Calcium Carbide Residue Research Articles

Characterization and optimization of eco-friendly cementitious materials based on titanium gypsum, fly ash, and calcium carbide residue

• Cementitious materials was prepared by FA, TG, CCR based on RSM under ambient curing. • The influences of FA, TG, CCR or their interaction on different ages was analyzed. • The transformation behavior of Fe 3+ in FTC system was observed. • The hydration mechanism, environmental performance of FTC materials was investigated. Titanium gypsum (TG), fly ash (FA) and calcium carbide residue (CCR) are harmful industrial by-products that need to be addressed. In this study, TG, FA and CCR were selected to prepare the eco-friendly FA-TG-CCR (FTC) cementitious materials. Respond surface methodology (RSM) was undertaken to optimize and understand the influence of design factors of m(TG/FA), m(CCR/FA) and W/B on compressive strength, and the mechanical properties, microstructure, hydration mechanism and environmental performance of FTC cementitious materials were investigated. The morphology and structure were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetry- differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) and Scanning electron microscopy energy dispersive X-ray (SEM-EDX), the concentration of hazardous elements was determined via inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectrometer (ICP-OES). The results show that the optimal mixture with RSM methodology (m(TG/FA) = 30.80 %, m(CCR/FA) = 27.85 %, W/B = 0.62) reached 18.93 MPa at 28 days of curing, which confirmed via experimental verification. The FTC cementitious materials are mainly consist with C-(A)-S-H, ettringite; the existence of Fe 3+ was disadvantageous to early age strength, however partial Fe 3+ participated in the formation of Fe-ettringite as the curing time increased, which is beneficial to later age strength. The leaching results indicate that the FTC materials can effectively consolidate the heavy metal ions in raw materials, and the leaching concentration of ions all meet the Chinese Standard for Pollution Control on the Landfill Site of Municipal Solid Waste. Therefore, the synergistic of FTC material offers a novel approach to the efficient utilization of original TG and other industrial by-product wastes.

Calcium carbide residue — a key inorganic component of the sustainable carbon cycle

The transfer of waste materials from the chemical industry to the building sector is an emerging area of sustainable development. Leftovers, by-products, tails and sludge from chemical processes may be valuable components of building mixtures. Feeding the construction industry by chemical wastes is a profitable chain for both sectors. In fact, calcium carbide residue (CCR) can be considered a link between the chemical industry and construction materials. Carbide sludge is the main waste product of acetylene gas production from calcium carbide. The released acetylene is actively used in the modern chemical industry. An alternative method of acetylene production — the cracking of oil and gas — is beyond sustainability; thus, the carbide route is more promising in the hydrocarbon-free future. However, the carbide route is accompanied by a significant amount of the side-product carbide sludge, which is currently used as a CO<sub>2</sub> capture agent, binder, building material, in inorganic synthesis, <i>etc</i>. In this review, the potential of carbide sludge in the construction industry and other areas is highlighted.<br> The bibliography includes 310 references.

A soft computing technique for predicting flexural strength of concrete containing nano-silica and calcium carbide residue

The paper aims to explore the application of intelligent soft-computing techniques, including Gaussian Process Regression (GPR), Support Vector Regression (SVR), Ensemble Tree (LSBOOT, LES), and Multiple Linear Regression (MLR) for the prediction of flexural strength (σf) of PC containing calcium carbide residue (CCR) and nano-silica (NS). CCR was incorporated into the concrete mixtures to partially replace some portion of cement at 0%, 7.5%, 15%, 22.5%, and 30% by weight. At the same time, NS was added to the mixtures at 0–4% (interval of 1%) by weight of cement. The experimental tests evaluated the basic mechanical properties, modulus of elasticity (MOE), and water absorption. The proposed models were trained on the datasets obtained from the experimental result of concrete mixtures cured for 7 and 28 days. The results indicate that the soft computing techniques GPR, SVR, LSBOOST, (LES) and MLR predict the σf with high accuracy (NSE > 0.75) with GPR having the highest accuracy (NSE=0.9999, nRMSE= 0.0001, MAE=0.0001, MAPE= 0.0236, RRMSE=0.0258) in the validation phase. The Artificial Intelligence (AI) based models have improved the linear model (MLR) performance by 8.06%, 6.20%, and 4.5%, respectively, in the validation stage for GPR, SVR, and LES.

