Calcium Carbonate Solution Research Articles

Powders Synthesized from Calcium Carbonate and Water Solutions of Potassium Hydrosulfate of Various Concentrations

Powders Synthesized from Calcium Carbonate and Water Solutions of Potassium Hydrosulfate of Various Concentrations

Impact of seed priming on the germination and initial seedling growth of two maize hybrids under alkaline stress

Maize (Zea mays L.) is a vital crop, but its productivity is hindered by soil alkalinity, characterised by high pH levels that reduce nutrient availability. This study explores the potential of calcium carbonate seed priming to enhance the germination and early growth of two maize hybrids, CO-6 and VGI (H) M-2, under alkaline conditions. The experiment involved priming seeds with a calcium carbonate solution and testing them in various alkalinity levels (0, 2, 4, 8, and 10%). Results showed that priming significantly improved shoot growth and root length in both hybrids CO-6 and VGI H (M)-2 exhibited varying levels of tolerance to alkalinity, with primed seeds generally outperforming unprimed seeds in shoot growth and root length. This study concludes that calcium carbonate priming can enhance maize tolerance to alkaline soils, improving overall plant health. Further field studies and biochemical tests are recommended to validate these findings and optimise maize cultivation in alkaline environments. This study offers a workable solution to the problems caused by soil alkalinity in maize cultivation, which advances sustainable agricultural techniques.

Experimental study of calcium carbonate solution saturation in the separation process of palm kernel-shell mixtures using water clay bath systems

Abstract Continual use of CaCO3 in the separation of the palm kernel-shell mixture causes CaCO3 solution saturation. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the causes of CaCO3 solution saturation during the separation process of palm kernel-shell mixtures. The process was carried out in the laboratory clay bath system using several factors in the separation process, including calcium carbonate to water ratios (1:2 and 1:3), palm kernel-shell mixture feed rates (2.5, 3.0, and 3.5 kg/batch), and times (1, 2, 3, 4, and 5 h) with density, pH, and oil content as the quantitative control. The results show that the density and pH of the separating solution dropped per unit length of processing, with the lowest values being around 1.0916 g/ml and 6.65 (CaCO3 to H2O ratios of 1:3; feed rates 3.0 kg/batch; and times 5 h), respectively. In addition, the oil content of the separating solution was raised from 0.145 mg/L to 571.87 mg/L. Owing to the results, the dissolved oil in the solution was discovered as the cause of the saturation of the separating solution (decanting agent) during the process, corresponding to the inefficient separation of palm kernels and shells.

Analysis of Calcium Carbonate Scales in Water Distribution Systems and Influence of the Electromagnetic Treatment

The formation of calcium carbonate scale in pipes and devices in water supply networks poses serious problems. Electromagnetic treatment (EMT) is a technology that can prevent the formation of these scales without the need to add chemical reagents, reducing maintenance costs in the installations. In this work, the types of crystals commonly found in water distribution systems are studied, with emphasis on the different techniques that allow their characterization (TGA, XRD, SEM), and the effects that EMT produces on their morphology. Laboratory trials have been carried out with synthetic water prepared from a calcium carbonate solution to study the crystals obtained at different temperatures, with and without EMT. High temperatures cause the production of aragonite instead of the stable form (calcite), as was observed in the samples from the heater resistors. In contrast, in the samples taken in lower temperature zones, a majority presence of calcite was observed. These results have been corroborated with a laboratory-scale evaporation trial, obtaining an increase in the aragonite/calcite ratio with increasing temperature and with the treatment applied, generating crystalline phases that exceed 70% aragonite (needle shape). It is highlighted that the EMT limits the reversion of aragonite to calcite and decreases the formation of scale.

Local deposition characteristics of calcium carbonate fouling in different enhanced tubes

With the development and advancements of modern industry, the application of enhanced tubes is becoming more and more extensive in various engineering domains and technological applications. When water is used as the working fluid for thermal energy utilization, there is a large chance of accumulating a large amount of fouling on the surface of the enhanced tubes. This paper establishes a mathematical model of the local fouling deposition of calcium carbonate in enhanced tubes. The model is used to simulate and compare the local fouling characteristics of CaCO3 in different tubes. In addition, a study is conducted on the effects of different inlet flow rates, water temperature, and calcium carbonate concentrations on the local fouling resistance of bellows tubes. The results showed that the local fouling resistance (average) and local fouling resistance of enhanced tubes is smaller than that of circular tubes. Additionally, the bellows tubes yielded the best scale inhibition effect. The obtained local fouling resistance is also found to change periodically along the length of the tube. The local fouling resistance decrease with an increase in the inlet flow rate and wall temperature, and increases with an increase in the calcium carbonate solution concentration.

