) and magnesium salts of fatty acids (E 470b) when used as food additives. In 1991, the Scientific Committee on Food (SCF) established a group acceptable daily intake (ADI) ‘not specified’ for the fatty acids (myristic‐, stearic‐, palmitic‐ and oleic acid) and their salts. The sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids are expected to dissociate in the gastrointestinal tract to fatty acid carboxylates and their corresponding cations. There were no data on subchronic toxicity, chronic toxicity, reproductive and developmental toxicity of the salts of fatty acids. There was no concern for mutagenicity of calcium caprylate, potassium oleate and magnesium stearate. From a carcinogenicity study with sodium oleate, a no observed adverse effect level (NOAEL) could not be identified but the substance was considered not to present a carcinogenic potential. Palmitic‐ and stearic acid which are the main fatty acids in E 470a and E 470b were already considered of no safety concern in the re‐evaluation of the food additive E 570. The fatty acid moieties of E 470a and E 470b contributed maximally for 5% to the overall intake of saturated fatty acids from all dietary sources. Overall, the Panel concluded that there was no need for a numerical ADI and that the food additives sodium, potassium, calcium and magnesium salts of fatty acids (E 470a and E 470b) were of no safety concern at the reported uses and use levels.

Short communication: Comparison of a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement and calcium salts of palm fatty acids supplement on production responses of dairy cows

The objective of our study was to evaluate the effects of feeding a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement or a calcium salts of palm fatty acid (FA) supplement on nutrient digestibility and production responses of mid-lactation dairy cows. Fifteen Holstein cows (139 ± 39 d in milk) were randomly assigned to treatment sequence in a 3 × 3 Latin square design. Treatments were a control diet (CON; no fat supplement) and 1.5% of FA added either as a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement (PA-TG) or as calcium salts of palm FA supplement (Ca-FA). Fat-supplemented treatments did not affect dry matter intake (DMI) compared with CON, but Ca-FA reduced DMI compared with PA-TG. Compared with CON, fat-supplemented treatments increased 18-carbon FA digestibility by 2.0 percentage units but did not affect digestibility of total FA or 16-carbon FA. Compared with Ca-FA, PA-TG reduced total FA digestibility by 8.7 percentage units due to a decrease in 16-carbon FA digestibility (21.7 percentage units). Both fat supplements increased neutral detergent fiber (NDF) digestibility compared with CON (3.90 percentage units), and PA-TG tended to increase NDF digestibility by 1.60 percentage units compared with Ca-FA. Compared with CON, fat-supplemented treatments increased milk yield (1.05 kg/d), 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield (2.20 kg/d), and energy-corrected milk yield (1.80 kg/d). Also, PA-TG increased milk fat yield (50 g/d) and milk energy output (1.0 Mcal/d) and tended to increase milk fat content (0.07 percentage units) and energy-corrected milk yield (1.0 kg/d) compared with Ca-FA. Fat-supplemented treatments reduced the yield of de novo milk FA (23 g/d) and increased the yields of mixed (43 g/d) and preformed (52 g/d) milk FA compared with CON. The PA-TG treatment increased the yield of 16-carbon (66 g/d) milk FA compared with Ca-FA, whereas Ca-FA increased the yield of preformed (60 g/d) milk FA. Fat-supplemented treatments increased intake of net energy for lactation by 1.80 Mcal/d, milk energy output by 1.30 Mcal/d, and energy in body reserves by 0.30 Mcal/d compared with CON. The Ca-FA treatment increased energy allocated to body reserves (0.60 Mcal/d), energy partitioning toward body reserves (1.20 percentage units), and body condition score change (0.06 units), and tended to increase body weight change (0.16 kg/d) and body condition score (0.08 units) compared with PA-TG. In conclusion, feeding a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement increased milk energy output due to increased yields of milk and milk fat, whereas feeding a calcium salts of palm FA supplement increased FA digestibility and energy partitioned to body reserves.

Effect of pH on Bactericidal Activities of Calcium Laurate.

Fatty acid calcium salt is a high melting point powder excellent in lubricity and water repellency and is often used as a cosmetic raw material. We have shown that several calcium salts of fatty acids have high selective bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus and Propionibacterium acnes and low bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis. In this study, we evaluated the influence of pH on the bactericidal behavior of calcium laurate, and showed that under acidic conditions it shows higher bactericidal activity against both bacteria but selectivity becomes lower. This finding is useful for designing skin cleansers and makeup cosmetics containing lauric acid.