Effect of Calcium Carbide Residue on Strength Development along with Mechanisms of Cement-Stabilized Dredged Sludge.

The purpose of this research is to explore the feasibility of using calcium carbide residue (CCR), a by-product from acetylene gas production, as a solid alkaline activator on the strength development in CCR–Portland cement-stabilized dredged sludge (CPDS). The effects of cement content, CCR content and curing time on the strength development of CPDS were investigated using a series of unconfined compressive strength (UCS), pH and electric conductivity (EC) tests. Scanning electron microscopy and X-ray diffraction analyses were performed to gain additional insight into the mechanism of strength development. Meanwhile, the carbon footprints of CPDS were calculated. Following the results, it was found that CCR can significantly improve the strength of cemented dredged sludge. On the basis of the strength difference (ΔUCS) and strength growth rate (UCSgr), it was recommended that utilizing 20% cement with the addition of 20% CCR is the most effective way to develop the long-term strength of CPDS. In addition, the microstructural analysis verified that the optimum proportion of CCR benefits the formation of hydration products in CPDS, particularly needle-like gel ettringite, resulting in a less-porous and dense inter-locked structure. Furthermore, the solidification mechanism of CPDS was discussed and revealed. Finally, it was confirmed that CCR can be a sustainable alternative and effective green alkaline activator for the aim of improving cemented dredged sludge.

Solidification, remediation and long-term stability of heavy metal contaminated soil under the background of sustainable development

At present, the global pollution has seriously exceeded the standard. With the passage of time, pollution has gradually affected people’s daily lives, but the solution to pollution is far from achieving a better treatment effect. For the treatment of pollution, in addition to considering the treatment effect, it is also necessary to consider whether the treatment method will cause pollution and the cost of the treatment of the pollutants. As one of the lifelines of human survival, the land is also suffering from pollution. The impact of heavy metal pollution is particularly serious, and there is no better solution. Based on this, this paper proposes a curing agent based on sustainable remediation to solve the soil pollution of heavy metals. The main material is Basic oxygen furnace slag (BOFS), which has excellent social development characteristics in all aspects, and the raw materials are calcium carbide residue (CCR) and phosphogypsum (PG) to explore a more suitable curing agent. (consisting of BOFS, CCR, and PG, abbreviated as BCP). The experimental results in this paper show that the volume of pores and pores in the agglomerates are slightly reduced, and the content of curing agent is increased from 4 to 10%, while the corresponding volume is only reduced by 0.006 and 0.017 mL/g. Therefore, it can be seen that the reduction of the pore volume between the aggregates of the stabilized species of BCP has made a major contribution to the strength development.

Sulphate resistance of one-part geopolymer synthesized by calcium carbide residue-sodium carbonate-activation of slag

One-part geopolymers attract wide interests due to their much lower CO2 emissions and similar practice as ordinary Portland cements (OPC), that is “just add water”, instead of mixing alkaline solution with precursors. To apply this type of new cementitious material in sulphate-rich environments, such as wastewater system and sewer network, we investigated the chemical and microstructure properties of one-part geopolymers synthesized by calcium carbide residue (CCR)-sodium carbonate-activated slag when they were exposed to sodium sulphate and magnesium sulphate solutions. We highlighted the main synthetic parameter of CCR dosage (from 2.5% to 10%) and its impact on kinetics of degradation, and meanwhile proposed the conceptual degradation mechanisms to clarify the influences of cation type (Na+ and Mg2+). We found that the relatively higher CCR dosages (7.5% and 10%) significantly accelerated the kinetics of degradation in Na2SO4 solution. The formation of ettringite depended mainly on the portlandite availability in the binders. In comparison with the Na2SO4 attack, all the mixtures were more susceptible to the MgSO4 attack, which could be explained by two mechanisms: the formation of gypsum via the reaction between SO42− with Ca2+, and the transformation of main binding gel phase C-A-S-H into non-cementitious and fibrous M-A-S-H.

