Calcium Carbonate Treatment Research Articles

Calcium carbonate treatments affect cultivation environment around the fruit surface and mitigate sunburn formation and rind puffing of satsuma mandarin fruits

Calcium carbonate treatments affect cultivation environment around the fruit surface and mitigate sunburn formation and rind puffing of satsuma mandarin fruits

Ca2+ addition facilitates the shell repair with eggs production of Pomacea canaliculata through biomineralization and food intaking regulation

Pomacea canaliculata was by far one of the most harmful invasive organisms in the world, causing serious harm to aquatic crops and ecosystem. Calcium carbonate is a common component of aquatic environment, which is important for the growth of Pomacea canaliculata. Therefore, the objective of this study was to investigate the response characteristics of P. canaliculata suffered shell breakage to the addition of calcium carbonate in water environment. In this experiment, we explored the effects of calcium carbonate addition on the P. canaliculata shell repair rate, food intake, egg production, shell strength, and calcium content through breaking the snails shell and the addition of calcium carbonate treatment. The results showed that snail broken-shell repaired mostly within 21 days. The snails experienced a significant increase in shell repair rates during earlier days of the treatment, especially for female snails. Food intake of snails exhibited different patterns when their shells were broken and calcium carbonate was added. Shell breakage treatment combined with calcium carbonate addition significantly increased the diameter of snail eggs compared with the control and the calcium carbonate addition treatment without shell-broken snail group. There was no significant difference in shell strength or calcium content of male snails between the treatments. The study suggests that P. canaliculata exhibits a sex-dependent response pattern when subjected to shell damage and calcium carbonate addition. The findings can provide some references to better understand the invasion mechanism and survival strategy of the P. canaliculata.

The synergistic treatment of cyclolinopeptide J and calcium carbonate nanoparticles for osteoporosis via BMP/Wnt signaling: In vivo and in vitro

This research focuses on the investigation of cyclolinopeptide J (CLJ), a bioactive peptide naturally present in flaxseed, which loaded in porous calcium carbonate (CA) nanoparticles (JCA) to augment the effectiveness of CLJ on osteogenesis. The JCA was successfully synthesized with a high loading capacity (47.8 %) and encapsulation efficiency (95.6 %). Results showed that CLJ exerted an excellent osteogenic effect at 10 µM in MC3T3-E1 cells. CLJ and CA have been shown to activate osteogenic factors by modulating the Wnt/β-catenin and BMP/Smad signaling pathways. Furthermore, JCA treatment exhibited a remarkable ability to restore the intricate trabecular characteristics of bone in OVX-induced mice. The trabecular bone architecture observed in JCA-treated mice closely resembled that of healthy controls, indicating a substantial amelioration of osteoporotic bone loss. Our findings highlight the synergistic treatment of CLJ and CA in restoring bone integrity and structure and provide compelling evidence for the effectiveness of this novel functional supplement.

Transforming calcium carbonate–silicate wastes into steel protective coatings

This work focused on developing an innovative steel protective coating, in which calcium carbonate (CC) is the primary precursor. Mixing sodium silicate solution with CC-powder induced calcium silicate hydrate (CSH) formation binding phase via the cationic exchange reaction. Incorporating lead glass sludge and glass waste, as environmentally friendly silicate rich source alternative to sodium silicate, enhanced the creation of CSH binding phase, which is associated with an increase in the compaction of the resulted coating’s microstructure. Using prepared coatings on the surface of steel rebars improved their resistance to chloride-induced corrosion. The coated steel containing lead glass sludge was found to represent the higher affinity to mitigate chloride diffusion, as it recorded polarization resistance (Rp) (480 kΩ/cm2) higher than that reference steel reinforcement (39 kΩ/cm2) at 3 months of immersion in seawater. Utilizing nano magnesia (nM) as an additive to the protective coating with lead glass sludge results in a further improvement in the coated steel against chloride-induced-corrosion. An additional magnesium silicate hydrate (MSH) binder was formed, resulting in remarkable improvements in the compactness of the coating's microstructure. This innovative approach is different from traditional methods for producing reactive calcium oxide through thermal treatment of CC at higher temperatures. Reactive calcium is produced through the cationic exchange reaction at room temperature, reflecting a reduction in CO2 emissions, minimizing processing costs and energy demands. Unlike the alkali-activated aluminosilicate-based coatings, the prepared coatings represent high commercial viability and low cost. Additionally, due to the properties of calcium carbonate, which are independent of its source, these coatings can be globally standardized. However, before applying this coating to different surfaces, it is crucial to address its mechanical properties and durability against various aggressive media. These aspects will be the primary focus of our future work.