Understanding the catalytic mechanism of calcium compounds for enhancing crystallinity in carbon fiber

Graphitized carbon fibers are attractive materials because of their high tensile modulus and thermal and electrical conductivities. These attributes derive from their crystalline structures that develop during heat treatments of up to 3000 °C. Despite the costly thermal processes, there is a structural limit for achieving these sought-after properties for polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers. Herein, the preparation of polyacrylonitrile-based carbon fibers with highly developed microstructures via calcium-assisted thermal treatments of up to 2700 °C is reported. Carbon fibers hydrothermally immersed in a solution of calcium carbonate were heat-treated and their chemical structures traced to investigate the calcium-assisted catalytic graphitization mechanism. Graphitic structures appeared at 1400 °C, accompanied by intermediate complexes of carbon and calcium on the carbon fibers surfaces. Further heat treatment of the calcium compounds at 1600 °C to incorporate carbon fibers resulted in an interlayer spacing of 0.3360 nm, which was unachievable solely through heat treatment at 2700 °C. In addition, the achieved tensile modulus and electrical conductivity of 480 GPa and 1.7 × 103 S/cm, respectively, were significantly higher than those of pure carbon fibers. The calcium ions penetrating the internal structure of the carbon fibers aligned the non-uniform graphene structure and developed the graphite structure of the carbon fibers by acting as catalysts, even at low temperatures.

Adherence of polystyrene microspheres on cave sediment: implications for organic contaminants and microplastics in karst systems.

Interactions of karst aquifer sediments with organic contaminants or microplastics (MPs) have received relatively little attention even though the susceptibility of karst aquifers to contamination and their ability to store and transport sediment is well documented. Studies using polystyrene microspheres as surrogate tracers for bacteria transport in karst systems have generally observed low recovery of microspheres and attributed this to microsphere adsorption onto aquifer sediments. In addition to being used as surrogate tracer for bacteria, microspheres have the potential to be used as surrogate material for organic contaminants and MPs. Using cave sediments as a proxy for karst aquifer sediments, the adherence of two types of microspheres (carboxylated and nonfunctionalized) was measured in three different types of solutions: deionized water, a calcium carbonate solution, and a karst spring water. Both types of microspheres adhered to the sediments; the most influential factor in adherence was solution type not microsphere type. Average adherence ranged from 51%-94% with average adsorption coefficients (KD) ranging from 11.8-442. Average estimated organic-carbon water partition coefficients (KOC) and retardation factors (RF) ranged from 1.64×103 - 6.13×104 and 6.20×101 - 2.29 × 103, respectively. KD, KOC, and RF were an order of magnitude higher in the karst water than in DI or CaCO3 solution. The results illustrate the importance of sediment interactions with potential organic or MP contaminants in karst systems.

Study on Anti-Scale and Anti-Corrosion of Polydopamine Coating on Metal Surface

Some surface coatings can protect metal surfaces and reduce scale deposition. Based on that, the biomimetic material polydopamine (PDA) can form a stable coating on many material surfaces; therefore, we propose an efficient one-step electroplating method for preparing anti-scale PDA coatings with high stability. The scale deposition test showed that the deposition weight of calcium carbonate on the coating is less than that of carbon steel after immersing in a supersaturated solution of calcium carbonate for 12 h at 70 °C and 90 °C, with a coating scale-inhibition efficiency of 55.02% and 66.96%, respectively. By using molecular dynamics simulation, it was found that water adsorption layers exist near the metal’s surface, and the existence of water adsorption layers on the hydrophilic surface is the main reason for the initial deposition of calcium carbonate. The interaction energy between the PDA molecular layer and water is weaker (−5.69 eV) for the surface with the PDA coating, and there is no dense water adsorption layer on the coating, which leads to the low probability of calcium carbonate adsorption on the PDA coating surface. Therefore, PDA coating can inhibit the deposition of calcium carbonate on the surface.

