Calcium-phosphorus Ratio Research Articles

Clinical and experimental evaluation of the efficacy of a new remineralizing gel in the comprehensive treatment of caries and non-carious lesions in elderly patients

Relevance. Remineralization therapy and fluoridation are well-established methods for preventing hard tissue diseases of the teeth across various age groups. Given the unique composition and structure of teeth in the elderly, there is a need for specialized remineralization and fluoridation agents tailored to this demographic.Materials and methods. A new remineralizing gel, formulated from a mixture of tetra- and dimethylglycerolates of silicon, was developed specifically for the prevention and treatment of hard tissue diseases in elderly patients. The clinical efficacy of this gel was assessed using enamel resistance test (ERT) values and electroodontodiagnostics (EOD) both before and after treatment. Laboratory analyses included the evaluation of phosphorus, calcium, and the Ca/P ratio in saliva using Mindray reagents. An experimental study on tooth sections treated with various remineralizing agents was conducted using a Tescan MIRA LMS scanning electron microscope, equipped with an Oxford Instruments EDS X-max80 attachment, to determine the chemical composition and surface characteristics.Results. The clinical application of the new gel resulted in significant reductions in ERT and EOD values, indicating its effectiveness. An increase in the calcium-phosphorus ratio in saliva further demonstrated the gel’s remineralizing properties. The experimental study revealed the highest fluoride uptake in tooth sections treated with the new gel, confirming its penetration into the hard tissues of the teeth.Conclusion. The new gel, based on a silicon glycerolate mixture, demonstrated superior efficacy in elderly patients compared to other remineralizing agents, which is attributed to the high conductive properties of its base.

Morphological study of remineralization of the eroded enamel lesions by tyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide

BackgroundTyrosine-rich amelogenin peptide (TRAP) is the main amelogenin digestion product in the developmental enamel matrix. It has been shown to promote remineralization of demineralized enamel in our previous study. However, direct evidence of the effect of TRAP on the morphology and nanostructure of crystal growth on an enamel surface has not been reported. This study aimed to examine the effect of TRAP on the morphology of calcium phosphate crystals grown on early enamel erosion using a pH-cycling model.MethodsEroded lesions were produced in human premolars by 30-second immersion in 37% phosphoric acid. Forty-five samples of eroded human premolar enamel blocks were selected and randomly divided into 3 groups: deionized water (DDW, negative control); 100 µg/mL TRAP, and 2 ppm sodium fluoride (NaF, positive control group). For 14 days, the specimens were exposed to a pH-cycling model. Using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and atomic force microscopy (AFM) methods, the surface morphology, calcium-phosphorus ratio, and enamel surface roughness were examined. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) were used to assess crystal characteristics.ResultsAfter pH-cycling, compared to the two control groups, the surface of the eroded enamel of the peptide TRAP group shows a large number of new, densely arranged rod-like crystals, parallel to each other, regularly arranged, forming an ordered structure, with crystal morphology similar to that of natural enamel. The crystals are mostly hydroxyapatite (HA).ConclusionThis study demonstrates that the peptide TRAP modulates the formation of hydroxyapatite in eroded enamel and that the newly formed crystals resemble natural enamel crystals and promote the remineralization of enamel, providing a promising biomaterial for remineralization treatment of enamel lesions.

High plasma magnesium and phosphorus levels and their correlation with struvite urolithiasis in buffaloes

BackgroundUrolithiasis is a common urinary tract disease in buffaloes, almost exclusively affects young males, and has significant economic and production impacts. We have investigated hemato-biochemical and urinary changes in an attempt to deduce their correlation with struvite urolithiasis in buffaloes. MethodsTen male buffalo calves with obstructive urolithiasis were used. Blood samples were used for hematology and elemental analysis. Urine samples were used for physico-chemical examination, microscopy, and elemental analysis. Uroliths were subjected to chemical functional group determination using the FTIR spectroscopy. ResultsThe mean neutrophil, leukocyte, and neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio was significantly (p < 0.05) higher in urolithic buffaloes than in healthy controls. The mean blood calcium and magnesium concentrations were significantly (p < 0.05) lower and higher in urolithic buffaloes than in healthy controls, respectively. Mean blood phosphorus concentration and calcium-phosphorus ratio were found to be non-significantly (p > 0.05) higher and lower in urolithic buffaloes than in healthy controls, respectively. The urine pH was highly alkaline. Multiple prismatic lid-shaped crystals, along with erythrocytes, leukocytes, and epithelial cells, were found in urine. The mean urinary magnesium and phosphorus concentrations were non-significantly (p < 0.05) higher in urolithic buffaloes than in healthy controls. A positive correlation of magnesium (r = 0.864, p = 0.001) and phosphorus (r = 0.849, p = 0.002) concentrations between the blood and urine was observed in urolithic buffaloes. The FTIR spectra of uroliths were similar to those of magnesium ammonium phosphate hexahydrate, MgNH4PO4·6H2O or struvite. ConclusionThe findings suggest that high plasma magnesium and phosphorus concentrations have a positive correlation with struvite urolithiasis in buffaloes.