Dietary Alfalfa and Calcium Salts of Long-Chain Fatty Acids Alter Protein Utilization, Microbial Populations, and Plasma Fatty Acid Profile in Holstein Freemartin Heifers.

This study presented the effects of alfalfa and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (CSFA) on feed intake, apparent digestibility, rumen fermentation, microbial community, plasma biochemical parameters, and fatty acid profile in Holstein freemartin heifers. Eight Holstein freemartin heifers were randomly divided into a 4 × 4 Latin Square experiment with 2 × 2 factorial diets, with or without alfalfa or CSFA. Dietary supplementation of CSFA significantly increased the apparent digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, organic matter, and significantly reduced N retention (P < 0.05). CSFA increased the concentration of ammonia nitrogen in the ruminal fluid (P < 0.05), but alfalfa increased the concentration of valerate and isovalerate (P < 0.05). CSFA increased the concentration of ammonia nitrogen and the relative population of Streptococcus bovis in the rumen (P < 0.05) and inhibited the relative population of Ruminococcus flavefaciens, methanogens, and protozoa (P < 0.05). Alfalfa instead of Leymus chinensis increased the relative population of Butyrivibrio fibrisolvens and Ruminobacter amylophilus in the rumen (P < 0.05) and reduced the relative population of the Ruminococcus albus and Megasphaera elsdenii (P < 0.05). Supplemental CSFA increased the concentration of cholesterol and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in the plasma (P < 0.05). And it also altered the composition of fatty acids in the plasma, which was expressed in reducing saturated fatty acid (ΣSFA) ratio and C14-C17 fatty acids proportion except C16:0 (P < 0.05) and increasing the proportion of polyunsaturated fatty acid (ΣPUFA) and unsaturated fatty acid (ΣUFA) (P < 0.05). The results showed that alfalfa and CSFA had interaction effect on the apparent digestibility of ether extracts, plasma triglyceride concentration, isobutyrate concentration, and Ruminococcus albus relative abundance in the rumen. It was concluded that alfalfa substituting Leymus chinensis did not change the apparent digestibility of nutrients in the final stage of fattening Holstein freemartin heifers, while CSFA increased the cholesterol and the proportion of unsaturated fatty acids in plasma. Alfalfa and CSFA had mutual interaction effect on fat digestion and plasma triglycerides.

Influence of lipid supplementation on milk components and fatty acid profile

ABSTRACT The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of different lipid sources in diets for lactating cows on milk yield and composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) content, and fatty acid profile in the milk fat. Five primiparous Holstein cows were distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. Treatments were: control (no lipid addition) and four other diets containing different lipids sources – ground raw soybean, cottonseed, soybean oil, and calcium salts of soybean fatty acids [...]

Effects of supplementing calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids to late-gestating beef cows on performance and physiological responses of the offspring.

This experiment compared performance and physiological responses of the offspring from cows supplemented with Ca salts of PUFA or SFA + MUFA during late gestation. Ninety-six multiparous, nonlactating, pregnant Angus × Hereford cows were ranked by BW, BCS, and age and divided into 24 groups of 4 cows/group at the end of their second trimester of gestation (d -7). Cows conceived during the same estrus synchronization + AI protocol, with semen from a single sire; hence, gestation length was 195 d for all cows at the beginning of the experiment (d 0). Groups were randomly assigned to receive (DM basis) 405 g/cow daily of soybean meal in addition to 1) 190 g/cow daily of Ca salts of PUFA based on eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and linoleic acids or 2) 190 g/cow daily of Ca salts of SFA + MUFA based on palmitic and oleic acids (CON). Groups were maintained in 2 pastures (6 groups of each treatment/pasture) and received daily 10.1 kg/cow (DM basis) of grass-alfalfa hay. Groups were segregated into 1 of 12 drylot pens (6 by 18 m) and individually offered treatments 3 times/wk from d 0 until calving. Cow BW and BCS were recorded, and blood samples were collected on d -7 of the experiment and also within 12 h after calving. Calf BW was also recorded within 12 h of calving. Calves were weaned on d 280 of the experiment, preconditioned for 45 d (d 280 to 325), transferred to a growing lot on d 325, and moved to a finishing lot on d 445, where they remained until slaughter. At calving, PUFA-supplemented cows had a greater ( < 0.01) proportion (as % of total plasma fatty acids) of PUFA, including linoleic, linolenic, arachidonic, docosapentaenoic, and docosahexaenoic acids. At weaning, calves from CON-supplemented cows were older ( = 0.03), although no treatment differences were detected ( = 0.82) for calf weaning BW. During both growing and finishing phases, ADG was greater ( ≤ 0.06) in calves from PUFA-supplemented cows. Upon slaughter, HCW and marbling were also greater ( ≤ 0.05) in calves from PUFA-supplemented cows. Collectively, these results indicate that supplementing eicosapentaenoic, docosahexaenoic, and linoleic acids to late-gestating beef cows stimulated programming effects on postnatal offspring growth and carcass quality. Therefore, supplementing late-gestating beef cows with Ca salts of PUFA appears to optimize offspring productivity in beef production systems.