Exogenous calcium fertilizer supplementation regulates production period in djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz.)

ABSTRACT In this study, red and yellow varieties of djulis (Chenopodium formosanum Koidz) were cultivated in spring and autumn, and the effects of calcium carbonate treatment on their growth traits, antioxidant capacity, and grain maturation were examined. This study showed that calcium carbonate treatment increased the plant height and stem thickness in the red variety of djulis. The treatment also significantly increases the yield components of the red variety of djulis, such as spike length and thousand-grain weight. Treating the red variety of djulis with calcium carbonate in spring significantly increased the antioxidant enzyme activity such as superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), ascorbate peroxidase (APX), and glutathione reductase (GR) activities. Interestingly, results indicated that calcium carbonate treatment could promote the early maturation of the mid-late-maturing red variety of djulis and delay the maturation of the early-maturing yellow variety. Hence this experiment concludes that the exogenous calcium treatment in djulis can regulate grain maturation and promote growth, yield, and antioxidant enzyme activity; however, the growing season and the varietal effects play a vital role in determining the overall productivity of the djulis crop.

MO814: Sucroferric Oxyhydroxide versus Calcium Carbonate in the Treatment Bone Metabolism in Patients with Ckd3–5 Evaluated by 18F-NA Fluoride PET/CT and Biomarkers: A Randomized Crossover Study

Abstract BACKGROUND AND AIMS Non-invasive methods for assessing bone metabolism have been lacking in chronic kidney disease (CKD), and the effects of different treatments on bone metabolism are mostly unknown. However, fluorine-18 labeled sodium fluoride (18F-NaF) PET/CT scanning can assess bone turnover as skeletal plasma clearance of tracer (Ki) and bone volume/tissue volume (BV/TV) in CKD. In a randomized crossover study, we aimed to compare the 8-week treatment effects of a non-calcium-based phosphate binder, sucroferric oxyhydroxide (SO), with 8 weeks of treatment with a calcium-based phosphate binder, calcium carbonate (CC), on bone turnover and BV/TV. METHOD Whole body 18F-NaF PET/CT scans were performed at the end of the CC and SO treatment periods in each participant. Ki was determined by the single-point Patlak method with semi-population input functions. A recently established CKD-MDB population residual curve was applied. Estimation of BV/TV was made by CT-derived Hounsfield units (HU) in specified volumes of interest. Paired t-tests were used or non-parametric tests (Wilcoxon signed-ranks test) when data were not normally distributed. Statistical analyses were performed using SPSS 20. RESULTS Ki assessed by the 18F-NaF scan was not significantly different at the lumbar spine (CC: 0.030 ± 0.014 mL min–1 mL–1; SO: 0.031 ± 0.014 mL min–1 mL–1; P = .75) or any other site after short-term treatment with SO or CC. However, HU was significantly higher after CC treatment. CONCLUSION 18F-NaF PET/CT is a practical tool with which to evaluate bone metabolism in CKD. Short-term SO treatment did not affect Ki (turnover) differently than CC treatment, but BV/TV (volume) was significantly lower after SO treatment than after CC treatment.