Modeling and Optimization of High-Volume Fly Ash Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber and Calcium Carbide Residue Using Response Surface Methodology

Modeling and Optimization of High-Volume Fly Ash Self-Compacting Concrete Containing Crumb Rubber and Calcium Carbide Residue Using Response Surface Methodology

A REVIEW ON EFFECT OF SOLID WASTE FILLERS ON ASPHALT MASTIC AND ASPHALT MIXTURE

The pavement works consumes more of natural resources through which depletion take place due to continuous consumption. So, it is required to regulate the usage of natural material and recommended to use some alternate materials in the form of replacement. Conventional fillers that are used in asphalt mix are stone dust, limestone, Portland cement, etc. In order to regulate usage of these materials utilization of waste/by-products as a filler such as marble dust, calcium carbide residue (CCR), Fly-Ash, brick dust, etc. In this review analysis the effect of solid waste products as fillers in asphalt concrete mixes and asphalt mastics were elaborated by means of mechanical properties, rheological properties and performance properties like resistance against rutting, cracking and fatigue. As a result, from various research works, the improvement in performance and properties of asphalt mastic and asphalt mixes were observed with utilization of solid waste mineral fillers. KEYWORDS: Asphalt Mastic, Asphalt Mix, filler, CCR, Marble Dust

Evaluation of the mechanical performance of concrete containing calcium carbide residue and nano silica using response surface methodology.

Calcium carbide residue (CCR) is generated from acetylene gas production, and it is highly alkaline and contains a very high amount of calcium. Nano silica (NS), on the other hand, is mostly used in combination with other pozzolanic materials in concrete to ignite the reactivity of the material and to improve the properties of the concrete. This study investigated the effect of CCR incorporated in concrete mixtures to partially replace cement content at 0 to 30% (interval of 7.5%). NS was used as an additive by weight of binder at levels 0 to 4% in increment of 1%. Thus, response surface methodology (RSM) was employed to investigate the effects of CCR and NS on the properties of the concrete, including compressive strength, flexural strength, splitting tensile strength, modulus of elasticity (MoE), and water absorption. The RSM was used for model development predicted concrete's properties and carried out mixture multi-objective optimization by maximizing strengths, MoE, and minimizing water absorption. The results showed that using up to 15% CCR improved the strengths, MoE, and water absorption of the concrete. Adding up to 3% NS further enhanced the strengths, MoE, and water absorption significantly. The developed models for predicting the properties of the concrete using RSM were highly efficient with high degree of correlation. The optimization solutions indicated that the best optimum or best mix combination based on maximum strengths and MoE with minimum water absorption was achieved by replacing 10.6% cement with CCR and adding 1.95% NS by the weight of cementitious materials.

Stabilization of swelling soil by lime, fly ash, and calcium carbide residue

Stabilization of swelling soil by lime, fly ash, and calcium carbide residue

Improving workability and mechanical properties of one-part waste brick power based-binders with superplasticizers

This paper is based on a one-part binders (calcium carbide residue–waste red brick powder-based alkali-activated materials (CWAAMs)) similar to cement. CWAAMs can promote the recycling and value-added of construction waste and industrial solid waste all over the world. However, the poor workability of CWAAMs hinders their engineering application. Therefore, this paper focuses on the effects of common superplasticizers (polycarboxylate (PC), melamine (M), naphthalene (N)) on the properties of CWAAMs. The adaptability result showed that the improvement effect of the flowability of the superplasticizers was PC > M > N; the fluidity improvement effect of PC on CWAAMs was 64.21% of that of ordinary Portland cement (OPC, 42.5). In addition, the stability of superplasticizers in CWAAMs was PC > M > N. The development of strength and microstructure of CWAAMs under different conditions (dosage and type of, L/S value, material proportion adjustment) were evaluated. With a low L/S value (0.26), the 60d compressive strength of CWAAMs adding PC reached 74.62 MPa. The adjustment of material proportion showed that at least 15 wt% of calcium carbide residue can meet the alkalinity required for CWAAMs reaction. The 28d Ef and Cf (Energy consumption and carbon emission per unit compressive strength) of CWAAMs were as low as 7.208 and 2.078, which were 7.24% and 11.48% of OPC, respectively; the compressive strength development of CWAAMs within 120d conformed to the logarithmic function, and the adjusted R-squared was 0.99186. The later strength will further improve the sustainability of CWAAMs.