Effect of Whole Cottonseed or Protected Fat Dietary Additives on Carcass Characteristics and Meat Quality of Beef Cattle: A review

The use of oil supplies in feed increases the energy density of the diet and has the potential to enhance both animal performance and meat quality. Whole cottonseed is an oilseed that has a high concentration of oil and is especially rich in unsaturated fatty acids such as linoleic acid. Whole cottonseed is considered as an excellent alternative addition to ruminant feed. Protected lipids are composed of industry-based fatty acids. In the feedlot, protected lipids are used in conjunction with calcium and, in certain cases, their addition has been seen to augment meat quality in terms of essential fatty acid concentrations. This review discusses and debates the use of the whole cottonseed as well as protected lipids (calcium salts of fatty acids) as dietary additives to ruminant feed and diet, and also its impact on meat quality. The whole cottonseed and or protected lipids are viable feedlot alternatives for use in feedlot when it is desired to reduce the amount of starch in animal diet without compromising the performance. The addition of the whole cottonseed or protected lipid in diet is not affect pH values in meat. The whole cottonseed does not contribute to the improvement of tenderness of the meat. The proportion mean of Desirable fatty acids in meat in the comparative study were: as pentadecanoic acid (C15:1 = 0.29%), palmitoleic acid (C16:1 = 4.26%), heptadecanoic acid (C17:1 = 0.07%), oleic acid (C18:1n9c = 37.32%), r-linolenic acid (0.94%) and a-linolenic acid (1.04%), elaidic acid (C18:1n9t = 0.50%), eicosatrienoic acid (C20:3n3 = 0.03%), eicosapentaenoic acid (C20:5n3 = 0.04%), erucic acid (C22:1n9 = 0.89%), docosadienoic acid (C22:2 = 0.04%) and stearic acid (C18:0 = 21.53%). The addition the cottonseed or protected lipid in diet does not affect fatty acids profiles the desirable fatty acids in meat.

Effect of calcium salts of polyunsaturated fatty acids with different particle sizes on lactation performance and milk fatty acid profile in dairy cows

The objective of the current study was to assess the effects of particle size of dietary Ca salts of fatty acids (FA) on their inertness in the rumen, animal performance and transfer efficiency of polyunsaturated FA from diet to milk fat. Commercially produced CS of unsaturated FA (166g/kg c9 18:1, 105g/kg c9c12 18:2, 317g/kg c9c12c15 18:3) were sieved through a 1.9-mm screen, and the retained particles were identified as coarse CS. The small particles were ground through a 0.864-mm sieve, and identified as fine CS. A mixture of unprotected FA, as triacylglycerols (TG), with a composition similar to that of the CS served as control. Eight Holstein cows were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Treatments were administration of FA at the rate of 600g/d in the form of: (1) coarse CS in the rumen; (2) fine CS in the rumen; (3) TG in the rumen; and (4) TG in the abomasum for 14 days. Pre-planned contrasts were used to compare coarse CS with: (i) fine CS (effect of particle size); (ii) TG in the rumen (negative control); and (iii) TG in the abomasum (positive control). Actual milk yield was lower with abomasal infusion of TG (26.3kg/d), but was not affected by ruminal supplies of TG (29.7kg/d) or fine CS (29.5kg/d) as compared with coarse CS (30.4kg/d). Milk fat yield was similar with coarse CS (1.05kg/d) and abomasal infusion of TG (1.02kg/d), but was lower with ruminal supply of fine CS (0.95kg/d; tendency) and TG (0.89kg/d). Accordingly, milk fat concentrations of t10c12 18:2 were similar with coarse CS (0.35g/kg) and abomasal infusion of TG (0.33g/kg), but were greater with ruminal supply of fine CS and TG (0.59g/kg for both treatments). The apparent transfer efficiency of c9c12c15 18:3, from diet and lipid supplements to milk fat, varied from 0.017 to 0.264g secreted/g consumed with ruminal and abomasal infusions of TG, respectively. The recovery of c9c12c15 18:3 in milk was greater with coarse CS (0.084g/g) than with fine CS (0.042g/g). Results confirm the hypothesis that large particles of CS improved protection against ruminal biohydrogenation of unsaturated FA and milk performance in lactating dairy cows.