Hyperspectral remote sensing of forage stoichiometric ratios in the senescent stage of alpine grasslands

Senescence is an important phenological stage in the life cycle of grassland plants, and estimating grass senescence in alpine grasslands is particularly crucial for animal husbandry and grazing the utilization of grassland resources for grazing. However, the application of proximal sensing technologies to capture the variations in forage growth parameters in the senescent stage, especially regarding some key stoichiometric ratios, still faces challenges associated with indiscernible spectral properties and indeterminate absorption and reflectance features. The present study aims to demonstrate the potential and effectiveness of applying hyperspectral data to assess the forage carbon-nitrogen (C:N) ratio and calcium-phosphorus (Ca:P) ratio during the senescent stage (September to November). A progressive variable dimensionality reduction strategy based on a genetic algorithm (GA) and hybrid optimization method (ant optimization colony (ACO) and extreme learning machine (ELM)) coupled with multiple linear and nonlinear statistical methods is applied to develop C:N ratio and Ca:P ratio estimation models via combination with data from 205 sample sites collected from six field campaigns (2016–2019) on the eastern Tibetan Plateau. The results show that the important spectral bands favorable for forage C:N ratio and Ca:P ratio retrieval are generally in the red and shortwave infrared (SWIR) regions, and the proposed model presents satisfactory performance in the estimation of the forage C:N ratio (V-R2 = 0.81, V-RMSE = 6.44) and Ca:P ratio (V-R2 = 0.64, V-RMSE = 2.54) during senescence. Moreover, the model can effectively overcome the spatial differences among sampling areas and perform optimally in capturing the variations in the forage C:N ratio and Ca:P ratio in the early and middle stages of senescence. Overall, our study demonstrates that it is feasible and promising to estimate these stoichiometric ratios using hyperspectral feature bands during grass senescence at the canopy level, with potential applications that may further enhance the monitoring of forage quality and quantity.

Метаболические особенности и микрофлора молока при маститах у коров Амурской области

The effective management practices of dairy farming are inextricably linked with the production of high quality milk, while the mastitis is one of the causes of reductions in milk yields and quality. The aim of the work was to study the microbiological profile of milk, the sensitivity of isolated microorganisms to antibiotics and metabolism features of cows with mastitis in the Amur Oblast. The following microorganisms were identified in the milk samples from cows with mastitis: Staphylococcus epidermidis (34.69%); microbial associations: Streptococcus agalactiae + Escherichia coli (32.65%) and Staphylococcus saprophyticus + Streptococcus agalactiae + Escherichia coli (30.61%); Staphylococcus haemolyticus (2.05%). Microorganisms isolated from the milk of mastitis-affected cows were susceptible to the following antimicrobials: Escherichia coli to cefotaxime (28.00 ± 2.00 mm) and ceftriaxone (27.50 ± 0.35 mm); Staphylococcus epidermidis, Staphylococcus haemolyticus, Staphylococcus saprophyticus to cefotaxime (35.50 ± 0.18 mm) and amoxicillin (35.10 ± 0.35 mm); Streptococcus agalactiae to tetracycline (27.60 ± 1.17 mm) and gentamicin (26.40 ± 0.99 mm). Metabolic disorders were observed in cows with mastitis. The albumin-globulin ratio was reduced (0.41), which is typical for various inflammatory processes; and a low albumin levels (29.00 ± 0.89%) suggested a decreased protein synthesis in hepatocytes. A moderate increase in gamma globulins (47.60 ± 1.05%) was associated with stimulation of the phagocytic mononuclear system. Water and mineral metabolism disorders were confirmed by low levels of calcium (1.80 ± 0.03 mmol/L) and magnesium (0.70 ± 0.02 mmol/L), which is a sign of many pathological conditions, and is associated with heavy lactation. Calcium-phosphorus ratio was reduced (0.82). Hematological indicators suggested hypochromic anemia (hemoglobin level – 100.60 ± 1.28 g/L, globular value – 0.60 ± 0.01). The leukogram was indicative of lymphocytopenia (36.90 ± 2.60%) and neutrophilia (rod-shaped neutrophils – 1.80 ± 0.13%, segmented neutrophils – 51.80 ± 2.51%).