Effects of various alkaline carbonic solutions on the growth of the freshwater algae Chlorophyceae

Modern day fossil fuels are prone to polluting our environment, which can provide major habitat loss to many animals in our ecosystems. Algae-based biofuels have become an increasingly popular alternative to fossil fuels because of their sustainability, effectiveness, and environmentally-friendly nature. To encourage algae growth and solidify its role as an emerging biofuel, we tested basic (in terms of pH) solutions on pond water to determine which solution is most efficient in inducing the growth of algae. We hypothesized that a calcium carbonate solution would induce the most algae bloom, because calcium is a catalyst in photosynthesis. Alkaline carbonate solutions were used to create an optimal environment for the growth of algae; three carbonic alkaline solutions were tested in samples of pond water with algae measured through visible light absorbance using a spectrophotometer. As hypothesized, calcium carbonate induced the most algae growth compared to the control sample, potassium carbonate, and sodium bicarbonate. In conclusion, calcium-containing solutions stimulated algae growth the most, likely due to this solution having properties to stimulate the photosynthetic process by enhancing the transcription and translation process for genes related to chloroplast proteins and enzymes. Our results suggest that calcium is important in enhancing algae growth, which may be important as alternatives for fossil fuels are developed.

BRICKS KILN IMPACT 3D SOLUTION & ENVIRONMENTAL SUSTAINABILITY (AGRICULTURES, ATMOSPHERE)


 
 
 A large part of the global brick-making industry has grown from knowledge that has been passed down from generation to generation without ever having established a consistent scientific approach. The purpose of this research is to contribute by discussing modern art and future trends in bricks. The proposed approach to this study is based on systematic literature reviews where the big question is: What research is available in a brick kiln? Based on the results of this review, it is recommended that flue gases react with SCR such as urea or Calcium Carbonate Solution Injection at outlet of blower or vent showing by appropriate 3D automatic process &smooth formation of bricks kilnintroduced at Traditional & advance approach, which will release gases less harmful to atmospheric pollution (Environment & Agricultural Impact).
 
 

PENGARUH DENSITAS LARUTAN KALSIUM KARBONAT TERHADAP KERNEL LOSSES PADA UNIT CLAY BATH DI INDUSTRI PENGOLAHAN CPO

Clay Bath is a tool to separate palm shells from Kernels using a calcium carbonate solution. Kernel Losses in the Clay Bath unit are a problem that can be detrimental to CPO Processing Industry. The effect of the density of the calcium carbonate solution can reduce the Kernel Losses. In this study, variations in the density of calcium carbonate solution were made starting from 1.092; 1,112 ; 1.136 ; 1.142 ; 1.150 g/mL. Based on the results of the study, the lowest Kernel Losses were found at a density of 1.150 g/mL with 2.57%.

Effects of Water Microspraying, Foliar Application of Calcium Carbonate and Kaolin Solution on Sunburn and Quality of Fruits in Satusma Mandarin

Effects of Water Microspraying, Foliar Application of Calcium Carbonate and Kaolin Solution on Sunburn and Quality of Fruits in Satusma Mandarin

Preliminary Investigation of Sequential Application of Different Calcium Oxalate Solutions for Carbonate Rock Conservation

Being inspired by nature, a series of experiments was carried out to deposit a calcium oxalate layer on the surface of the stone by the reaction between carbonate rock and oxalate salt. To increase the anti-dissolution properties of the calcium oxalate layer, the use of mixed oxalate solution has been proposed in the literature by two main routes: (1) adding acid agent to ammonium oxalate, which has the advantage of changing the particle structure and reducing layer porosity, and (2) using neutral methyl oxalate solution, which has the advantage of surface coverage due to slowly hydrolysis. In this study, we investigated the sequential application of ammonium oxalate, methyl oxalate, neutral mixed, and calcium acetate acid mixed solution. With this method, calcium carbonate and calcium oxalate solution can react inside the stone to reinforce it. The protective film’s coverage area can then be increased using dimethyl oxalate neutral mixed solution, and the crystal morphology can be modified with calcium oxalate acid mixed solution. The anti-dissolution properties of the coating were investigated using both a custom-designed apparatus and a selective outdoor environment. The coating displayed good acid resistance properties at pH 2–4. After one year of exposure, the coating is firmly bonded with the stone.

