Calcination Stage Research Articles

Fabrication and Phase Transition of Bi<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub>-Doped Sr<sub>3</sub>Ti<sub>2</sub>O<sub>7</sub> Ceramics

Sr3Ti2O7ceramics with pure Ruddlesden-Popper phase (RP) were synthesized by conventional solid state method. The influences of the Bi2O3addition, the calcination temperature, and the sintering temperature on the phase transition were studied. The results showed that for the samples without doping Bi2O3, the main phase of calcined powders is Sr3Ti2O7, but pure Sr3Ti2O7phase cannot be obtained in the sintered ceramics because of the Sr3Ti2O7decomposition. For the samples doping with Bi2O3, although the main phase of the calcined powder is SrTiO3, the single RP phase Sr3Ti2O7can be obtained after sintering, which should be attributed to the formation of Sr3Bi2O6phase during calcination stage. Bi2O3addition is beneficial to the formation of the Sr3Ti2O7RP phase.

Role of precalcination and regeneration conditions on postcombustion CO2 capture in the Ca-looping technology

The Ca-looping (CaL) technology is already recognized as a potentially viable method to capture CO2 from postcombustion gas in coal fired power plants. In this process, CO2 is chemisorbed by CaO solid particles derived from precalcination of cheap and widely available natural limestone. The partially carbonated solids are regenerated by calcination under high CO2 concentration. Novel CaL concepts are proposed to further improve the efficiency of the technology such as the introduction of a recarbonation reactor in between the carbonation and calcination stages to mitigate the progressive deactivation of the regenerated CaO. Process simulations aimed at retrieving optimum design parameters and operating conditions to scale-up the technology yield results critically dependent on the multicyclic sorbent performance. Nevertheless, technical limitations usually preclude lab-scale tests from mimicking realistic CaL conditions necessarily involving high CO2 concentration for sorbent regeneration and quick transitions between carbonation and calcination. In this work, a lab-scale experimental analysis is reported on the CaO multicyclic conversion at CaL conditions closely resembling those to be expected in practice. The results presented evidence a relevant role of precalcination conditions. Precalcination in air leads to a strongly adverse effect on the activity of the sorbent regenerated under high CO2 concentration, which is further hindered if a recarbonation stage is introduced. On the other hand, sorbent deactivation is mitigated if precalcination is carried out at conditions similar to those used for sorbent regeneration. In this case, recarbonation helps lessening the loss of multicyclic conversion, which is further enhanced by the synergistic combination with heat pretreatment. Moreover, the present study shows that the kinetics of carbonation is strongly dependent on precalcination and regeneration conditions. The diffusion controlled carbonation phase and recarbonation are intensified if the sorbent is precalcined and regenerated under high CO2 concentration whereas the reaction controlled carbonation phase is notably hampered.

A comparative study of the influence of mineralisers on the properties of CoZr4(PO4)6-based pigments

This paper is devoted to the investigation of the influence of the mineralisers Li2CO3, LiBO2 and H3BO3 with respect to formation, thermal stability and pigmentary properties of Co1−xMgxZr4(PO4)6 colourants. Calculation of the total colour difference between the samples which were obtained with and without mineraliser helped to reveal the mineraliser effect at each calcination stage and to find out the optimal calcination temperature on basis of the most saturated and intensive colouration. At all calcination temperatures the colour of the samples appeared more saturated and darker. Mineraliser H3BO3 caused the most significant changes of the colour parameters at 1200 °C, while the effect of Li-containing mineralisers was the most prominent at lower temperatures. Mineraliser H3BO3 also provided an essential advantage with regards to phase composition and thermal stability. Thermal behaviour of the pigments was explained by means of particle porosity and, in particular, particle density.

TUBERCULOSIS IN CHILDREN IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION AT THE PRESENT STAGE

The literature review presents data on peculiarities of tuberculosis epidemiology, incidence rate and clinical pattern in children in the Russian Federation. Over the last 5 years, the age structure of the children developing tuberculosis has significantly changed: the share of children of small and preschool age increased, whereas the share of 7-14-year-old children decreased. Tuberculosis of thoracic lymph nodes predominates in the structure of clinical forms of tuberculosis of respiratory organs in children; small forms predominate, which indicates improvement of diagnostic capabilities. However, a rather large number of children with calcination stage of the tubercular process is observed. Further improvement of early detection of a tubercular infection is a powerful tool of preventing complicated and progressive forms of tuberculosis in children.