Bioelemental status of sires of Kholmogorskaya breed under different natural and climatic conditions of the Russian Federation

The purpose of the research was to study in a comparative aspect the bioelemental status of sires of Kholmogorskaya breed under different natural and climatic conditions after a long winter period of using. The work was performed at the Federal Research Center for Animal Husbandry named after Academy Member L. K. Ernst, Russian State University of National Economy named after V. I. Vernadsky and on the basis of JSC “Head Center for Reproduction” (Moscow region) and JSC “Arkhangelsk Bull Stud” (Arkhangelsk region). In the experiment the sires of JSC “Arkhangelsk Bull Stud” (n = 6) and JSC “Head Center for Reproduction” (n = 5) were used. Biochemical parameters of blood were studied such as total protein, albumin, globulin, albumin-globulin ratio, total cholesterol, creatinine, urea, ALT, AST, total bilirubin, as well as macronutrients: calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus ratio, and trace elements: iron, magnesium, chlorides, copper, zinc, and alkaline phosphotase and glucose in a comparative aspect. A comparison of protein and lipid metabolism in breeding bulls, depending on the region, showed the following results. The diff erence between the sires of JSC “Head Center for Reproduction” and JSC “Arkhangelsk Bull Stud” in total protein was 8,75 g/l or 10,2 %, albumin by 27,5 %, total cholesterol by 42,2 %, creatinine by 11,5 %, urea by 58,8 %, ALT by 8,8 %, total bilirubin by more than 200 % in favor of the sires of JSC “Head Center for Reproduction”, the ratio between A/G by 32,6 %. However, signifi cant differences (p &lt; 0,05) were found only in the content of urea and total bilirubin. It was concluded as a result of the research that the sires of JSC “Arkhangelsk Bull Stud” need to balance the ration in protein. and mineral content. In order to determine the needs of breeding bulls for essential elements, they should be monitored regularly, at least twice a year in blood serum taking into account the defi ciency or excess intake into the body according to the results of chemical analysis of water, soil and basic feeds, and compensated with targeted premixes.

Biochemical, clinical manifestation of vitamin D deficiency in calves

Today, one of the priority tasks in animal husbandry and veterinary medicine is the creation of a highly productive, stable herd with a stable level of metabolism. A large load on the animal's body reveals high milk productivity; in connection with this, metabolic processes slow down, directly reducing milk productivity and requiring a balanced diet and high-quality feed. An increase in milk productivity is often directly related to metabolic disorders and the appearance of diseases, including the intensity of physiological and biochemical metabolic processes associated with converting a significant amount of energy and nutrients from feed into milk. Metabolic pathologies in animals can be caused by hereditary defects in the metabolism of nucleic acids, congenital insufficiency of enzymes responsible for the synthesis and breakdown of amino acids, disorders of organic acid metabolism, fatty acid deficiency, etc. Timely diagnosis of rickets and rapid therapy in the initial period is essential in treatment because the earlier the diagnosis is made, the easier it is to treat the disease. This will lead to the termination of the further destructive process, the occurrence of bone deformations, and changes in internal organs. The article deals with the issue of vitamin D deficiency in young cattle from a modern perspective. Materials on the classification, etiology, and pathogenesis of vitamin D-deficient rickets in calves are covered. The role of vitamin D in the prevention of rickets and its importance for general animal health and welfare are summarized. It is noted that this disease's characteristic feature is mainly the course's hidden stages. Clinical symptoms of D-hypovitaminosis appear in the late stages of the disease when restoring the animal's health is impossible. The essence of the pathology is a violation of mineralization of the organic matrix of bone tissues (D-hypovitaminosis) or osteolysis of already formed structures. The work aimed to find out the distribution, etiology, biochemical and clinical manifestation of D-hypovitaminosis in calves in one of the farms of the northern districts of Zhytomyr region, which belongs to the natural-geographical zone of Zhytomyr Polissia. The material for the study was clinically healthy calves and calves with rickets aged 1–3 months. The conditions of keeping and feeding animals on the farm were studied. Diagnosis and spread of D-hypovitaminosis among calves 1–3 months old were carried out with the help of clinical and unique methods; first, preference was given to laboratory studies. Clinical manifestations are described, and laboratory features of the course of vitamin D deficiency in animals are presented. It has been established that vitamin D deficiency in calves is quite widespread on the farm. Thus, the subclinical (hidden) course was registered in 45.8 % of animals and the clinical – in 24.1 %. The disease was more often registered in the winter-spring period. The leading cause of the disease in calves is insufficient motor activity (hypodynamia) in the absence of insolation, as well as a low level of feeding: reduced provision of cholecalciferol (25.8 %), violation of the calcium-phosphorus ratio (2.7–4.2:1 versus 1.5–2.0:1), deficiency of microelements – cobalt, zinc, copper, the provision of which was, respectively, 57.6, 85.6 and 96.2 % of the need. Pathognomotic manifestations of the disease in calves are licking, allotriophagia, thickening of carpal joints, partial resorption of the last ribs and tail vertebrae, and loose teeth. Vitamin D deficiency prevents the efficient absorption of calcium and phosphorus in feed. With vitamin D deficiency, only 10–15 % of feed calcium and 50–60 % of phosphorus are absorbed. The most informative laboratory markers for diagnosing pathology are determining cholecalciferol content, total calcium, inorganic phosphorus, alkaline phosphatase activity, and its bone isoenzyme in blood serum.