Modelling and Optimizing the Durability Performance of Self Consolidating Concrete Incorporating Crumb Rubber and Calcium Carbide Residue Using Response Surface Methodology

The world is now focusing on a sustainable environment and reducing the effects of global warming. One way to achieve such targets is to properly utilize waste and reduce greenhouse CO2 emissions. The cement industry is responsible for almost 10% of global CO2 emission due to the high demand for cement in the construction industry. One of the ways to minimize this effect is the partial replacement of cement by other materials in concrete. Therefore, in this study, calcium carbide residue (CCR), which is highly rich in calcium oxide, partially replaced cement for waste management. Waste tires were grinded to fine sizes in crumb rubber (CR) and partially replaced the fine aggregate. Therefore, this paper investigared the influence of CR and CCR on the durability properties and heat/temperature resistance of self-compacting concrete (SCC). The experiment was designed using response surface methodology to investigate the effects of CR and CCR on SCC properties, design models for properties of the SCC, and optimize the mixes to achieve the best results. The properties considered were the durability of acid attack resistance (H2SO4 attack), salt attack resistance (MgSO4 attack), and water absorption. The heat resistance considered was weight reduction and residual compressive strength after heating the samples at a 200 °C and 400 °C. The results findings showed that CR and CCR negatively affect the acid and salt resistance of the SCC. Furthermore, CR negatively affects the heat resistance of the SCC, while CCR slightly improved it at 200 °C. The models developed using RSM were significant with high degrees of correlation and predictability. The optimum properties achieved 2.9% CR as a fine aggregate replacement and 5.5% CCR as a cement replacement. The developed models can predict the durability performance of SCC mixes in terms of acid and salt attack resistance and the effects of elevated temperatures using CR, CCR, and fly ash as the variables. This will reduce the need for carrying out experimental work, thereby reducing cost and time.

Utilization of Calcium Carbide Residue as Solid Alkali for Preparing Fly Ash-Based Geopolymers: Dependence of Compressive Strength and Microstructure on Calcium Carbide Residue, Water Content and Curing Temperature.

Calcium carbide residue (CCR) is a solid waste resulting from acetylene gas production. In this study, CCR was used as an alkali activator to prepare fly ash (FA)-based geopolymers without any alkali supplementation. We studied the factors (FA/CCR ratio, curing temperature, and water/binder ratio) influencing the mechanical property of FA/CCR-based geopolymers. The compressive strength results showed that, by optimizing these three factors, the FA/CCR mixture has great potential for use as a cementitious material and geopolymer with a dense microstructure having a maximal compressive strength of 17.5 MPa. The geopolymers’ chemical structure, microstructure, and chemical composition were characterized and determined by a combination of techniques. All these results revealed that amorphous C-(A)-S-H (calcium (aluminate) silicate hydrate) gels mainly formed after geopolymerization resulting from the reaction of FA and CCR. In addition, some crystallines, such as ettringite and monosulfate, were also formed. Further, geopolymers prepared with a suitable FA/CCR ratio (1:1 or 1:2) possessed a compact microstructure because of their sufficient reactive SiO2 and Al2O3 and high-enough alkalinity, responsible for higher content of C-(A)-S-H formation and better mechanical property. Too high curing temperature or water content induced the formation of a loosely bound geopolymer matrix that strongly weakens its mechanical property.

Comparative study on the preparation of belite cement from nano-silicas extracted from different agricultural wastes with calcium carbide residue

Belite cement was prepared using nano-silicas extracted from three different agricultural wastes – black rice husk ash (BRHA), bagasse ash (BA), and palm oil fuel ash (POFA) – which were reacted at 1200 − 1400 °C with CaC2 residue as calcium source. The product was compared with that from CaCO3. Nano-silica extracted from BRHA was of very fine particle size (surface area 312.4 m2/g and V/S ratio 0.35 × 106 cm) and being highly reactive, forms β-C2S at lower firing temperatures; however, at higher temperatures, less-desirable γ-polymorphs are formed. Nano-silica extracted from POFA contains Na2O, Al2O3, and K2O impurities, which stabilize the β and α-forms and delay the transformation to γ-phase. This is reflected in relatively high compressive strength at firing temperature above 1200 °C, compared to other mixtures. Thus, these results indicate that the best combination of these waste materials for the preparation of belite cement phases is POFA ash and CaC2 residue.