Effect of the Iron Doping on the Thermal Decomposition of the Polymeric Precursor for the Titanium Dioxide Powder Synthesis

The Polymeric Precursor Method has proved suitable for synthesizing reactive powders using low temperatures of calcination, especially when compared with conventional methods. However, during the thermal decomposition of the polymeric precursor the combustion event can be releases an additional heat that raises the temperature of the sample in several tens of degrees Celsius above the set temperature of the oven. This event may be detrimental to some material types, such as the titanium dioxide semiconductor. This ceramic material has a phase transition at around 600 ° C, which involves the irreversible structural rearrangement, characterized by the phase transition from anatase to rutile TiO2 phase. The control of the calcination step then becomes very important because the efficiency of the photocatalyst is dependent on the amount of anatase phase in the material. Furthermore, use of dopant in the material aims to improve various properties, such as increasing the absorption of radiation and in the time of the excited state, shifting of the absorption edge to the visible region, and increasing of the thermal stability of anatase. In this work, samples of titanium dioxide were synthesized by the Polymeric Precursor Method in order to investigate the effect of Fe (III) doping on the calcination stages. Thermal analysis has demonstrated that the Fe (III) insertion at 1 mol% anticipates the organic decomposition, reducing the combustion event in the final calcination. Furthermore, FTIR-PAS, XRD and SEM results showed that organic matter amount was reduced in the Fe (III)-doped TiO2 sample, which reduced the rutile phase amount and increased the reactivity and crystallinity of the powder samples.

Effect of water vapor on the pore structure and sulfation of CaO

Limestone is widely used for controlling sulfur emissions from fluidized bed combustion. Flue gases generated by coal combustion mainly consist of N2, O2, CO2, SOx, NOx, and about 5–15% water vapor. However, few investigations were carried out to study the effect of H2O on the sulfation behavior of limestone. In this study, the effects of H2O on pore structure of CaO and its sulfation behavior were studied. The temperature range was 800–950°C and water vapor concentration was from 0% to 20%. It was found that the presence of H2O could reduce the calcination time of the limestone and both BET surface area and pore volume of the resulting CaO decreased with the increase of water vapor concentrations in the temperature range of 850–950°C. The results showed that water vapor promoted sintering of CaO during the calcination period of the limestone and led to the deteriorated pore structure. The BET surface area and the pore volume of CaO continue to decrease with the increase of sintering duration, regardless of whether water vapor is present or not. The test results showed also that the presence of water vapor during the calcination stage was detrimental to the following sulfation of CaO. However, regardless of the initial calcination environment (with or without water vapor), the sulfation of the resulting CaO improves by the presence of water vapor.

Ceramic papers as flexible structures for the development of novel diesel soot combustion catalysts

Currently, the most adequate technology for the abatement of particles coming from diesel engines is the one that employs catalytic filters. This work proposes the preparation of catalytic ceramic papers to be employed in the development of new catalytic filters. To this end, the papermaking technique was employed. The resulting papers were flexible, easy to handle and presented suitable mechanical properties to resist the tests from a test bench in which they were placed inside a metal housing, at the exhaust pipe outlet of a Corsa 1.7 vehicle. These optimal mechanical properties were obtained through the incorporation of a suspension of CeO2 nanoparticles during the papermaking process. It was found that the nanoparticles covered the ceramic fibers completely and that their excess accumulated under the form of patches. In order to promote the filter continuous regeneration, once the ceramic papers were formed they were impregnated with a cobalt salt which, after a calcination stage, produced oxidic clusters in tight contact with the CeO2 nanoparticles. The papers thus obtained exhibited a maximum soot combustion temperature close to 400 °C, being T50 = 376 °C for the more active catalytic ceramic paper, in the presence of NO (1000 ppm) in the feed. Even though more tests are necessary to determine filtration efficiency, preliminary experiments carried out in the test bench proved that the ceramic papers properly resisted the high gas flow rates of fumes emitted by a real diesel engine (approximately 2 m3 min−1). From the TPO experiments performed on samples of catalytic ceramic papers taken from the test bench and in tight contact with the soot retained, it was possible to obtain a maximum soot combustion temperature equal to 428 °C. It was also found that the presence of ceria aggregates caused the papers to deactivate to a lesser degree after being treated at 900 °C.

