Calcium Humate Research Articles

Influence of biological preparations on the energy of germination and germination of vegetable seeds

In this article, the influence of biological preparations on the germination energy and germination of onion, carrot and table beet seeds has been studied and established. Scientific research was carried out in laboratory conditions of the department “Technologies for the cultivation of vegetable crops (group of agrochemistry and plant protection)” of the regional branch “Kainar” of the «Kazakh Research Institute of Horticulture and Vegetables» LLP. The scientific article provides data for 2024. The results of laboratory studies showed that pre-sowing treatment of onion seeds and root crops (carrots, beets) with biological preparations improved their growth parameters. The best indicators of germination energy and seed germination were noted in variants where onion seeds were treated with TRAINER, Gumat (calcium humate), ALKARAL Herb, and AMINO CORE; on carrots - with ALKARAL Herb, Bioenzyme+K, Gumat (calcium humate) and TRAINER, on table beets - with Scudo, AMINO CORE, Gumat (calcium humates) and ALKARAL Herb. It was found that the use of biological preparations increased the germination of onion seeds to 5,3-10,0 %, carrots - to 3,0-8,2 %, table beets - to 4,3 %-5,8 %.

Effect of Organic Acids, Calcium Humate and Bio-fertilizers Application on some Soil Properties and Yield Productivity under Saline Soil Conditions

Effect of Organic Acids, Calcium Humate and Bio-fertilizers Application on some Soil Properties and Yield Productivity under Saline Soil Conditions

Humic Acids Formation during Compositing of Plant Remnants in Presence of Calcium Carbonate and Biochar

The investigation of the mechanisms organic matter transformation in compost organic fertilizers is an urgent task of modern soil ecology and soil chemistry. The main components of such fertilizers are newly formed, weakly humified labile humic acids (HAs). The objective of the study is to determine the mechanism of converting the newly formed HAs into the forms with increased resistance to microbiological and biochemical influences. Obtained during the plant residues decomposition, HAs were studied in the incubation experiment (0, 30, 90 days). Calcium carbonate and biochar produced by rapid pyrolysis from birch and aspen wood, at 550 °C, were used as the composting mixture compounds. Decomposed plant residues—fresh aboveground mass of clover (Trifolium pratense L.), rye (Secale cereale L.), as well as dry oat straw (Avena sativa L.) were the material used for humification. To obtain Has, 0.1 M NaOH and 0.1 M Na4P2O7 were used. Then, HAs were separated from fulvic acids (FAs) using a 0.5 M H2SO4. The amount of labile HAs (HAs1) was estimated by their content in 0.1 M NaOH. The amount of stabilized HAs (HAs2) was calculated by the difference between the HAs content in 0.1 M Na4P2O7 and 0.1 M NaOH. Preparation of HAs for elemental composition and NMR analysis was performed according to the International Humic Substances Society’s recommendations. The possibility of converting newly formed HAs into stable forms (calcium humates), whose share in the HAs composition reaches 40–50%, has been shown. However, the mechanism of HAs transformation under the studied reagent’s influence was different. In the presence of calcium carbonate, it is caused by the physicochemical processes of newly formed HAs rearrangement. However, in the presence of biochar, this is due to the humification processes’ intensification and to the increase in the aromatization degree confirmed by the increase in the optical density, as well as by the increase in carbon and oxygen proportion, and by the decrease in hydrogen proportion in HAs molecules. The understanding of HAs formation and transformation mechanisms at the early humification stages can help to optimize the methods of obtaining organic fertilizers.