Environmentally relevant levels of BPA and NOR disturb early skeletal development in zebrafish

Bisphenol A (BPA) and fluoroquinolone antibiotics (FQs) have been detected frequently in aquatic environments. Studies have shown that high levels of BPA and FQs exposure have adverse effects on chondrogenesis in young terrestrial vertebrates. However, little is known about their combined toxicity to bone metabolism. Here, we evaluated the single and combined effects of BPA and norfloxacin (NOR, a typical species of FQs) at an environmentally relevant level (1 μg/L) on early skeletal development in zebrafish. We found that both individual and combined BPA and NOR exposure resulted in poor embryo quality and decreased calcium-phosphorus ratio. The malformation increased after exposure to BPA and NOR, and craniofacial cartilage ossification was delayed. At the molecular level, the transcriptions of genes related to ossification were down-regulated significantly, and the lysine oxidase activity decreased. Hence, we infer that an environmentally relevant concentration of BPA and NOR have adverse effects on early skeletal development in fish. In addition, combined exposure to BPA and NOR seems to have an antagonistic effect on early skeletal development.

Nutritional profile and functional properties of coconut water marketed in the streets of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire)

Abidjan, the economic capital of Côte d'Ivoire, has several coconut water sale points in the streets. This natural beverage was very appreciated by people. Coconut waters from several varieties of coconut trees were proposed to consumers. Thus, the biochemical, nutritional, and microbiological properties of coconut water could be influenced by the variety of coconut tree. The purpose of this study was to provide the social and scientific data of coconut water sold in Abidjan streets. The study has been carried in two steps. The first step aimed to determine the knowledge level of coconut water and the reasons for consumption and the second phase regarded to analyse physicochemical, biochemical and functional properties of coconut water samples from different varieties of coconut trees. The survey through questionnaire revealed that coconut water was well known by consumers (100%) and it was consumed for its strengthen (33.33%), digestive (29.33%) and refreshing (28.34%) properties. Physicochemical, biochemical and functional properties were influenced by the variety of coconut tree. Microbiological quality of all samples in this study was not acceptable. Microbial load requires Aerobic Mesophilic Germs (AMG) to have a count of less than 5.103 UFC/mL, fewer than 10 total coliforms, and no faecal coliforms. Coconut water samples from coconut tree dwarf (CWD) were characterized by contents of fat (0.335%), titratable acidity (0.202%), total flavonoids (0.381 µg/mL QE), total phenols (0.177 µg/mL GAE), proteins (0.291%), phosphorus (0.05 mg/L) and energy value (20.21 Kcal/100 mL). The coconut water samples from coconut tree tall (CWT) were characterized by calcium (1.14 mg/L), pH (5.59), ash (0.470%), total soluble solids (5.06 °Brix), moisture (94.96%) and Calcium phosphorus ratio contents (Ca:P) (57). The coconut water samples from the streets (CWS) were characterized by contents of fiber (0.0355%), carbohydrate (4.38%), dry matter (5.09%), (total coliforms ((1.4 ± 0.4)108)CFU/mL, aerobic mesophilic germs ((4.7 ± 1.2)109)CFU/mL, antiradical activity (DPPH) (65.14±0.005%), condensed tannins (0.260±0.05 µg/mL CE) and of phosphorus (0.05 mg/L). Overall, statistical analyses showed a significant difference (P<0.05) between the samples. In sum, although coconut water is a natural beverage, it may not be appropriate for human consumption in some cases.

Live weight as an indicator of morphobiochemical blood composition of heifers under intensive breeding technology