Management of Tomato Yellow Leaf Curl Virus (TYLCV) Infecting Tomato by using Calcium Rich Compounds

Bemisia tabaci (whitefly) transferred Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) disease is a significant constraint on tomato productivity. One technique for managing the condition is to spray calcium compounds (calcium carbonate, calcium chloride, calcium nitrate) onto tomatoes. According to the research findings, the incidence of TYLCV was lower in calcium compound sprayed plants than in control plants. The control group had the greatest TYLCV prevalence. Calcium carbonate-treated plants had the lowest TYLCV, followed by calcium nitrate-treated plants. Temperature and relative humidity were shown to be strongly linked with the population of whiteflies, the TYLCV vector in the tomato field. The expansion of TYLCV in tomatoes and the growth in whitefly populations were shown to have positive and substantial connections. In terms of plant height, fresh shoot weight, dried shoot weight, and root length, the three calcium compounds outperformed the others. Furthermore, the number of fruit/plants in the calcium carbonate spray was shown to be higher than in the control. With a few exceptions, calcium carbonate and calcium nitrate treatments were shown to be superior to calcium chloride treatments in terms of increasing growth and yield, contributing to character as well as yield.

Evaluation, Effect of Whitening Agents on Physico-Chemical and Functional Properties of Sardine Surimi (Sardina pilchardus)

The effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) treatments on the colour and textural properties of sardine surimi (Sardina pilchardus) were studied. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied in order to investigate their effects and to determine the optimum whitening agents used. Addition of CaCO3 and H2O2 significantly improved whiteness of surimi in comparison to NaHCO3 treatments (p < 0.05). Some textural damage and a reduction in WHC values were observed for surimi treated withH2O2 and NaHCO3 (p < 0.05). PCA biplot showed that 1.5% CaCO3 tended to result in improved whiteness, WHC and textural properties since 1.5% CaCO3 sample sits closer to these functional properties vector lines than the other treatments. Whereas, 2.5% H2O2 had positively affected only the whiteness parameter. Results indicated that treating mince with the appropriate type and concentration of whitening agent can improve the functional properties of surimi, particularly from fish species with darker meat such as sardine.
 Aims: In order to improve whiteness and functional properties of sardine surimi (Sardina pilchardus), the effects of hydrogen peroxide (H2O2), sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3) and calcium carbonate (CaCO3) treatments were studied. Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was applied in order to investigate their effects and to determine the optimum whitening agents used.
 Study Design: Experimental Research Design
 Place and Duration of Study: Research Unit “Biopreservation and Valorisation of Agro-Food Products” of the Higher Graduate School of Food Industry of Tunisia. The study was conducted in 3 months.
 Methodology: Sardine surimi samples were prepared with different treatments at different concentrations: calcium carbonate (CaCO3), hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sodium bicarbonate (NaHCO3). Proximate composition, total pigment, whiteness, water holding capacity and textural properties were investigated. Optimal levels of each whitening agent were determined using PCA.
 Results: Addition of CaCO3 and H2O2 significantly improved whiteness of surimi in comparison to NaHCO3 treatments (p < 0.05). Some textural damage and a reduction in WHC values were observed for surimi treated withH2O2 and NaHCO3 (p < 0.05). PCA biplot showed that 1.5% CaCO3 tended to result in improved whiteness, WHC and textural properties since 1.5% CaCO3 sample sits closer to these functional properties vector lines than the other treatments. Whereas, 2.5% H2O2 had positively affected only the whiteness parameter.
 Conclusion: Results indicated that treating mince with the appropriate type and concentration of whitening agent can improve the functional properties of surimi, particularly from fish species with darker meat such as sardine.

The Pharmacological Effect and Mechanism of Lanthanum Hydroxide on Vascular Calcification Caused by Chronic Renal Failure Hyperphosphatemia.