Effect of Calcium Carbonate Content on the Mechanical and Thermal Properties of Chitosan-Coated Poly(urethane) Foams

In this work, the effect of chitosan and CaCO3 coating on polyurethane (PU) foam on the mechanical and thermal properties was studied. PU-foams were soaked in a mixture of chitosan- calcium carbonate solution at different concentrations, i.e., 0.1–0.4%. The molecular behaviors due to the incorporation of chitosan/CaCO3 into the PU-foam matrix were investigated by Fourier-Transform Infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM) was utilized to study the effect of chitosan/CaCO3 coat on the pore structure of PU-foam. FTIR spectra show changes in the peak of 1446 and 1413 cm–1, which serve as evidence of molecular interaction between PU and chitosan/CaCO3. FE-SEM images show that the addition of chitosan/calcium carbonate cells was starting to close together, probably due to the increased dispersion of calcium carbonate on the entire surface of PU-foams/chitosan, which indicates that reducing the size of the cell will increase mechanical properties. From this study, it was found that PU-foam soaked in 0.4% CaCO3 had the highest tensile strength. Coating PU-foam with 0.4% CaCO3 also improved its thermal stability, indicated by an increase in its residual mass compared to neat PU-foam.

Cleaning of soapstocks of oil and fat industry enterprises by physico-chemical methods

Industrial wastewater from the oil and fat industry contains a variety of pollutants that pass into wastewater during processing of soapstocks: fats and fatty acids and their salts (aqueous soap solutions), glycerin, phosphoglycerides, neutral fat, phosphatides, proteins, carbohydrates dyes (carotene, carotenoids, chlorophyll, etc.), unsaponifiable and waxy substances, salts - sodium sulfate and chloride, mechanical impurities, etc. Soapstocks have a complex and volatile composition, which depends on the nature and properties of its components, the amount of fat-related substances in it. The effect on alkaline reagents and coagulant reagents on co-stocks is proposed and investigated. The obtained results allow to establish rational doses of reagents for effective removal of pollutants from soapstocks. In the studied wastewater, the concentration of organic matter according to the HSC was 40,000 mg / dm3, low pH 2, at which the stability of the state of organic pollutants in the water (no foaming, sedimentation). Calcium carbonate and sodium hydroxide solutions were used as alkalizing reagents. Comparison of the effects obtained under the action of calcium carbonate, compared with the effects obtained with sodium hydroxide, showed 2.4-2.5 times greater efficiency for HSC. The effects of removal of suspended solids and organic substances by HSC at a dose of aluminum sulfate 2 g / dm3 were, respectively, 85.6% and 72% when providing a pH of 5.5 by the action of calcium carbonate. However, it is not possible to remove organic matter to acceptable values ​​when discharged into the city sewer in one stage of purification. Therefore, both after alkalization with calcium carbonate and after coagulation with aluminum sulfate, it is proposed to use the flotation method of phase separation, for example, using air supply through porous materials.

Growth of calcium carbonate crystal on various substrates from a saturated calcium carbonate solution utilizing difference in solubility

Crystalline calcium carbonate was deposited on various substrates (substrate temperature of 80 °C) from a saturated calcium hydrogen carbonate solution (solution temperature of 10 °C). A single aragonite phase deposited on the Al substrate, whereas a mixed phase of aragonite and calcite grew on the soda lime glass, borosilicate glass, silica glass, and polycarbonate substrates. With increasing deposition time, the crystal size and the proportion of calcite on the soda lime silicate glass substrate increased. Furthermore, calcite crystals were preferentially deposited on an Al substrate with a thin film of Au as a buffer layer (Au/Al substrate).