Whole flaxseed, raw soybeans, and calcium salts of fatty acids supplementation for transition cows: follicle development and embryo quality

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of diets rich in omega-3 and -6 fatty acids (FA) during the transition period and early lactation on size and number of follicles, oocyte and embryo quality, and blood metabolites of Holstein cows. Forty-two cows were assigned to the diets: control (CON, with no fat sources and dietary ether extract content of 28.8 and 24.8 g/kg during the pre- and post-partum periods, respectively); whole flaxseed (WF, diet rich in omega-3 FA), 60 and 80 g/kg of WF during the pre and post-partum periods, respectively; whole raw soybeans (WS, diet rich in omega-6 FA), 120 and 160 g/kg of WS during the pre and post-partum periods; and calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CSFA, diet rich in omega-6 FA), 24 and 32 g/kg of CSFA during the pre and post-partum periods. Diets were supplied from 35 d of the expected calving date until 84 days in milk (DIM). The ovaries of cows were examined from 14 to 84 DIM. Ovum pick-ups were performed on days 35 ± 7 and 65 ± 7 of lactation. Diets rich in omega-3 and -6 FA had greater follicle number than the CON. No differences were detected among diets rich in omega-3 and omega-6 FA on number and size of follicles and corpus luteum area. Cows had similar oocyte quality regardless of diet supplied. Although FA supplementation had no effect on embryo quality (number of cleaved and viable embryos), diets rich in omega-6 FA had lower viable embryos compared with WF. Supplementation with diets rich in omega-3 and -6 FA resulted in greater blood cholesterol concentration in early lactation cows. Fat supplementation increased the number of small and total follicles of early lactating cows. However, diets rich in omega-3 or -6 FA had no effect on oocyte quality. Cows fed WS during the transition period had the least viable embryos, and consequently cows fed diets rich in omega-6 FA had lower viable embryos than those fed WF.

Dietary calcium salts of fatty acids and soybean oil effects on mid-lactation dairy cows performance

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos de suplementação de gordura com óleo de soja (OS) e sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos (SC) em vacas leiteiras em meio de lactação no consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, fermentação ruminal, produção e composição do leite e balanço de nitrogênio. Dezesseis vacas holandesas multíparas (638 ± 73 kg de peso corporal e 116 ± 26 dias em leite) foram utilizadas em um delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4 para avaliar as seguintes dietas: cont) controle, sem fonte de gordura adicional; OS) 30 g/kg de óleo de soja; SC1) inclusão de 30 g/kg de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa (MEGALAC-E ®); e SC2) inclusão de 30 g/kg de sais de cálcio de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa (LACTOPLUS ®) na base de matéria seca. Ambos avaliados SC foram fabricados com óleo de soja. FA adição de fontes de gordura reduziu ingestão de matéria seca (23,2 vs 21,7 kg/d) e aumentou (P

Use of protected fat sources to reduce fatty acid biohydrogenation and improve abomasal flow in dry dairy cows