ObjectiveThe present work aimed to explore the efficacy of lanthanum hydroxide in managing the vascular calcification induced by hyperphosphate in chronic renal failure (CRF) as well as the underlying mechanism.MethodsRats were randomly allocated to five groups: normal diet control, CKD hyperphosphatemia model, CKD model treated with lanthanum hydroxide, CKD model receiving lanthanum carbonate treatment, together with CKD model receiving calcium carbonate treatment. The serum biochemical and kidney histopathological parameters were analyzed. The aortic vessels were subjected to Von Kossa staining, CT scan and proteomic analysis. In vitro, the calcium content and ALP activity were measured, and RT-PCR (SM22α, Runx2, BMP-2, and TRAF6) and Western blot (SM22α, Runx2, BMP-2, TRAF6, and NF-κB) were performed.ResultsIn the lanthanum hydroxide group, serum biochemical and kidney histopathological parameters were significantly improved compared with the model group, indicating the efficacy of lanthanum hydroxide in postponing CRF progression and in protecting renal function. In addition, applying lanthanum hydroxide postponed hyperphosphatemia-mediated vascular calcification in CKD. Furthermore, lanthanum hydroxide was found to mitigate vascular calcification via the NF-κB signal transduction pathway. For the cultured VSMCs, lanthanum chloride (LaCl3) alleviated phosphate-mediated calcification and suppressed the activation of NF-κB as well as osteo-/chondrogenic signal transduction. Lanthanum hydroxide evidently downregulated NF-κB, BMP-2, Runx2, and TRAF6 expression.ConclusionLanthanum hydroxide protects against renal failure and reduces the phosphorus level in serum to postpone vascular calcification progression.

Synthesis, characterization and formation mechanisms of nanocrystalline akermanite powder

Pure nanocrystalline akermanite was successfully synthesized by mechanical activation and heat treatment of talc, calcium carbonate, and silicate. Powders were characterized by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), x-ray diffractometry (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). The formation mechanism was studied in depth. These results showed that akermanite was produced by the formation and consumption of transitionary compounds such as enstatite, wollastonite, larnite, and merwinite. Pure akermanite was synthesized with a crystalline size of 34 nm after ball milling for 20 h and subsequent heat treatment at 900 °C for 1 h.

Fabrication and Experimental Analysis of Treated Snake Grass Fiber Reinforced with Polyester Composite

The selection of fiber is predominant for natural fiber‐reinforced polymer composite materials, which should have easy extraction and good bonding with considerable strength. In this paper, some chemical treatments were done on the fiber material to increase interfacial bonding between the snake grass fiber (Sansevieria ehrenbergii) and polyester matrix, such as alkali treatment (NaOH), potassium permanganate treatment, sodium carbonate treatment, hydrogen peroxide treatment, and calcium carbonate treatment. The chopped snake grass fiber‐reinforced polymer composite material was prepared by keeping 25 wt.% of fiber and 30 mm fiber length reinforced with an unsaturated polyester resin that was cured with the help of the catalyst methyl ethyl ketone peroxide (MEPK). Cobalt naphthenate was used as an accelerator. Tribological properties were discussed for the highly potential sample with the help of a pin‐on‐disc wear tester, and the results were analysed by the Taguchi L9 orthogonal array. This paper exhibited the best mechanical and tribological properties among those chemical‐treated fibers used in fiber‐reinforced composite materials and untreated fibers used in fiber‐reinforced composite materials. CaCO3 treatment provided higher tensile strength (45 MPa), impact strength (3.35 J), and hardness (27 BHN). Finally, the mechanical and tribological characterization of the samples was done with the aid of SEM (scanning electron microscope).