Demonstration application of Chinese-made chlorine bypass system for stable cement kiln using calcium carbide residue as main raw material

Demonstration application of Chinese-made chlorine bypass system for stable cement kiln using calcium carbide residue as main raw material

Stabilization of tropical soil using calcium carbide residue and rice husk ash

Many alternative stabilizers have been used in improving soil properties for road applications. However, they were mostly used to complement/partially replace cement or lime. This study seeks to use zero - cement/lime binders in the evaluation of engineering characteristics of soil stabilized with the best binary Calcium Carbide Residue (CCR) and Rice Husk Ash (RHA) treatment possible. The oxide compositions of the soil, CCR, and RHA were determined. The natural soil was subjected to index property tests), compaction, Soaked California Bearing Ratio (SCBR), Unconfined Compressive Strength(UCS), and erodibility. To achieve optimal CCR: RHA ratio, compaction and CBR were used. Atterberg limits, compaction, SCBR, Unconfined Compressive Strength, and erodibility were used to evaluate the engineering performance of the soil stabilized at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10% of the optimum CCR: RHA mix. The RHA is a class N pozzolan while the CCR's CaO of 61% indicates how cementitious the residue is. The soil sample is non-lateritic. CCR: RHA combined ratio of 40:60% offered the best strength and compaction performances. Further, the addition of the optimum CCR: RHA at 2, 4, 6, 8, 10% improved the soil's Plasticity Index (PI). Only 8% addition had a Maximum Dry Density (MDD) of 1770 kg/m3 meeting the AASHTO standard. The addition of CCR: RHA improved the soil's strength properties in terms of UCS and CBR. However, the CBR values generally do not meet the FMWH and AASHTO recommendations for subgrade. Erodibility behaviour showed that increasing CCR and RHA content improves soil durability. CCR and RHA have undoubtedly increased soil strength, but not to the desired level. Therefore, further research should be conducted to determine their compatibility with other stabilizers.

Effect of calcium carbide residue and flyash in soil stabilisation for sand mixed clayey soil

In this paper, soil stabilization is performed for clayey soil using manufactured sand (M−sand), calcium carbide residue (CCR), and fly ash (FA). The stabilizers added to the soil were characterized by scanning electron microscope with energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (SEM-EDX), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and X-ray fluorescence (XRF) to know its morphology, crystalline phases and elemental composition. The plasticity property of the soil was assessed from Atterberg limit tests (Plastic limit and Liquid limit tests). The optimum proportions of CCR and Fly ash were found as 3% and 7% respectively. The unconfined compressive strength was performed for the soil sample to assess its strength properties. The results indicated that, there is an increase of 52% in terms of compressive strength by adding stabilizers on comparing conventional clay soil to that of stabilized soil sample. The durability test (Wetting and Drying test) performed on the soil sample indicated a minimum strength loss at 12th cycle of cyclic UCS test. Hence these results confirmed the use of stabilizers (CCR and FA) in the clayey soil with a considerable increase in strength and durability.

Stabilization of subgrade with expansive soil using agricultural and industrial By-products: A review

Expansive soils cover a large part of India and possess certain undesirable engineering properties such as low bearing capacity and large volumetric changes which causes severe damage to the pavements. Therefore, it is necessary to improve the geotechnical properties of expansive soils so that it becomes easier to construct pavement using these expansive soils. Agricultural and industrial byproduct such as rice husk ash, sugarcane bagasse ash, fly ash, plastic waste, coir pith and fiber, calcium carbide residue, cement kiln dust, silica fume and red mud etc. are found to be useful in pavement construction. Studies have reported that the strength of stabilized soils significantly improved with the use of various types of industrial and agricultural byproduct. If these waste materials are available locally for soil stabilization, it leads to the development of cost-effective and sustainable pavement construction. Further, utilization of these byproduct as a soil stabilizer also solve the problem of their disposal. As a result, the environmental problems caused by these byproducts from industrial and agricultural will be reduced. The research paper provides an overview of the utilization of different byproducts from industry and agriculture that have been used in soil stabilization as strengthening agents.

Strength Development and Microstructure of Sustainable Geopolymers Made from Alkali-Activated Ggbs, Calcium Carbide Residue, and Red Mud

Strength Development and Microstructure of Sustainable Geopolymers Made from Alkali-Activated Ggbs, Calcium Carbide Residue, and Red Mud

Analysis and Optimization of Tensile Strength for Loess Stabilized by Calcium Carbide Residue

Analysis and Optimization of Tensile Strength for Loess Stabilized by Calcium Carbide Residue