Effect of Nitrogen Fertilization and Spraying with Prepared Calcium Humate-Fulvate and Fungicide on Tomato Yield (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill)

A field experiment was conducted in Al-Zubair area, southern of Iraq, In loamy sand soil to investigate the effect of three different levels of nitrogen fertilizer (0, 200, 400 Kg N ha-1) and spraying with prepared calcium humate – fulvate,(0.0, 0.4, 0. 8 %) and the fungicide Scor (0, 0.5, 1 ml L-1) on the yield of tomato plant (Lycopersicon esculentum Mill) during the growing season 2020-2021. The results of the study showed a significant effect of treatments, and the triple interaction treatment of 400 kg N ha + pesticide at a concentration of 1 ml L-1 + calcium humate - fulvate, at a concentration of 0.4% recorded the highest concentration in leaves of 55.00 gm kg-1 of dry matter, and the triple interaction treatment of 200 kg nitrogen ha-1 + fungicide 0.5 ml L-1 + calcium humate - fulvate 0.4% was the best in reducing the severity of infection on the leaves as it scored 7.22%, while the triple interaction treatment gave 200 kg nitrogen ha-1 + fungicide 1 ml L-1+ calcium humate-fulvate at 0.8% the highest amounted to 67.39 tons ha-1.

Calcium humate as an indicator of cation exchange capacity and environmental sustainability of soil humic system

It has been shown that not all organic compounds in a multicomponent humic system determine its cation-exchange capacity and environmental stability. This active part of the soil in the form of humic acids makes up 30% of the total soil organic carbon in podzols and more than 50% in chernozems. Among the studied humic acids, their compounds with alkaline earth elements are of considerable interest. It was shown that in all soils of the transect, except for podzols, these compounds are predominant. In addition, they can serve not only as a reliable index of the cation exchange capacity (CEC) of the organic part of the soil, but also the environmental sustainability (ES) of the entire humic system. Based on the considered data of Ca and Mg humates, it is proposed to classify indices of ecological sustainability of humic systems.

PHYSIC-CHEMICAL PROPERTIES OF TYPICAL CHERNOZEMS OF PRYDNISTERSK PODILLYA

This article analyzes the physic-chemical properties of typical chernozems. According to the methods, a laboratory study was performed. Physic-chemical parameters that are typodiagnostic for subfacial classification division of typical chernozems of the Prydnistersk Podillya are determined. Typical chernozems of the Prydnistersk Podillya are low-humus (2.78–3.98%). With depth, the humus content decreases by an average of 0.2% for every 10 cm, which indicates a uniformly accumulative type of distribution of organic matter in the profile of chernozems. In the same direction, humus reserves are declining. There is a spatial correlation between the humus content and the amount of physical clay in the fine soil.
 Humic acids predominate in the humus to a depth of 90–100 cm (Sgk: Sfk is 1.12–1.78). The general tendency of relative “fulvatization” of the arable layer as a result of its agrotechnical depletion is noticed. In relation to SGC to total organic C, chernozems of the study area are characterized by a high and very high degree of humification of organic matter. It is highest (62–70%) in the soils of the key section “Humentsi”, decreasing to 52–62% and 43–63% in the western direction.
 The humic acids of typical chernozems are dominated by calcium humates (GK-2). The largest number of them (29–35%) is concentrated on the contact boundary of humus and carbonate profiles. The convex nature of the distribution curves of the fraction of 2 humic acids and a sharp decrease in its content deeper than 100 cm, indicates their high migration capacity and the possibility of significant deposition of only a significant excess of calcium carbonates. The intensity of migration processes of the GK-2 fraction decreases in the direction of increasing the stiffness of hydrothermal conditions, due to the pulling of carboxylic acid salts closer to the soil surface, supersaturation of the solution with calcium bicarbonate, and as a consequence, increasing the total alkalinity in the humus horizon.
 The capacity of cation exchange (ECO) of typical chernozems is quite high (29–32 mmol-eq / 100 g of soil) with the dominance of calcium and magnesium cations in the composition of the soil-absorbing complex (GVC). There is a general tendency to increase these indicators in chernozems with low values ​​of SCC of the territory.
 The pH of the aqueous extract of typical chernozems of the Prydnistersk Podillya increases with depth from weakly acidic in the arable horizon to weakly and medium-alkaline within the carbonate profile. The reasons for such changes in the increase with the depth of the concentration of Ca2 + bicarbonates, which in their dissociation leads to an increase in the amount of hydroxyl ion and increase the alkalinity of the soil.
 The carbonate profile of typical chernozems is dominated by migratory forms of carbonate neoplasms - mold, carbonate plaque, veins. The vertical curve of carbonate content has an eluvial-illuvial type of profile structure. The content and reserves of carbonates in the 1.5-meter layer of typical chernozems increase from the west (434–714 t / ha) to the east (979–1847 t / ha).
 Key words: physic-chemical properties, typical chernozems, humic horizon, humic acids, carbonate profile.