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary fat supplementation on dry dairy cows feed intake, digestion, ruminal kinetics, biohydrogenation, and abomasal flow of fatty acids (FAs). Eight Holstein rumen and abomasum fistulated dry cows (average body weight of 614±59kg), were assigned to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design experiment, with 21-d periods. The experimental diets were: 1) control (CON): corn- and soybean meal-based diet, with no fat source; 2) soybean oil (SO) diet with 30g/kg dry matter (DM) of soybean oil; 3) whole raw soybean (WS) diet with 160g/kg DM of whole raw soybean grain; 4) calcium salts of fatty acids (CS) diet with 32g/kg DM of calcium salts of unsaturated FA. Fat-supplemented diets increased ether extract intake and digestibility without affecting DM intake. However, these diets promoted a decrease in DM and neutral-detergent fiber (NDF) total tract apparent digestibility. Fat sources decreased ruminal acetate to propionate ratio (C2:C3). In addition, SO diet increased ruminal propionate concentration and decreased C2:C3 in relation to protected sources of FA (CS and WS). Furthermore, cows fed CS diet exhibited higher ruminal pH, NH3-N and acetate concentration compared to those fed WS diet. Fatty acid supplementation did not alter serum glucose and urea concentration, but increased the serum cholesterol concentration. Although FA supplementation increased net energy intake of cows, energy and nitrogen balances, and microbial protein synthesis were not affected by the experimental diets. Fat supplementation had no effect on ruminal digestion neither on DM and NDF passage rates. Cows fed CS and WS diets presented higher DM and NDF ruminal digestion rates whether compared to SO one. Consequently, cows fed CS and WS had higher truly digestible NDF ruminal removal rate than those fed SO. Calcium salts of unsaturated FA increased DM and NDF rumen passage rate and decreased NDF digestibility in relation to WS diet. Fat-supplemented diets increased the abomasal flows of C18:2, trans C18:1, C18:0, C16:0 and total FA. The CS supplementation resulted in a higher abomasal flow of DM, total FA, trans C18:1, C16:0 and C18:3 when compared to WS one. On the one hand, FA supplementation increased C18:2 and C18:1 biohydrogenation rates; on the other hand, it protected FA sources decreased C18:2 and C18:1 biohydrogenation rates. In conclusion, fat-protected sources were effective to prevent FA from ruminal biohydrogenation.

Effect of sources of calcium salts of fatty acids on production, nutrient digestibility, energy balance, and carryover effects of early lactation grazing dairy cows

The objective of our study was to investigate the effects of sources of calcium salts of fatty acids (FA) on production, nutrient digestibility, energy balance, and carryover effects of early lactation grazing dairy cows. Treatment diets were offered from 3 to 16 wk postpartum (the treatment period), in which all cows grazed elephantgrass (Pennisetum purpureum 'Cameroon') and treatments were added to a concentrate supplement. The treatments were (1) control (concentrate without supplemental fat); (2) concentrate with calcium salts of soybean FA (CSSO); and (3) concentrate with calcium salts of palm FA (CSPO). From 17 to 42 wk postpartum (the carryover period), all cows received a common diet fed as a total mixed ration. During the treatment period, CSPO increased milk yield, milk fat yield, 3.5% fat-corrected milk, energy-corrected milk, and cumulative milk yield compared with control and CSSO. Treatment CSSO increased the yield of milk but did not affect 3.5% fat-corrected milk or energy-corrected compared with control. Also, CSSO decreased milk fat yield, dry matter intake, neutral detergent fiber digestibility, and body weight and body condition loss. Compared with control, both CSSO and CSPO increased feed efficiency (3.5% fat-corrected milk:dry matter intake), and CSPO increased feed efficiency compared with CSSO. When considering energy partitioning (as % energy intake), CSPO increased energy partitioning toward milk and increased energy mobilized from body reserves compared with control and CSSO. Furthermore, CSSO tended to reduce the mobilization of energy from body reserves compared with control. In the carryover period, no differences in milk composition were observed among treatments. A treatment by time interaction was observed during the carryover period for milk yield because cows on CSPO maintained higher production compared with control and CSSO cows until 30 wk postpartum; CSSO had a lower carryover effect sustaining higher milk yield compared with control until 25 wk postpartum. In conclusion, supplementation with CSPO was an effective strategy to increase energy intake and yields of milk and milk solids and it had a greater carryover effect. Supplementation with CSSO resulted in lower mobilization of reserves and less variation in body weight and body condition throughout lactation.