Effects of Foliar Spray on Morpho-Physiological Parameters under High Temperature Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

High temperature is a critical barrier in most cotton growing areas, limiting cotton growth and development. The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of foliar spray on KC 3 cotton variety grown under ambient (32.66°C) and high temperature (37.21°C) stress in open-top chamber (OTC) with a temperature of 5°C from the ambient temperature for 10d from flowering to boll development stage. Foliar spray of kaolin @ 3% and calcium carbonate @ 5% were sprayed separately to the set of pots both in ambient and elevated temperature on 70th day of flowering. Observations on morphological and physiological parameters were recorded on viz., plant height (cm plant-1), leaf area (cm2 plant-1), relative water content (%), canopy temperature (°C), SPAD, chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm ratio). Kaolin @ 3% foliar spray significantly increased the plant height, leaf area, relative water content, chlorophyll content and reduced the canopy temperature both in high temperature and ambient temperature conditions. Among these treatments, T2 - kaolin 3% (Ambient) followed by T5 - Kaolin 3% (elevated temperature of 5 °C) recorded higher values as compared to calcium carbonate treatment both in ambient temperature and high temperature condition.

Effects of Foliar Spray on Morpho-Physiological Parameters under High Temperature Stress in Cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)

High temperature is a critical barrier in most cotton growing areas, limitingcotton growth and development. The present study aimed to evaluate theeffects of foliar spray on KC 3 cotton variety grown under ambient (32.66°C)and high temperature (37.21°C) stress in open-top chamber (OTC) with atemperature of 5°C from the ambient temperature for 10d from flowering toboll development stage. Foliar spray of kaolin @ 3% and calcium carbonate @5% were sprayed separately to the set of pots both in ambient and elevatedtemperature on 70th day of flowering. Observations on morphological andphysiological parameters were recorded on viz., plant height (cm plant-1), leafarea (cm2 plant-1), relative water content (%), canopy temperature (°C), SPAD,chlorophyll fluorescence (Fv/Fm ratio). Kaolin @ 3% foliar spray significantlyincreased the plant height, leaf area, relative water content, chlorophyllcontent and reduced the canopy temperature both in high temperature andambient temperature conditions. Among these treatments, T2 - kaolin 3%(Ambient) followed by T5 - Kaolin 3% (elevated temperature of 5 °C) recordedhigher values as compared to calcium carbonate treatment both in ambienttemperature and high temperature condition.

SAT-342 Humerus Fracture & Dislocation of Right Shoulder Following a Seizure in Non-Epileptic Patient Due to Hypoparathyroidism

Introduction: Hypoparathyroidism is a rare disease. The most common etiology of hypoparathyroidism is the surgical resection of the parathyroids.Primary hypoparathyroidism can cause a wide spectrum of manifestations, mainly due to low serum calcium effect on internal organs, and directly correlates with the rate of development of hypocalcemia.Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) is one of the key regulators of the rate of bone remodeling. A reduction or absence of circulating PTH leads initially to a decrease in bone resorption then to a coupled reduction in bone formation. Case Presentation A 36-year-old male nurse in primary health care, not known to have any medical illness, presented to the emergency department with generalized tonic-clonic seizures associated with right shoulder dislocation and communicated fracture of the humerus. However, the day before his presentation, he has had two episodes of convulsion, but he did not seek medical attention.He had developmental delay in walking and teeth eruption as well as frequent generalized tonic-clonic which were treated by traditional healer. This information could point out to the possibility of congenital origin.Upon arrival to the emergency department, he has teeth decay all over his oral cavity with right shoulder dislocation and right humerus fracture. Chvostek sign and trousseau sign were positive.The patient was treated initially with calcium gluconate intravenously followed by oral treatment of calcium carbonate 1.2 g three times daily and alfacalcidiol 1 mcg twice daily and upon discharge teriparatide 20 mcg subcutaneously daily was given.ConclusionTreatment of hypoparathyroidism with recombinant parathyroid hormone may reduce bone mineral density (BMD) but concomitantly strengthen bone.This is a treatable disorder that may have catastrophic results if overlooked but also its symptoms may be completely reversed with prompt treatment.It is of utmost importance routine vitamin D, phosphorous, and calcium monitoring, as well as renal calcium excretion evaluation to prevent complications of overtreatment with CA and active Vit D.References• Bilezikian JP, Khan A, Potts JT Jr, Brandi ML, Clarke BL, Shoback D, et al. Hypoparathyroidism in the adult: epidemiology, diagnosis, pathophysiology, target- organ involvement, treatment, and challenges for future research. J Bone Miner Res. 2011;26(10):2317-37.