Rehabilitation of saline soil with biogas digestate, humic acid, calcium humate and their amalgamations

ABSTRACT Amelioration of saline soil is a requisite in order to increase crop productivity. A soil incubation study was performed for 60 days using digestate, humic acid, calcium humate and their combinations to investigate the influence on physical, chemical, microbial and enzyme activities of saline soil. Overall, digestate combined with calcium humate followed by humic acid treatments have shown their potency in decreasing the soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), and sodium ion (Na+) concentration, and increase in potassium ion (K +), calcium ion (Ca 2+), magnesium ion (Mg 2+), mean weight diameter (MWD), soil enzyme activities, microbial biomass carbon (MBC), MBC: microbial biomass nitrogen (MBN) and soil respiration than control. The digestate, humic acid individually and their amalgamation evidenced greater MBN among all the treatments. The digestate alone efficiently improved the soil properties than humic acid and calcium humate individual groups except for the MWD where it is pronounced more in the latter groups. The greater metabolic quotient (qCO2) was observed in control than organic matter amended treatments indicating the stress conditions. The increase in water-extractable organic matter (WEOM) with minimal aromaticity (specific ultraviolet absorbance at 254 nm-Suva 254) in integrated amendments comprising groups, laid the ground reason to improve the properties of saline soil. Therefore, this study concludes that the fusion of fresh and humified substrates could facilitate reclamation.

ЭКОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ УСТОЙЧИВОСТЬ ГУМУСА ПОЧВ ЗАПАДНОЙ СИБИРИ

The paper analyzes the issue of environmental sustainability (ES) of the system of humus substances. The main problem in studies of ES consists in determination of its most informative criteria. Besides the bioclimatic indices, the characteristics of humus such as its content, type of humus and degree of humification of organic matter were ascertained to be included into the number of obligatory criteria of ES. Additional study of humic acids as more chemically and biologically sustainable soil organic substances showed that the fraction of calcium humates (combined with exchangeable calcium) proved to be the most informative criteria of ES. The most representative data on ES are obtained at simultaneous study of virgin and arable soil samples.

Effect of Calcium Humate, Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Irrigation Regime on Soil Chemical Properties and Faba Bean Productivity

Effect of Calcium Humate, Nitrogen Fertilizer Rates and Irrigation Regime on Soil Chemical Properties and Faba Bean Productivity

Roles of membrane and organic fouling layers on the removal of endocrine disrupting chemicals in microfiltration

To understand the adsorption behavior of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) is important for enhancing the treatment performance and preventing potential secondary pollution caused by EDCs desorption in a microfiltration system. The dynamic adsorption of four representative EDCs, namely estriol (E3), 17β-estradiol (E2), 17α-ethynylestradiol (EE2), and 4-nonylphenol (4-NP) in a microfiltration system was investigated using the Thomas' model. The product of the equilibrium constant and the total adsorption capacity of the membrane, Ka, for E3, E2, EE2, and 4-NP were 4.91, 9.78, 15.6, and 826, respectively, strongly correlating with the compound octanol-water partition coefficient (KOW). Adsorption appeared to be enhanced when organic fouling formed on the surface of membrane, indicating the role of an additional adsorption column for EDCs acted by a fouling layer in microfiltration. Results of a comparison between the Ka values for clean membrane and fouled membrane illustrated that the significant contribution made by fouling layers may be attributed to the foulant layer's hydrophobicity (in the case of calcium humate layer) and thickness (in the case of calcium alginate layer). This study provided a novel perspective to quantitatively analyze the dynamic adsorption behavior of trace pollutants in membrane process.