Scale inhibition performance of an electric field on a heat transfer surface: Experiments and molecular dynamics simulation

Because of the electric field method has the characteristics of energy saving, environmental protection and high efficiency, it is the focus of research in this field at present. In this study, a molecular dynamics method was used to simulate the effect of an electric field on the interaction of Ca2+ and CO32− in calcium carbonate solution with the surface of calcite crystals (1, -1, 0), and through experiments, the performance of an electric field with an intensity of 1000–1400 V/m (step 100 V/m) to inhibit calcium carbonate deposition on the heat transfer surface was studied. The simulation results showed that the binding energy of Ca2+ and CO32− to the surface of calcite crystals (1, -1, 0) decreased after the application of an electric field. By analysing the diffusion coefficient and radial distribution function of Ca2+ and CO32−, the electric field was shown to effectively prevents the diffusion and combination of to the calcite (1, -1, 0) crystal plane, which can effectively prevent the growth of calcium carbonate on the heat transfer surface. The experimental results showed that the fouling resistance is significantly reduced after electric field treatment. The results of scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and macroscopic analysis of fouling on heat transfer surface also show that electric field can effectively inhibit fouling. When the electric field intensity is 1300 V/m, it has the best anti-scaling effect. Therefore, the calculation results are basically consistent with the simulation conclusions.

Perturbations of the Depth of Liquid Penetration Into the Capillary During Bubble Departures

Abstract In the present paper, the influence of bubble size on liquid penetration into the capillary was experimentally and numerically studied. In the experiment, bubbles were generated from a glass capillary (with an inner diameter equal to 1 mm) in a glass tank containing distilled water, tap water or an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate. These liquids differ in the value of their surface tension, which influences the bubble size. During experimental investigations, air pressure fluctuations in the gas supply system were measured. Simultaneously, the videos showing the liquids’ penetration into the capillary were recorded. Based on the videos, the time series of liquid movements inside the capillary were recovered. The numerical models were used to study the influence of bubble size on the velocity of liquid flow above the capillary and the depth of liquid penetration into the capillary. It was shown that the air volume flow rate and the surface tension have the greatest impact on the changes of pressure during a single cycle of bubble departure (Δp). The changes in pressure during a single cycle of bubble departure determine the depth of liquid penetration into the capillary. Moreover, the values of Δp and, consequently, the depth of liquid penetration can be modified by perturbations in the liquid velocity above the capillary outlet.

Top-down model of calcium carbonate scale formation in turbulent pipe flows

We investigate calcium carbonate scale formation at high Reynolds numbers in a large pipe rig facility. The calcium carbonate solution is produced from the injection, at a T-joint inlet, of pH-stabilized sodium carbonate and calcium chloride aqueous solutions. A scanning electron microscopy analysis of the deposited mass along the pipe indicates that after an initial transient regime of ion-by-ion crystal growth, calcium carbonate scale is dominated by particulate deposition. While limescale formation in regions that are closer to the pipe’s entrance can be described as the heterogeneous surface nucleation of calcium and carbonate ions driven by turbulent diffusion, we rely upon turbophoresis phenomenology to devise a peculiarly simple kinetic model of deposition at farther downstream regions. Letting Φ and R be the flow rate and the pipe’s radius, respectively, the mass deposition rates per unit time and unit area are predicted to scale as Φα/Rβ (for certain modeled values of the α and β parameters) with suggestive support from our experiments.

The influence of water hardness perturbations on bubble departure dynamics

The influence of small changes to water hardness on the nonlinear behaviour of liquid penetration into a capillary and the resulting air pressure fluctuations during air bubble formation are examined in this paper. Experiments were undertaken in which bubbles were generated both in water having a surface tensile force of σ = 72.2 mN/m and in an aqueous solution of calcium carbonate having a surface tensile force of σ = 75.4 mN/m, each contained in a glass capillary with an internal diameter of 1 mm. It is shown that both the maximum value of liquid penetration into the capillary and bubble growth time are affected by perturbations to the water hardness. The time it takes for the bubble to depart the capillary was estimated using the following nonlinear data analysis methods: time delay (τ), attractor reconstructions, correlation dimension (D), and largest Lyapunov exponent (λ). All estimates demonstrate that the pressure fluctuations in the c–c aqueous solutions and extent of liquid solution penetration into the capillary during the time between subsequent bubble departures behave chaotically. Furthermore, this work demonstrates that the dynamics of bubble formation along with the bubble waiting time are very sensitive to small perturbation in the physical properties of the liquid, and this sensitivity has a significant effect on the observed chaotic behaviour.