1317 Effect of supplemental enriched palmitic acid in free fatty acid form vs. calcium salts of palm fatty acids on production performance in early postpartum cows

Sixty multiparous cows were randomly assigned at calving to one of three treatment regimens to evaluate fat supplementation on production performance in postpartum dairy cattle. Cows entered the pens at calving and remained through 12 wk. postpartum. There were 4 cows/pen and 5 pens/trt. Pens were identical in layout. Treatments were Control (no supplemental fat), Control diet with supplemental calcium salts of fatty acids (MegaLac, Princeton, NJ,: ML) and Control diet with high palmitic acid (98%) fatty acids (PrimaFat 16, Centriq, Seattle, WA,: PF). Cows were fed a Fresh (1 to 21 d) and High (22 to 84 d) diet. Corn meal was removed from the Control diet to provide equal supplemental fat content in both Fresh and High diets among treatments (Fresh:1.95 and 1.55% of DM and High: 1.78 and 1.46% of DM for ML and PF, respectively). Daily pen intakes and milk weights (3X) were recorded and averaged by week. Milk samples were collected weekly for milk composition. Blood samples were collected for NEFA and BHBA analysis on wk. 1 and 3 postpartum. Pen was the experimental unit. Mean group DMI was similar among treatments. Milk yield was similar for both fat products and higher (P < 0.01) than Control (47.3, 47.8 and 46.4kg for ML. PF and Control respectively). Both FCM and ECM were higher (P < 0.01) for PF compared to Control and ML (54.9, 50.8 and 52.2, and 52.7, 48.8 and 50.2 kg for FCM and ECM respectively). Milk Fat (% and yield) were higher (P < 0.01) for PF compared to Control and ML (4.42, 4.11, and 4.17%, and 2.10, 1.89, and 1.95 kg, respectively). Milk protein yield was higher (P < .01) for PF compared to Control, with ML not being different from either (1.36, 1.27, and 1.31 kg, respectively). MUN was lower (P < 0.01) for PF compared to ML and Control (11.8, 12.6, and 13.1 mg/dL, respectively). There was no effect of trt on BHBA, however, wk 1 NEFA tended to be lower (P = 0.14) for PF compared to ML and Control (0.55, 0.83, and 0.81 mEq/L), whereas wk 3 NEFA were lower (P = 0.04) for PF and Control compared to ML (0.46, 0.42, and 0.85 mEq/L). These results demonstrate that early postpartum cows supplemented with fat produced more milk than non-supplemented cows and supplementing with an enriched C16 fat increased fat percentage and yield compared to Ca-salts of palm fatty acid and increased protein yield compared to no fat supplementation.

1332 Comparison of a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement and a calcium salts of palm fatty acids supplement on milk production responses of dairy cows

1332 Comparison of a palmitic acid-enriched triglyceride supplement and a calcium salts of palm fatty acids supplement on milk production responses of dairy cows

Effect of calcium salts of fatty acids on the nutritive value of diets, feeding behavior, and serum blood parameters of lactating Saanen goats grazing on stargrass

The objective of this study was to determine effects of the addition of calcium salts of fatty acids (CSFA) to the concentrate on the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients and the grazing behavior of lactating Saanen goats. Five multiparous goats in their third lactation and four primiparous goats were used. The animals were distributed into two Latin square designs, which, for the multiparous goats was 5 × 5, with five treatments (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, 4.5%, and 6.0% CSFA); and for the primiparous goats was 4 × 4, with four treatments (0%, 1.5%, 3.0%, and 4.5% CSFA). The addition of CSFA to the concentrate of lactating Saanen goats did not influence the time spent grazing, ruminating, or lying for multiparous goats. However, for primiparous goats, for the time spent grazing, there was a negative quadratic effect with the addition of CSFA to the concentrate. The treatments did not affect the intakes of dry matter, organic matter, crude protein, neutral detergent fiber, total carbohydrates, non-fiber carbohydrates, or total digestible nutrients for multiparous goats. No effects were observed on nutrient digestibility, except for crude protein and the ether extract, which increased the energy values of the diets with 3.5% CSFA. For primiparous goats, no effects were observed on intake or digestibility. Addition of CSFA can be used as an alternative to feed primiparous goats in grassland when the grazing time is a factor limiting intake. Addition of up to 3.5% of CSFA increases the energy value of diets for multiparous goats. These results suggest that calcium salts of fatty acids is an alternative energy supplement to feed lactating goats.

Supplementation with Cashew Nut and Cottonseed Meal to Modify Fatty Acid Content in Lamb Meat.