Humus conditions of the Pre-Dnisterian Podolia Haplic Chernozems

The humus state of chernozems typical of Pre-Dnisterian Podolia is investigated. It has been established that for the content of humus the chernozems typical of the Pre-Dnisterian Podolia are low humus (2.78–3.98 %). With depth, the content of humus decreases gradually, indicating a uniformly accumulative type of distribution of organic matter in the soil profile. It is determined that in typical chernozems the phenomenon of moderate migration of humic acids is observed, thus forming a deep humus profile. Humic content to the depth of 90–100 cm is dominated by humic acids (Cga:Cfais 1.12–1.78). The general tendency of relative “pluralisation” of the arable lay eras a result of its agronomic exhaustion has been observed. In relation to the Cga to the general organic C, the chernozems soil of the study area is characterized by a high and very high degree of humification of organic matter. It is proved that the intensity of the migration processes of humic acids decreases in the direction of strengthening the hardness of the GTK territory, due to the tightening of calcium carbonates closer to the surface of the soil. Its middle and lower parts were formed, to a large extent, by infiltration of humic acids, moreover, mainly due to the calcium humates. In the case of the use of chernozems without the use of organic fertilizers, the processes of mineralization of plant residues and humus are more active, and the balance of humus is scarce. However, when applying a setoff measures, you cannot only prevent loss of humus but also increased their content. Such a complex should include the following measures: soil replenishment with organic substances, in particular, the planting of perennial grasses and sown crops, the abandonment of a higher grain of grain; minimizing cultivation; creation of optimal ratios of crops in crop rotation to reduce humus losses; the application of meliorants, which would ensure the strengthening of soil fixation of newly formed humus substances. Key words: Pre-Dnisterian Podolia, Haplic Chernozems, humus, humic acids, fulvic acids.

Changes in the content and quality of humus in leached chernozems of the Trans-Ural forest-steppe zone under the impact of their agricultural use

The results of long-term studies of changes in the content and fractional-group composition of humus in leached chernozems (Luvic Voronic Chernozems, WRB 2006) of the Trans-Ural forest-steppe since the beginning of their plowing are considered. These soils are characterized by the high humus pool (up to 500 t/ha in the virgin state and up to 430 t/ha in the plowed state) and the high degree of the organic matter humification. Humus is of the fulvate–humate type in the upper 30 cm and of the humate–fulvate type in the deeper layers. From 1968 to 2006, the total pool of humus in the 1-m-deep soil layer of the plowed chernozems decreased by 8.5% in comparison with the initial virgin soils. The rate of dehumification reached 1.0–1.4 t/ha per year. The long-term plowing of leached chernozems also led to a smaller content of nitrogen in the organic matter (the C/N ratio increased from 11.5 to 13.6). The relative content of free humic acids (HA-1) and humic acids bound to clay minerals (HA-3) increased, whereas the content of calcium humates (HA-2) decreased. The composition of fulvic acids in the plow horizon was characterized by the rise in the content of aggressive (FA-1a) and mobile (FA-1) fractions, while the amount of fulvates bound to calcium (FA-2) decreased.

Growth, yield, and calcium and boron uptake of tomato(Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.) asaffected by calcium and boron humate application in greenhouse conditions