Inhibitory substances contained in calcium carbonate wettable powder on the oviposition of the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii.

Spraying a calcium carbonate suspension “White Coat” on the fruit of apples significantly suppresses the oviposition of the peach fruit moth, Carposina sasakii. In gas chromatography (GC) with an electroantennographic detector analysis, adult female antennae showed responses to three compounds that were identified as 2,2,4-trimethyl-1,3-pentanediol diisobutyrate (TXIB) and its two mono-hydrolyzed analogs, texanols (1- and 3-isobutyrates), all added as a plasticizer to the agents. An oviposition-choice test using adult moths revealed that TXIB has clear deterrent properties when applied to young apple fruits. Video recording analysis showed that female moths spent longer on self-grooming and searching around TXIB-treated fruits. In the same assay, pure calcium carbonate treatment prevented the moths from climbing up or landing on the fruits, while such was not the case with White Coat-treated fruits. TXIB, an adjuvant aimed to provide rain/wind resistance, weakened the slipperiness of the calcium carbonate coating but, coincidentally, maintained the oviposition inhibitory activity of the White Coat by its deterrent odorant.

Myristic acid as surface modifier of calcium carbonate hydrophobic nanoparticles

Several papers describe the treatment of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) with stearic acid acting as a surface modifier, in order to avoid particle coalescence and, at the same time, enhancing filler hydrophobic properties. However, there is still a lack of data relating the efficiency of a traditional modifier used, stearic acid, in the synthesis of CaCO3 nanofiller with other modifiers in terms of inhibition of the agglomeration process during the synthesis. Thus, the present work evaluates the stability of CaCO3 nanoparticles obtained by a carbonation reaction, considering the contents of the crystallization inhibitor (trisodium phosphate-Na3PO4) and the surface modifier (myristic acid) applied. In order to achieve an efficient carbonation process, a bubbling system was used. The results showed that higher surface modifier and crystallization inhibitor contents lead to a narrower particle size distribution and a lower particle size. Comparing the CaCO3 nanoparticles coated with myristic acid (CaCO3-MA) and with stearic acid (CaCO3-SA), it was observed that CaCO3-MA has a higher thermal stability and a lower particle size in relation to CaCO3-SA. Besides this, a more spherical geometry was achieved for CaCO3-MA nanoparticles due to the bubbling system applied during the carbonation reaction.

Influence of Organic Matters on the Calcium Carbonate Decarbonization Process

Pure calcium carbonate, chalk, and coal wastes are taken as starting materials. The Gibbs energy of calcium carbonate decarbonization reactions is calculated. By the method of thermodynamic analysis, the effect of carbon and its gasification products on the calcium carbonate decarbonization process is investigated. The intensifying effect of organic matter during heat treatment of calcium carbonate is shown. In addition to carbon, the decarbonization reactions are influenced by gases evolved as a result of the gasification of the organic part of the coal waste. It is theoretically proven that the organic component of coal waste contributes to lowering the temperature of the onset and end of the decomposition of calcium carbonate. To confirm the theoretical background, experimental studies of the behavior of mixtures during heating have been carried out. The effect of organic matter on decarbonization of pure calcium carbonate and chalk has been studied. Thermograms have shown that less caloric energy is required for the decarbonization of chalk than for the decarbonization of pure CaCO3. Organic transformations occur in the material layer, which contributes to intensive heat transfer. The products of thermochemical transformations of the organic mass increase the efficiency of the process of decarbonization of calcium carbonate using the waste of coal enrichment in the composition of the raw mix. The organic component of the waste not only reduces the amount of heat energy expended on the endothermic process of calcination, its presence in the raw material mix reduces the temperature of the process of calcination as pure calcium carbonate and chalk.