High and stable [formula omitted] capture capacity of natural limestone at Ca-looping conditions by heat pretreatment and recarbonation synergy

The Ca-looping (CaL) process, based on the multicyclic carbonation/calcination of limestone derived CaO, has emerged recently as a potentially economically advantageous technology to achieve sustainable postcombustion and precombustion CO2 capture efficiencies. Yet, a drawback that hinders the efficiency of the CaL process is the drastic drop of limestone capture capacity as the number of carbonation/calcination cycles is increased. Precalcination of limestone at high temperatures for a prolonged period of time has been proposed as a potential technique to reactivate the sorbent, which is however precluded by regeneration temperatures above 850°C and low CO2 concentrations in the carbonator to be found in the practical situation. Under these conditions, heat pretreatment leads to a stable yet very small CaO conversion. On the other hand, the introduction of a recarbonation stage between the ordinary carbonation and calcination stages has been shown to decelerate the rate of sorbent activity decay even though this favorable effect is not noticeable up to a number of above 10–15 cycles. The present manuscript demonstrates that the synergetic action of heat pretreatment and recarbonation yields a high and stable value for the multicyclic conversion of limestone derived CaO. It is foreseen that recarbonation of heat pretreated limestone would lead to a reduction of process costs especially in the case of precombustion applications. Even though sorbent purging will always be needed because of ash accumulation and sulphation in postcombustion CO2 capture applications, the stable and high multicyclic CaO conversion achieved by the combination of these techniques would make it necessary to a lesser extent.

Comparative Performance of Three Magnesium Compounds on Thermal Degradation Behavior of Red Gum Wood.

The effect of basic magnesium carbonate (BMC), magnesium hydroxide (MH), and magnesium chloride hydrate (MCH) on thermal degradation of red gum wood was studied using cone calorimetry, Thermogravimetric-differential scanning calorimetry (TG-DSC) analysis, and X-ray diffraction (XRD) characterization. The results showed common fire retardation actions of the three compounds by releasing incombustible gas and/or water vapor to dilute combustible gas in the flaming zone, and by converting to MgO, which had a satisfactory protective wall effect on the wood. Individually, BMC absorbed heat from the wood at the pre-decomposition stage and, thus, slowed down wood pyrolysis process. It slightly increased the char yield by charring in both the charring stage and the char calcination stage. MH lost water at about 270°C, close to the temperature at which wood thermally degraded. MH rendered wood char quickly, and the compact char layer impeded further carbonization and burning of inner wood. MCH promoted charring with Mg2+ as a Lewis acid, and increased wood char yield. MCH also released Cl· free radical and HCl at 167°C, which easily coordinated with combustion reaction radical, and slowed down, even inhibited, the combustion chain reaction.

Microwave dielectric properties of Li2ZnTi3O8 ceramics prepared by reaction-sintering process

Li2ZnTi3O8 (LZT) microwave dielectric ceramics prepared by reaction-sintering process were investigated. Li2CO3, ZnO and TiO2 powders were mixed, pressed and sintered directly into ceramic pellets without any calcination stage involved. Pure LZT phase was obtained after sintering at temperatures above 1,100 °C for 2 h. LZT ceramic with the maximum bulk density of 3.81 g/cm3 (96.2 % of the theoretical value) and excellent microwave dielectric properties of ɛ r = 25.8, Q × f = 78,216 GHz and τ f = −10.5 ppm/°C was obtained after sintering at 1,100 °C for 2 h. The results show that the reaction-sintering process is a simple and effective method to produce LZT ceramics.

Process design of a hydrogen production plant from natural gas with CO2 capture based on a novel Ca/Cu chemical loop

A detailed and comprehensive design of a H2 production plant based on a novel Ca/Cu chemical looping process is presented in this work. This H2 production process is based on the sorption-enhanced reforming concept using natural gas together with a CaO/CaCO3 chemical loop. A second Cu/CuO loop is incorporated to supply energy for the calcination of the CaCO3 via the reduction of CuO with a fuel gas. A comprehensive energy integration description of the different gas streams available in the plant is provided to allow a thermodynamic assessment of the process and to highlight its advantages and drawbacks. Hydrogen equivalent efficiencies of up to 77% are feasible with this novel Ca/Cu looping process, using an active reforming catalyst based on Pt, high oxidation temperatures and moderate gas velocities in the fixed bed system, which are around 6% points above the efficiency of a reference H2 production plant based on conventional steam reforming including CO2 capture with MDEA. Non-converted carbon compounds in the reforming stage are removed as CO2 in the calcination stage of the Ca/Cu looping process, which will be compressed and sent for storage. Carbon capture efficiencies of around 94% can be obtained with this Ca/Cu looping process, which are significantly higher than those obtained in the reference plant that uses MDEA absorption (around 85%). Additional advantages, such as its compact design and the use of cheaper materials compared to other commercial processes for H2 production with CO2 capture, confirm the potential of the Ca/Cu looping process as a pre-combustion CO2 capture technology for H2 production.