The objective of this study was to examine the effect of calcium humate, boron humate, and humic acid solutions on growth, yield, quality, and calcium and boron uptake of tomato (Lycopersicon esculentum L.) and cucumber (Cucumis sativus L.), as well as changes in soil nutrient status after crop harvest. Four different concentrations (500, 1000, 3000, and 5000 mg kg-1) of calcium humate (12% CaO, 15% humic and fulvic acid), boron humate (10% BOH4, 15% humic and fulvic acid), and humic acid (15% humic and fulvic acid) were used in this research. The results revealed that Ca humate, B humate, and humic acid treatments applied at different rates positively affected the total marketable yield, average fruit weight, fruit diameter, fruit length, and leaf dry matter of tomato and cucumber plants. However, no statistically significant differences were observed among the treatments in terms of total soluble solids, fruit dry matter, chlorophyll, and plant length. The highest tomato yield (159,682 kg ha-1) was obtained from 2936 mg kg-1 Ca humate application, while the highest cucumber yield (172,992 kg ha-1) was obtained from 2910 mg kg-1 Ca humate application. In addition, the macro- and micronutrient concentration in leaves and fruits also increased significantly with these applications. Translocations of Ca and B from leaf to fruit were also affected positively by the Ca and B humate applications. Leaf Ca/fruit Ca ratio in tomato and cucumber decreased from 20.55 to 2.42 and from 10.70 to 1.37, respectively, while leaf B/fruit B ratio decreased from 15.80 to 1.82 in tomato and from 14.31 to 2.64 in cucumber. The applications also upgraded soil health by modifying the chemical characteristics of the soil and enhancing its nutrient status. The results showed that Ca and B humate nutrient sources should be used as an economical and simple application for tomato and cucumber plants without Ca and B deficiency during the plant growth period.

Preparation of iron, aluminium, calcium, magnesium, and zinc humates for environmental applications

AbstractA few non-conventional humate sorbents, i.e. iron humate (FeH), aluminium humate (AlH), calcium humate (CaH), magnesium humate (MgH), and zinc humate (ZnH), were prepared from a commercial product Fortehum L/K (Humatex, Bílina, Czech Republic). The metal content in humates was determined by X-ray fluorescence analysis, the organic elements (C, H, N, and S) were analysed by an Elementar Vario III and the functional groups were determined by classical methods using KBr pellets and diffuse reflection infrared spectroscopy (DRIFTS). FeH, AlH, and ZnH were tested as sorbents for the removal of inorganic or organic pollutants (metals, inorganic ions, dyes, and chlorophenols) from waste water. Sorption properties decreased in order: ZnH, AlH, FeH. CaH and MgH are partly soluble and therefore they are not usable as sorbents. However, their ion-exchange abilities for heavy metals are excellent which makes them usable for phytoremediation and bioremediation.

Analysis of Carbon Functional Groups in Mobile Humic Acid and Recalcitrant Calcium Humate Extracted from Eight US Soils

Abstract Solid state 13 C nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy is a common tool to study the structure of soil humic fractions; however, knowledge regarding carbon structural relationships in humic fractions is limited. In this study, mobile humic acid (MHA) and recalcitrant calcium humate (CaHA) fractions were extracted from eight soils collected from six US states and representing a variety of soils and ecoregions, characterized by this spectroscopic technique and analyzed for statistical significance at P = 0.05. We found that the abundances of COO and N-C=O functional groups in the MHA fractions were negatively correlated to soil sand content, but were positively correlated to silt, total N and soil organic carbon contents. In contrast, the abundances of the COO and N-C=O functional groups were only positively correlated to the content of clay in the CaHA fractions, indicating that the two humic fractions were associated with different soil components. The two 13 C NMR peaks representing alkyls and OCH 3 /NCH were negatively correlated to the peaks representing aromatics, aromatic C-O and N-C=O/COO. Comparison of the sets of data from 13 C NMR spectroscopy and ultrahigh resolution mass spectrometry revealed that the aromatic components identified by the two methods were highly consistent. The comparison further revealed that protein in MHA was associated with, or bound to, the nonpolar alkyl groups, but a component competitively against (or complementary to) aromatic groups in the MHA composition. These observations provided insight on the internal correlations of the functional groups of soil humic fractions.