This study evaluates the effect of cashew nut meal (CNM), whole cottonseed (WCS), and calcium salts of long-chain fatty acids (Ca-LCFA) on the fatty acid profiles of meat from hair lambs. Thirty-five 60-d-old, male, noncastrated Santa Ines lambs with an initial average body weight of 13.00 ± 1.80 kg were used in a randomized complete-block design with 7 blocks and 5 treatments. The experimental treatments consisted of a control diet (CON) without supplemental lipids and 4 test diets with different lipid supplements that were selected according to the degree of protection from ruminal hydrogenation and their polyunsaturated fatty acid richness. The tests diets included the following modifications: supplementation with WCS, supplementation with CNM, supplementation with both cottonseed and CNM (CSCNM), and supplementation with Ca-LCFA. The C18:1n9c content was highest in the meat of the animals fed the CNM diet (42.00%). The meat from lambs fed the WCS and Ca-LCFA diets had higher C18:0 contents (25.23 and 22.80%, respectively). The C16:1 content was higher in the meat from the animals fed the CNM and CON diets (1.54 and 1.49%, respectively). C18:2c9t11 concentration was higher in the meat from the animals fed the Ca-LCFA and CNM diets. The estimated enzyme activity of Δ9-desaturase C18 was highest in the muscles of the lambs fed the CON, CNM, and CSCNM diets. The use of cashew nuts in the diet resulted in an increase in the C18:2c9t11 content of the lamb meat, which improved the nutritional characteristics of the fat.

Ruminal biohydrogenation and abomasal flow of fatty acids in lactating cows: Oilseed provides ruminal protection for fatty acids

Fat sources, besides the energy-rich content, have featured beneficial effects on dairy cow production, reproduction and health. This work aimed to study the biohydrogenation process and fatty acid abomasal flow in lactating dairy cows fed different fat sources. Eight rumen and abomasum cannulated cows (188±27.3 days in milk, 18.9±3.24kg of milk yield, and 572±59.6kg of body weight) were used in a 4×4 Latin square design. Control (CON) diet without fat source, soybean oil (SO), raw soybean grain (SG) and calcium salts of unsaturated fatty acids (CS) were evaluated. Fat sources decreased dry matter (DM), crude protein and neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake and increased ether extract (EE) intake and ruminal pH (P<0.05). Acetate to propionate ratio was lower in animals fed diets with fat (P<0.05). Diets had no effect on microbial protein synthesis, and energy and nitrogen balances. NDF digestibility and DM passage rate were lower in animals fed diets with fat sources (P<0.05), while protected sources (SG and CS) tended to increase ruminal fiber digestibility (P=0.092) in relation to SO diet. Intake and abomasal flow of FA were higher (P<0.05) for animals supplemented with fat sources than those fed CON. Protected sources (SG and CS) promoted greater abomasal flow of linoleic acid (C18:2) and lower biohydrogenation rate compared to the SO diet. Fat sources increased unsaturated milk fatty acids and serum cholesterol concentration while protected sources (SG and CS) increased milk C18:2 cis concentration (P<0.05). Fat sources improved ruminal fermentation without compromise nutrients digestion and increasing fatty acids abomasal flow and milk concentration. Raw soybean grain had higher ruminal biohydrogenation protection than calcium salts.

&lt;b&gt;Influence of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids on the intake and digestibility of rations in female kids under heat stress

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of the addition of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids (CSFA) on the intake and digestibility of diets. Twenty-five female goat kids housed in digestibility cages and subjected to heat stress of 32°C in a climatic chamber, were used. The female kids were distributed in a randomized block design with five treatments: control (without inclusion of CSFA) and 6.25; 12.50; 18.75 and 25.00 g CSFA kg-1 of DM. The inclusion of CSFA in rations did not influence water intake (3.08 L day-1), dry matter (0.66 kg day-1), organic matter (0.62 kg day-1), crude protein (0.12 kg day-1), neutral detergent fiber (0.27 kg day-1) and total carbohydrate (0.47 kg day-1). The results of the digestibility of dry matter (0.66 kg kg-1), organic matter (0.67 kg kg-1), crude protein (0.78 kg kg-1), neutral detergent fiber (0.47 kg kg-1) and total carbohydrate (0.63 kg kg-1) were not affected by the treatments. However, there was a positive linear effect on the intake and digestibility of ether extract. Therefore, the addition of calcium salts of long chain fatty acids in the diets for female kids under heat stress of 32°C does not influence the intake and digestibility of dry matter and nutrients, except for ether extract, which is intrinsic to the product added to the rations.