Effect of sulfation on CO2 capture of CaO-based sorbents during calcium looping cycle

Calcium looping cycle is considered as one of the most promising post combustion CO2 capture technologies that can curb CO2 emissions from power plants fired with fossil fuel. However the presence of SO2 and steam in the flue gas leads to the sulfation of CaO-based sorbents, and thus reduces the sorbents’ capacity for CO2 capture. In this study, the effect of sorbent sulfation during both carbonation and calcination stage on the cyclic CO2 capture performance was investigated. The results showed that the reaction time, SO2 concentrations and steam greatly influenced the capacity of CaO-based sorbent. The sulfation degree of the sorbent decreased with the reduction of carbonation and calcination time per cycle. High SO2 concentration present with steam led to a rapid loss in capacity of the sorbent within a few cycles. Furthermore, the synthetic sorbent derived from a sol–gel process had much higher cyclic CO2 capture capacities than natural limestone sorbent whether in conditions without SO2 or with SO2 and steam. Microscopic images showed that after multiple cycles in the presence of SO2 and steam, the porous structure of the synthetic sorbent could be retained while limestone experienced serious pore blockage and agglomeration of grains.

Multicyclic conversion of limestone at Ca-looping conditions: The role of solid-sate diffusion controlled carbonation

Limestone derived CaO conversion when subjected to multiple carbonation/calcination cycles is a subject of interest currently fueled by several industrial applications of the so-called Ca-looping (CaL) technology. The multicyclic CaO conversion at Ca-looping conditions exhibits two main features as demonstrated by thermogravimetric analysis (TGA). On one hand, carbonation occurs by two well differentiated phases: a first kinetically-driven fast phase and a subsequent much slower solid-state diffusion controlled phase. On the other, carbonation in the fast phase usually shows a drastic decay with the cycle number along the first carbonation/calcination cycles. This trend can be reversed by means of heat pretreatment, which induces a marked loss of fast conversion in the first carbonation but enhances diffusion of CO2 in the solid. Upon decarbonation the regenerated CaO skeleton displays an increased conversion in the fast carbonation phase of the next cycle, a phenomenon which has been referred to as reactivation. Nonetheless, sorbent reactivation is hampered by looping carbonation/calcination conditions as those to be likely found in practice such as carbonation stages characterized by low CO2 concentrations and short duration and calcination stages at high temperatures in a CO2 enriched atmosphere, which causes a sintering and loss of activity of the regenerated CaO skeleton. We analyze in this work sorbent reactivation as affected by heat pretreatment and carbonation/calcination conditions. Aimed at shedding light on the role played by these conditions on reactivation we look separately at the multicyclic evolution of conversion in the kinetic and diffusive phases. Generally, the evolution of multicyclic conversion after the first cycle can be described by a balance between the surface area gain due to diffusive carbonation and the surface area loss as caused by sintering in the calcination stage. A significant gain of relative surface area after the first cycle, which is favored by harshening the heat pretreatment conditions, leads however to a marked decay of it during subsequent cycles, which precludes reactivation for an extended interval of cycles. On the other hand, sorbent grinding, if performed before heat pretreatment, leads to a less marked but more sustainable reactivation along the cycles. A novel observation reported in our work is that pretreatment of limestone in a CO2 atmosphere leads upon a subsequent quick decarbonation to a CaO skeleton with extraordinarily enhanced reactivity in the kinetically-driven carbonation phase and with a high resistance to solid-state diffusion, which can be attributed to annealing of the crystal structure as reported by independent studies.