Sorption properties of silicate materials based on Ca2SiO4 in humic acid solutions

The effect of humic acids (HA) in river water on the sorption properties of metallurgical slag (major component Ca2SiO4) was revealed in batch sorption experiments. Interaction of HA with sorbate cations in solution and with the sorbent surface affects the character of the sorption process found previously for dicalcium silicate. This interaction results in a decrease in the affinity of dicalcium silicate to multiple-charged cations [REE(III), U(VI), Th(IV)] in their sorption from river water by more than an order of magnitude. Possible chemical transformations responsible for a decrease in the sorption affinity of the silicate sorbent are discussed: complexation of HA with metal cations in the aqueous phase and competing reactions of the sorption of HA and calcium humate complexes on the surface of sorbent particles.

Structural Characterization of Anion–Calcium–Humate Complexes in Phosphate‐based Fertilizers

Fertilizers based on phosphate-metal-humate complexes are a new family of compounds that represents a more sustainable and bioavailable phosphorus source. The characterization of this type of complex by using solid (31)P NMR in several fertilizers, based on single superphosphate (SSP) and triple superphosphate (TSP) matrices, yielded surprising and unexpected trends in the intensity and fine structure of the (31)P NMR peaks. Computational chemistry methods allowed the characterization of phosphate-calcium-humate complexes in both SSP and TSP matrices, but also predicted the formation of a stable sulfate-calcium-humate complex in the SSP fertilizers, which has not been described previously. The stability of this complex has been confirmed by using ultrafiltration techniques. Preference towards the humic substance for the sulfate-metal phase in SSP allowed the explanation of the opposing trends that were observed in the experimental (31)P NMR spectra of SSP and TSP samples. Additionally, computational chemistry has provided an assignment of the (31)P NMR signals to different phosphate ligands as well as valuable information about the relative strength of the phosphate-calcium interactions within the crystals.

Effect of dissolved organic matter on ammonium sorption kinetics and equilibrium to Chinese clinoptilolite

In the in-situ remediation of ammonium in groundwater by a sequential reactive barrier filled with zeolite, it is of great importance to understand the mechanisms of sorption to zeolite. In this study, the effect of dissolved natural organic matter on sorption to natural Chinese clinoptilolite was studied by batch experiments taking humic acid (HA) as a model substance. The surface of clinoptilolite was characterized by scanning electronic microscopy (SEM). A needle cluster of sorbed HA could be observed on the surface of the clinoptilolite. The negative effect of HA on sorption is thought to be their competition for sorption sites, the surface coverage and blockage of the pores of clinoptilolite by HA. The fitting results of kinetic sorption data indicated that the rate-controlling step for sorption by clinoptilolite in both and systems is the heterogeneous chemisorption. The existence of HA (10 mg/L) significantly reduced the initial sorption rate of , but the effect of a further concentration increase of HA was slight. The effect of HA on maximum sorption capacity was found to be insignificant in the experiments. A high aqueous Ca 2+ concentration can decrease the negative effect of HA on sorption by precipitation of calcium humate.

Organo-mineral sulfur containing fertilizers on the basis of oxidized brown coal and phosphogypsum

It was demonstrated that the phosphogypsum can be used as the component of organo-mineral fertilizers on the basis of ammoniated oxidized brown coal because ammonium humates present in the ammoniated oxidized brown coal converted the phosphogypsum into calcium humate and ammonium sulfate.

Interaction of different humic acid fractions from clayey soddy-podzolic soils with calcium

Interactions of the first and second humic acid (HA) fractions isolated from clayey soddy-podzolic soils of the Novgorod Experimental Agricultural Station with calcium were studied. It was found that the formation of calcium humates with different HA fractions followed common regularities, but significant differences in the parameters characterizing the course of the reaction and the properties of the resulting products (including the capacity of precipitates to be peptized in water and to prevent calcium from leaching) were observed between the HA-1 and HA-2 fractions. For many of the parameters studied, the difference between the HA-1 and HA-2 fractions was comparable to that between black and brown HAs. The persistence of positive changes related to liming in the soil largely depended on the functional properties of the HAs and their capacity to actively interact with calcium and prevent it from leaching.