Purpose: within the framework of the research work, studies were carried out on the biochemical composition of the blood serum of highly productive cows, different periods of lactation and during the dry period, with tethered and loose housing.Materials and methods. The object of the study were cows of black-and-white Holsteinized breed with a productivity of more than 8500 kg on the farm. Blood sampling for biotesting was taken from 108 cows before morning feeding. Animals of the experimental groups were formed according to different periods of lactation and during the dry period with different methods of keeping. The study was conducted on the basis of the laboratory of biochemistry and physiology of animals of the SZNIIMLPKh named after A. S. Emelyanov.Results. In the period from 1-100 days of lactation, there is an increase in calcium from physiological norms by 9.6%, calcium-phosphorus ratio by 32.6 % and phosphorus deficiency by 6.7 %. Fluctuations in the level of calcium in the blood serum from 7.89-12 mg%, phosphorus from 3.02-3.75 mg%. During the peak of lactation, a decrease in the amount of calcium by 2.7 % is noticeable, as well as a calcium-phosphorus ratio by 1.2% an increase in phosphorus by 4.6 %. Within the group, calcium and phosphorus values ranged from 7.13-13.74 mg%, 2.86-4.48 mg%, respectively. During the period of attenuation of lactation, an increase in the content of calcium by 5.3 %, calcium-phosphorus ratio by 10.8%, a slight decrease in phosphorus by 1.3 % is observed. Calcium values range from 8.23-12.32 mg%, phosphorus from 3.02-4.69 mg%. In the dry period, there is a deviation from the reference values of calcium, phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus ratio by 14.4; 6.7 and 8.4 %, re spectively. There is a difference in the level of calcium within the group from 5.82-10.64 mg%, phosphorus from 2.94-4.05 mg%. The level of calcium, calcium-phosphorus ratio in the blood serum of the examined animals in all periods of lactation on loose content are below the norm by 2.3-11.8 % and 6.7-13.6 %, respectively. In the blood of animals of all groups, calcium values range from 4.36-13.45 mg%, phosphorus from 3.06-5.24 mg%.

The effect of phytobiotic preparations on morphochemical blood parameters of calves with dyspepsia

The results of the effect of complex phytopreparations on blood parameters in the treatment of dyspepsia in young cattle are presented. Three groups of newborn Hereford calves with signs of dyspepsia were used as the research material. The first experimental group was given the developed preparation № 1 (bird cherry fruit, eleutherococcus rhizome, camomile flowers, probiotic) 2 times a day at 12-hour intervals at the rate of 2 ml/kg of live weight; the 2nd - was given the developed preparation № 2 (bergenia rhizome, fennel leaf, calendula flowers, probiotic) 2 times a day at 12-hour intervals at the rate of 2 ml/kg of live weight. Animals of the control group were not given the studied preparations and were treated according to the scheme adopted at the farm (they were given boiled water with NaCl 9 g/boiled water, pancreatin, tetracycline. Prior to the experiment, all clinical signs of dyspepsia were noted in sick calves. After the application of herbal preparations in the experimental groups in 7 days normalization of leukocytes by 60.4 and 48.7%, respectively, was observed. The number of erythrocytes in all studied groups was within the normal range, the level of hemoglobin in the control group was registered 10% lower than normal and 20.5% lower than in the second group of animals. Hematocrit in the experimental groups corresponded to the norm (35.2 and 38.7%, respectively), in the control group it exceeded the norm by 26% (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.01). The content of sodium and potassium in the blood serum in the control group was reduced by 44 and 17.1%, respectively, and in the experimental groups it was within the reference values. In the experimental groups, positive dynamics of normalization of calcium-phosphorus ratio and iron was noted. Glucose level significantly (p &amp;amp;lt; 0.05) increased by 2.7% in the 1st experimental group and by 3.9% in the 2nd group. The data obtained indicate high effectiveness of the preparations (90 and 100% respectively) and a positive effect on the physiological parameters of the calves, as well as on the consumer qualities of the products.

Influence of the biologically active substances on the biochemical indicators of duck blood

The authors carried out a study of the biochemical parameters of the blood of ducklings and found out that the use of the probiotic "Subtilis" throughout the experiment provides an increase in the content of calcium and phosphorus in the experimental group of ducklings by 13.1 and 16.3% compared to the control group, which positively influenced on the development of the musculoskeletal system. Herewith, the calcium-phosphorus ratio of ducklings at 55 days of age was higher 0.22% in favor of the experimental group. Also, the use of the probiotic "Subtilis" had a positive effect on the total protein index, which was higher by 2.1 g/l in the experimental group compared to the analogs of the control group at the end of the experiment. The uric acid indicator was within the reference values, which indicates that this probiotic did not have a toxic effect on the body.

Parathyroid Hormone-25(OH)D and Calcium-Phosphorus Ratio as Osteopenia Risk Factors in Women with Central Obesity