A comparison of the effect of soybeans roasted at different temperatures versus calcium salts of fatty acids on performance and milk fatty acid composition of mid-lactation Holstein cows

To evaluate the effect of soybeans roasted at different temperatures on milk yield and milk fatty acid composition, 8 (4 multiparous and 4 primiparous) mid-lactation Holstein cows (42.9±3 kg/d of milk) were assigned to a replicated 4×4 Latin square design. The control diet (CON) contained lignosulfonate-treated soybean meal (as a source of rumen-undegradable protein) and calcium salts of fatty acids (Ca-FA, as a source of energy). Diets 2, 3, and 4 contained ground soybeans roasted at 115, 130, or 145°C, respectively (as the source of protein and energy). Dry matter intake (DMI) tended to be greater for CON compared with the roasted soybean diets (24.6 vs. 23.3 kg/d). Apparent total-tract digestibilities of dry matter, organic matter, and crude protein were not different among the treatments. Actual and 3.5% fat-corrected milk yield were greater for CON than for the roasted soybean diets. Milk fat was higher for soybeans roasted at 130°C than for those roasted at either 115 or 145°C. No differences were observed between the CON and the roasted soybean diets, or among roasting temperatures, on feed efficiency and nitrogen concentrations in rumen, milk, and plasma. Milk from cows fed roasted soybeans had more long-chain fatty acids and fewer medium-chain fatty acids than milk from cows fed Ca-FA. Compared with milk from cows fed the CON diet, total milk fat contents of conjugated linoleic acid, cis-9,trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid, cis-C18:2, cis-C18:3, and C22:0 were higher for cows fed the roasted soybean diets. Polyunsaturated fatty acids and total unsaturated fatty acids were greater in milk from cows fed roasted soybean diets than in milk from cows fed CON. Concentrations of C16:0 and saturated fatty acids in milk fat were greater for CON than for the roasted soybean diets. Cows fed roasted soybean diets had lower atherogenic and thrombogenic indices than cows fed CON. Milk fatty acid composition did not differ among different roasting temperatures. In summary, results showed that cows fed CON had higher DMI and milk yield than cows fed roasted soybean diets. Among different roasting temperatures (115, 130, and 145°C), soybeans roasted at 115°C led to higher milk production and lower DMI. Cows fed roasted soybeans, regardless of the roasting temperature, had more unsaturated fatty acids in milk. Using roasted soybeans in dairy cow rations could, therefore, improve the health indices of milk for human nutrition.

Effects of whole flaxseed, raw soybeans, and calcium salts of fatty acids on measures of cellular immune function of transition dairy cows

The objective of the current study was to evaluate the effects of supplemental n-3 and n-6 fatty acid (FA) sources on cellular immune function of transition dairy cows. Animals were randomly assigned to receive 1 of 4 diets: control (n=11); whole flaxseed (n-3 FA source; n=11), 60 and 80g/kg of whole flaxseed [diet dry matter (DM) basis] during pre- and postpartum, respectively; whole raw soybeans (n-6 FA source; n=10), 120 and 160g/kg of whole raw soybeans (diet DM basis) during pre- and postpartum, respectively; and calcium salts of unsaturated FA (Megalac-E, n-6 FA source; n=10), 24 and 32g/kg of calcium salts of unsaturated FA (diet DM basis) during pre- and postpartum, respectively. Supplemental FA did not alter DM intake and milk yield but increased energy balance during the postpartum period. Diets containing n-3 and n-6 FA sources increased phagocytosis capacity of leukocytes and monocytes and phagocytosis activity of monocytes. Furthermore, n-3 FA source increased phagocytic capacity of leukocytes and neutrophils and increased phagocytic activity in monocytes and neutrophils when compared with n-6 FA sources. Supplemental FA effects on adaptive immune system included increased percentage of T-helper cells, T-cytotoxic cells, cells that expressed IL-2 receptors, and CD62 adhesion molecules. The results of this study suggest that unsaturated FA can modulate innate and adaptive cellular immunity and trigger a proinflammatory response. The n-3 FA seems to have a greater effect on phagocytic capacity and activity of leukocytes when compared with n-6 FA.