Highly active PdCeOx composite catalysts for low-temperature CO oxidation, prepared by plasma-arc synthesis

The plasma-arc method was adapted for the synthesis of composite palladium–ceria catalysts, which were utilized for the low-temperature oxidation of carbon monoxide. The Pd/CeO2 catalysts were synthesized in two steps: step 1 – direct synthesis of palladium–cerium–carbon composite PdCeC in the plasma-arc chamber, and step 2 – calcination of the composite with carbon burnout in air at 600, 700, and 800°C. Catalytic testing using temperature-programmed reaction demonstrated the high efficiency of the synthesized catalysts during the oxidation of carbon monoxide and their ability to oxidize CO at temperatures as low as room temperature. In comparison with a catalyst that had similar morphology and palladium content but was prepared by coprecipitation, the synthesized catalyst showed that the calculated TOF value for the composite catalyst was two–three times higher than that of the catalyst prepared by chemical methods.A variety of physical methods (HRTEM, XRD, XPS, Raman spectroscopy and others) were used to examine the microstructure, composition and electronic state of the composite components in detail after the high-temperature calcination stage of catalyst synthesis. It was shown that high catalytic activity was provided by the formation of a high-defect fluorite structure of PdCeOx solid solution and highly dispersed PdOx nanoparticles. The XPS data suggest that carbon nanostructures mixed with palladium and cerium in the initial PdCeC composite prevent sintering during high-temperature calcination and play a key role in the formation of a high-defect solid solution of palladium in the CeO2 structure, which has a high concentration of Ce3+ and oxygen vacancies.

Bioavailability Assessment of Metals from a Nickel Mining Residue in the Gastrointestinal Tract of Oreochromis niloticus In Vivo

Mining to obtain ferronickel by the pyrometallurgical process involves a calcination stage that generates a highly metallic solid dust. This study evaluated the bioavailability of metals from calcination dust after being ingested by Oreochromis niloticus. Chemical analysis was performed on the whole body and histological analysis was performed on the gills and gastrointestinal tract of fish to evaluate potential bioaccumulation. After 96 h of exposure to the dust, gill tissue contained a small amount of particulate matter, while the gastrointestinal tract was filled with the material, generating high values of metals in the fish whole body chemical analysis. However, after 15 and 30 days in clean water, both the gills and gastrointestinal tract were nearly devoid of particles and metal concentrations in the fish whole body had largely returned to baseline levels.

Fluidized bed calcium looping cycles for CO2 capture under oxy-firing calcination conditions: Part 1. Assessment of six limestones

Six limestones were tested for CO2 capture during calcium looping cycles in a lab-scale fluidized bed apparatus. Batch tests were carried out under alternating calcination–carbonation conditions representative of a process with calcination in an oxy-firing environment (T=940°C, 70% CO2). The effect of the presence of SO2 was also studied at two concentration levels: 1500ppm SO2 during both carbonation and calcination, simulating CO2 capture from uncontrolled flue gas and regeneration in an oxy-fired calciner burning high-sulfur coal; 75ppm SO2 during carbonation and 750ppm SO2 during calcination, simulating CO2 capture from already desulfurized flue gas and regeneration in an oxy-fired calciner burning medium-sulfur coal. Limestone attrition processes were characterized during the tests by measuring the changes of the sorbent particle size distribution and the fines elutriation rate along conversion over repeated cycles.Results showed that for all the limestones the CO2 capture capacity decreased with the number of cycles reaching a very low asymptotic value. The combination of high bed temperature and high CO2 concentration during the calcination stage significantly enhanced particle sintering. Moderate attrition rates were experienced by the sorbent particles mostly during the first cycle. In the subsequent cycles the attrition rate progressively declined, due to the concurrent chemical–thermal treatment making the sorbent surface increasingly hard. The presence of a high SO2 concentration significantly depressed the sorbent CO2 capture capacity, because of the buildup of a compact CaSO4 layer on the particle surface. Under a lower SO2 concentration level, the effect on CO2 capture capacity was less important. In both conditions, limestone attrition was only influenced to a limited extent by SO2. The slight variations of the sorbent particle size distribution indicated that very low particle fragmentation occurred over the repeated cycles.