BACKGROUND: Central obesity has a close association with inflammation and the state of bone mass. Osteopenia is an abnormal condition of bone density. Bone mass density is influenced by several factors, such as 25(OH)D, parathyroid hormone (PTH), calcium (Ca) and phosphorus (P). The aim of this study was to evaluate the role of PTH-25(OH)D and Ca-P ratio as risk factors for osteopenia in women with central obesity.METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted in September 2020 to March 2021. The total subjects were 130 women aged 25-50 years old with central obesity. The diagnosis of osteopenia was done using dual X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) to measure bone mineral density. Enzyme linked fluorescent assay (ELFA) method was done to measure PTH and 25(OH)D levels, ion selective electrode method to measure Ca, and photometer method to measure P level. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve was used to determine the optimal cut-off value and calculated prevalence ratio (PR) for osteopenia risks, followed by logistic regression analysis.RESULTS: The PR of PTH level was 10.18 (95% CI: 1.15–5.85; p=0.01); the PTH-25(OH)D ratio was 5.12 (95% CI: 1.13–23.19; p=0.04); Ca level was 6.0 (95% CI: 1.33–27.14; p=0.02) and Ca-P ratio was 4.89 (95%CI: 1.33–17.97; p=0.02). The PR for PTH together with Ca level was 18.71 (95% CI: 2.17–160.40; p=0.008).CONCLUSION: The PTH-25(OH)D ratio and the Ca-P ratio are risk factors for the incidence of osteopenia in women with central obesity. A high PTH-25(OH)D ratio and a high Ca-P ratio would have a higher risk of developing osteopenia in this population.KEYWORDS: CRP, PTH-25(OH)D, Ca-P, osteopenia, central obesity, women

Effect of calcium supplementation on severe hypocalcemia in patients with secondary hyperparathyroidism after total parathyroidectomy.

BACKGROUNDSevere hypocalcemia (SH) is a dreaded complication of total parathyroidectomy (TPTX) without auto-transplantation.AIMTo compare conventional and preventive calcium supplementation (CS) regimens in terms of SH occurrence after TPTX.METHODSThis retrospective study included patients who underwent TPTX between January 2015 and May 2018 at the China-Japan Friendship Hospital. From January 2015 to May 2016, conventional CS was performed in patients who underwent TPTX, with calcium amounts adjusted according to postoperative serum calcium levels. From October 2016 to May 2018, preventive CS was performed according to preoperative alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. The patients were defined as low-risk (ALP < 500 U/L) and high-risk (ALP > 500 U/L) for SH. All preoperative blood samples were collected in the fasting state on the day before surgery. Postoperative blood samples were obtained at 6-7 AM from the first postoperative day.RESULTSA total of 271 patients were included. These patients were 47.7 ± 11.1 years old, and 57.6% were male. Their mean body mass index (BMI) was 22.9 ± 3.8 kg/m2. There were no significant differences in sex, age, BMI, preoperative ALP, serum calcium, serum phosphorus, calcium-phosphorus ratio, and intact parathyroid hormone (iPTH) between the two CS groups. Compared with conventional CS, preventive CS led to lower occurrence rates of hypocalcemia within 48 h (46.0% vs 74.5%, P < 0.001) and SH (31.7% vs 64.1%, P < 0.001). Multivariable analysis showed that preoperative iPTH levels [odds ratio (OR) = 1.001, 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.000-1.001, P = 0.009), preoperative ALP amounts (OR = 1.002, 95%CI: 1.001-1.003, P = 0.002), preoperative serum phosphorus levels (OR = 8.729, 95%CI: 1.518-50.216, P = 0.015) and preventive CS (OR = 0.132, 95%CI: 0.067-0.261, P < 0.001) were independently associated with SH. In patients with preoperative ALP ≥ 500 U/L, only preventive CS (OR = 0.147, 95%CI: 0.038-0.562. P = 0.005) was independently associated with SH.CONCLUSIONThis study suggests that preventive CS could reduce the occurrence of SH, indicating its critical value for hypocalcemia after TPTX.

Mild-intensity physical activity prevents cardiac and osseous iron deposition without affecting bone mechanical property or porosity in thalassemic mice

Thalassemia causes anemia, ineffective erythropoiesis, bone loss and iron accumulation in several tissues, e.g., liver, bone and heart, the last of which leads to lethal cardiomyopathy and arrhythmia. Although exercise reportedly improves bone density in thalassemic mice, exercise performance is compromised and might pose risk of cardiovascular accident in thalassemic patients. Therefore, we sought to explore whether mild-intensity physical activity (MPA) with 30–50% of maximal oxygen consumption was sufficient to benefit the heart and bone. Herein, male hemizygous β-globin knockout (BKO) mice and wild-type littermates were subjected to voluntary wheel running 1 h/day, 5 days/week for 3 months (MPA group) or kept sedentary (SDN; control). As determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy, BKO-MPA mice had less iron accumulation in heart and bone tissues compared with BKO-SDN mice. Meanwhile, the circulating level of fibroblast growth factor-23—a factor known to reduce serum iron and intestinal calcium absorption—was increased early in young BKO-MPA mice. Nevertheless, MPA did not affect duodenal calcium transport or body calcium retention. Although MPA restored the aberrant bone calcium-phosphorus ratio to normal range, it did not change vertebral calcium content or femoral mechanical properties. Microstructural porosity in tibia of BKO-MPA mice remained unaltered as determined by synchrotron radiation X-ray tomographic microscopy. In conclusion, MPA prevents cardiac and bone iron accumulation, which is beneficial to thalassemic patients with limited physical fitness or deteriorated cardiac performance. However, in contrast to moderate-intensity exercise, MPA does not improve bone mechanical properties or reduce bone porosity.