Aspects of the Use of Conversion Calcium Carbonate — the Solution of the Ecological Problem of Utilization

Studies have been carried out to improve the quality of conversion calcium carbonate. The process of extraction of insoluble iron-containing impurities at the stage of obtaining calcium carbonate from calcium nitrate melt was studied. It has been determined that the preliminary removal of the acid-insoluble residue from the melt of Ca (NO3)2by filtration or settling allows the Fe2O3content to be reduced by more than 50 % in the form of magnetically susceptible impurities and further increases the whiteness of the final product. The effect of grinding and heat treatment of conversion calcium carbonate on the evolution of nitrogen-containing impurities is studied. It has been established that the amount of water-soluble substances in the sample increases exponentially with increasing shredding time of the material. Heat treatment can significantly reduce (in almost 3 times) the total content of water-soluble substances in the crushed product. Simultaneously with the removal of the "bound" nitrogen, the content of the main component increases by 1.5–2 %. A positive effect of heat treatment is also an increase in the rate of refinement of conversion calcium carbonate, which makes the dispersed composition of the product more homogeneous. A technological scheme for processing conversion calcium carbonate into a disperse filler with specified properties has been developed.

Effects of kaolin and limestone on infestation of South American fruit fly in citrus orchards

ABSTRACTThis study evaluated the effects of applying mineral films on infestations by Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) (Dip.: Tephritidae) in Céu and Valencia sweet oranges (Citrus sinensis). The treatments consisted of either kaolin or liquid limestone (calcium carbonate) at 20% concentrations, both with addition of 0.1% Break Thru® adhesive spreader, plus a control treatment (no applications). The spraying was performed in the Céu orchard in Pareci Novo, state of Rio Grande do Sul (RS), Brazil, from March to April 2015, and in the Valencia orchard in Taquari, RS, from May to August 2015. Each tree received 1.5 L of the respective formulations, applied by spraying. Fruits from the canopy and from the ground under each tree were harvested and arranged in containers with sand and stored in a chamber or a greenhouse for 30 days. The sand was then sieved and the fruits opened to remove the larvae and/or pupae. The physical-chemical attributes of the fruits harvested at the last sampling (during fruit harvest) were analysed. In both orchards, fruits collected from the canopy had similar numbers of pupae + larvae per canopy for kaolin and calcium carbonate treatments, and both were lower than in the control treatment. The fruits showed no physiological changes resulting from the treatments.

Effect of CaCO3 and/or polyaluminium chloride (PAC) treatment on the main components in prehydrolysis liquor of Whangee dissolving pulp

Lignin removal is essential for the value-added utilization of hemicelluloses in the prehydrolysis liquor (PHL) of a kraft-based Whangee (a genus of bamboo) dissolving pulp production. In this work, a novel process concept was proposed for a calcium carbonate (CaCO3) treatment of PHL. The results revealed that the optimum dosage of an individual system of CaCO3 and polyaluminium chloride (PAC) treatment was 1.7% and 16.0%, at which the total sugars retention was 95.7% and 94.4%, the acid-soluble lignin removal 6.09% and 9.29%, and the acid-soluble lignin selectivity 58.6% and 62.4%, respectively. Alternatively, CaCO3 and 16.0% PAC were employed in a dual system to remove the lignin. Dual vs. individual system results showed that the highest total sugars retention (97.3%) and acid-soluble lignin selectivity (77.5%) occurred at the optimum dosage (2.0%/16.0%) of a dual CaCO3/PAC system, and the highest mannose (84.2%) and glucose retention (96.5%) with a dual system of 1.0%/16.0% CaCO3/PAC. Additionally, in the dual system, the adding order of 1.0% CaCO3 and then 16.0% PAC showed that 1.0%/16.0% CaCO3/PAC was more effective than 16.0%/1.0% PAC/CaCO3.