A model on the CaO multicyclic conversion in the Ca-looping process

The CaO conversion of CO2 sorbents subjected to repeated series of carbonation/calcination cycles is investigated as affected by thermal pretreatment. The behavior of nonpretreated sorbents is characterized by the progressive sintering of the initial CaO skeleton derived from a quick preheating of its precursor. As a consequence, CaO conversion suffers a drastic decrease in the first cycles and gradually converges towards a residual value. The evolution of conversion in the first cycles for pretreated sorbents is determined by a diverse mechanism, which is mainly characterized by the growth of a renewed soft skeleton due to promoted solid-state diffusive carbonation, which leads to an increase of conversion with the cycle number up to a maximum value. A mathematical model is proposed based on the balance between the surface area loss due to sintering in the calcination stage of each cycle and the surface area gain due to regeneration of the skeleton. A key feature to describe self-reactivation is that renovation of the soft skeleton becomes progressively less efficient as the number of cycles builds up. An extensive series of data reported in the literature has been analyzed in the light of the proposed model, which has served to quantify the level of self-reactivation as affected by a wide variety of experimental conditions such as preheating temperature and duration, hydration, calcination under a CO2 enriched atmosphere, grinding, addition of thermally stable dopants, and presence of foreign ions in the limestone.

Towards ‘greener’ catalyst manufacture: Reduction of wastewater from the preparation of Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 methanol synthesis catalysts

The generation of large volumes of nitrate-containing wastewater is a major issue in the industrial production of solid catalysts such as Cu/ZnO/Al2O3 employed in methanol synthesis. Extensive washing with water is needed to remove nitrate (and sodium) residues in the as-precipitated metal hydroxy-carbonate catalyst precursors. Residual nitrate species promote severe metal agglomeration during the subsequent calcination stage, while Na can act as a catalyst poison. The use of (NH4)HCO3 rather than Na2CO3 as precipitating agent results in Na-free metal hydroxy-carbonate precursors. Here we show that the calcination conditions applied for the Na-free, unwashed hydroxy-carbonate precursors can be adjusted to prevent metal agglomeration. Conventional calcination of unwashed precipitates in stagnant air results in poor Cu dispersions and catalytic activities. In contrast, efficient removal of the nitrate decomposition products by decomposing the unwashed precursors in a gas stream prevents metal agglomeration. Decomposition of the precipitate in a gas flow, particularly in O2-free gases, leads to catalysts as active as those obtained by conventional calcination after removal of the nitrate species by extensive washing of the precipitates. Hence, rational adjustment of the calcination conditions can significantly reduce the production of nitrate-containing wastewater during catalyst manufacture.

Organized Silica Films Generated by Evaporation-Induced Self-Assembly as Hosts for Iron Oxide Nanoparticles.

In this work, we prepared oriented mesoporous thin films of silica on various solid substrates using the pluronic block copolymer P123 as a template. We attempted to insert guest iron oxide (FexOy) nanoparticles into these films by two different methods: (a) by co-precipitation—where iron precursors are introduced in the synthesis sol before deposition of the silica film—and subsequent oxide production during the film calcination step; (b) by preparing and calcining the silica films first then impregnating them with the iron precursor, obtaining the iron oxide nanoparticles by a second calcination step. We have examined the structural effects of the guest nanoparticles on the silica film structures using grazing incidence X-ray scattering (GISAXS), high-resolution transmission electron spectroscopy (HRTEM), spectroscopic ellipsometry, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), and Raman microscopy. Formation of nanoparticles by co-precipitation may induce substantial changes in the film structure leading, in our adopted process, to the appearance of lamellar ordering in the calcination stage. On the contrary, impregnation-based approaches perturb the film structures much more weakly, but are also less efficient in filling the pores with nanoparticles.

Intelligent Setting Control for Clinker Calcination Process

AbstractIn the process of clinker calcination, the target value of the raw meal decomposition rate (RMDR) is different in the easy and difficult calcination stages because the boundary conditions of raw meal (i.e., raw meal flow, raw meal ingredients, and particle size) change frequently, where RMDR cannot be guaranteed to be within its desirable range. To solve this problem, an intelligent setting control method is proposed in this paper for a clinker calcination process. The proposed approach is realized by on‐line adjustment of the setpoints of control loops in line with the changes of raw meal boundary conditions. This method consists of five modules, namely an RMDR target value setting model, a control loop pre‐setting model, a feedback compensation model based on the fuzzy rules, a feedforward compensation model based on the fuzzy rules, and a soft measurement model for RMDR. Successful application to the clinker calcination process of the Jiuganghongda Cement Plant in China has been made, where the efficiency of the proposed method has been validated by the results of the practical application.