CHARACTERISTICS OF CHANGES IN QUALITATIVE PROPERTIES OF ORAL FLUID IN CHILDREN WITH CONGENITAL NONUNION OF THE PALATE

According to publications in scientific periodicals, children with congenital malformations of the development are increasingly born, including those with localization on the face, head and neck. Anatomical inferiority of tissues in the area of the slit defect of the palate creates the preconditions for the formation of pathological symptom complex, which contributes to the progression of inflammatory-dystrophic changes in the oral cavity.&#x0D; The aim of the study was to study the violations of the qualitative properties of oral fluid in children with congenital nonunion of the palate in the preoperative period.&#x0D; For an in-depth examination of 58 children who were under our supervision, a group of 25 patients aged from 4 to 6 years was formed. Of these, 14 had a unilateral cleft and 11 had a bilateral cleft.&#x0D; The substrate for the study was unstimulated fraction of oral fluid. The salivation rate was studied, the concentration of hydrogen ions in it, its optical density, viscosity, α-amylase activity, levels of medium weight molecules, sialic acids, total protein, oxyproline were determined. The degree of mineralizing potential was determined by magnesium, calcium and phosphorus.&#x0D; At the time of the examination in children with unilateral clefts, a decrease in the amount of oral fluid was found, which was expressed by a decrease in the secretory activity of the large and small salivary glands by 1,3 times. The concentration of ions is visible in it and the activity of α-amylase decreased by 1.3 times. The optical density and viscosity also increased by 1,3 times, the number of medium weight molecules, the level of sialic acid and total protein increased by 1.5 times, and oxyrolin by 1.6 times.&#x0D; The analysis of indexes that showed the mineralizing potential of oral fluid mineralizing potential of oral fluid allowed to determine the fact that in patients of this group it decreased by 1,7 times and this occurred against the background of a decrease in calcium and magnesium by 1,5, with an increase in phosphorus by 1.3 times. This imbalance led to falling in calcium-phosphorus ratio by 1,8 times.&#x0D; In children with congenital malformations of the palate there is a decrease in the functional activity of large and small salivary glands, reduced buffering capacity of oral fluid, which occurs against the background of falling mineralizing potential of oral fluid, imbalance of calcium, phosphorus and magnesium. This affects the calcium-phosphorus ratio, thus creating optimal conditions for demineralization of tooth hard tissues. Changes in physicochemical and biochemical properties of mixed saliva are determined, which is the basis for the prolongation and progression of pathological processes in the oral cavity that take place in them.&#x0D; The complex of treatment-and-prophylactic measures developed by us, aimed at improving the level of components of homeostasis of the oral cavity before surgery, is being tested for the future.

MARKERS OF METABOLIC DISORDERS IN THE BLOOD OF SOWS IN CASE OF HEPATODYSTROPHY

Liver diseases are widespread among pigs of different gender and age groups. Hepatodystrophy (hepatosis) is most often recorded among liver diseases. Various metabolic disorders develop in sows with hepatosis. Groups of sows of different ages (farrow number) with biochemical changes which are specific for hepatosis were formed in the conditions of the pig-breeding complex. In total, six groups of 5 sows in each were formed. The list of biochemical parameters allowed to assess the state of protein, lipid, carbohydrate, mineral and pigment metabolism, as well as activity of a number of enzymes. The diagnosis was confirmed by macro- and microscopic examination of the livers of sows. Macroscopic examination of the livers of sows with hepatosis revealed their increased size, rounded edges, variegated color. Similar changes were not found in the livers of healthy sows. Granular, vacuolar and fatty degeneration were found when studying histosections obtained from liver samples of sows with hepatosis. Derangements of protein and nitrogen metabolism (high levels of total protein and creatinine, decreased concentrations of albumin and urea, albumin-protein ratio) were found in sows with hepatosis. Derangements of carbohydrate and lipid (decrease of blood glucose, total cholesterol, triglycerides) and mineral metabolism (increase of concentration of iron and inorganic phosphorus with simultaneous decrease of concentration of calcium and calcium-phosphorus ratio) were noted. These changes of metabolic processes in the body are basically preconditioned by inhibition of synthetic function of the liver in case of hepatosis of sows.

ANALYSIS OF CALCIUM AND PHOSPHORUS (CALCIUM-PHOSPHOROUS RATIO) BY SPECTROPHOTOMETRIC TECHINQUES OF SOME COMMONLY EATEN ROOTS/TUBERS SPECIES IN NIGERIA

Some commonly eaten species of roots/tubers namely: Capsium annum (red and white species), Manihot utilisima, Dioscorea dumentorum and Colocassi sagiltifolium were analyzed to compare their calcium-phosphorus ratio by method of APHA, (2018) and AOAC (2005) respectively. The results showed much higher proportions of phosphorus than calcium as against 1 to1 or 1.5 to 1.0 ratios which are the ideal dietary calcium-to-phosphorus ratio. The results suggest that calcium be seriously supplemented and or complemented in these commonly eaten food staples since excess phosphorus tends to suppress the transformation of vitamin D into calcitriol, one of the routes by which the body maintains calcium levels. This will go a long way in reducing conditions of porous, brittle and fracture prone bones that lead to bone diseases which are rampant in our society today.

Comparative evaluation of remineralisation potential of bioactive glass, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and novel strontium-doped nanohydroxyapatite paste: An In-Vitro study.

Many studies explained the importance of remineralisation of early carious lesions with various remineralising agents. In the present study, we incorporated the remineralising agents in a dentifrice, applied that in artificial enamel caries and evaluated their remineralising potential and compared the efficacy among the three. To evaluate and compare the remineralisation potential of a dentifrice containing bioactive glass, casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate and novel laboratory synthesised strontiumdoped nanohydroxyapatite paste in artificial enamel caries. 120 enamel specimens were divided into 4 groups of 30 specimens each, based on the type of dentifrice applied: GI - conventional toothpaste (control group), GII - calcium sodium phosphosilicate (Novamin), GIII - casein phosphopeptide-amorphous calcium phosphate (GC tooth mousse) and GIV- Novel strontiumdoped nanohydroxyapatite paste (SrnHAp paste). Specimens in all the groups were subjected to demineralisation, and calcium/phosphorous ratio was analysed followed by remineralisation and the mean calcium-phosphorus ratio was assessed using a scanning electron microscope and energy dispersing X-ray analysis. Data were analysed using IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows Software, version 22 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY, USA). Descriptive statistics were used to calculate the mean and standard deviation. Kruskal-Wallis, ANOVA and Mann-Whitney tests were used. The level of significance was set at 5%. All except the control group showed a net increase in calcium and phosphorous values after application of the respective remineralising agents in respective groups. Inter-group comparison revealed that Group IV - SrnHAp paste yields higher net calcium and phosphorous values than other groups. Hence, novel SrnHAp can be considered as the material of choice in remineralising early enamel carious lesions.

The most balance composition of calcium-phosphorus in the feed to support growth performance and tibia profile of broiler chicken strain CP 707

&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Objective: &lt;/strong&gt;Calcium and phosphorus are macrominerals that are needed for metabolism and mineralization of chicken bones. This study aims to determine the growth performance and tibial profile of broiler chicken strain CP 707 which are fed by using different calcium-phosphorus balance compositions.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Methods: &lt;/strong&gt;This research was conducted in Kefamenanu, the East Nusa Tenggara for 42 days. A total of 96 day old chicks were used in this study. Chickens were allocated in 16 units of cages, based on a completely randomized design consisting of 4 treatments and 4 replications. The treatments given were T0 (control feed without calcium-phosphorus supplementation), T1 (control feed + 1.0% calcium + 0.5% phosphorus), T2 (control feed + 1.5% calcium + 0.5% phosphorus) and T3 (control feed + 2.0% calcium + 0.5% phosphorus).&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p class="MDPI17abstract"&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Results&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;strong&gt;: &lt;/strong&gt;The findings showed that the calcium-phosphorus ratio affected weight gain, feed conversion, carcass weight, tibial bone weight, tibial bone dry weight and tibial bone ash content (P&amp;lt;0.05), while feed consumption and tibial bone length were not significant. The highest body weight was in T3 (2142.25±31.84 g/bird) with a weight gain of 62.41±2.20 g/bird/day. The best feed conversions at T2 and T3 were 1.94±0.33 and 1.85±0.70. The highest carcass weight at T3 was 1354.45±39.12 g/bird with a carcass percentage of 63.20±0.32%. The highest tibial weight at T2 and T3 were 18.57±0.73 and 19.43±0.66 g/bird with dry weight of 40.61±0.75 and 41.42±1.33%. The highest tibial bone ash content was at T3, namely 44.72±0.91%.&lt;strong&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Conclusions: &lt;/strong&gt;The conclusion of this study is that the balance of 2.0% calcium and 0.5% phosphorus provides optimal growth performance and tibial profile.&lt;p align="center"&gt; &lt;/p&gt;