Cajuput Research Articles

Production of Biodiesel Without Catalyst Separation with Palm Oil Interesterification Process Using Essential Oil Biocatalyst

The transesterification is a method commonly used in the production of biodiesel. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate interesterification reaction of palm oil with methyl acetate using essential oil biocatalyst, specifically focusing on eugenol and cajuput oil. The operating parameters were: 250 g of palm oil, a molar ratio of palm oil:methyl acetate of 1:6, a reaction temperature of 60ºC, a stirring speed of 300 rpm, a biocatalyst of 0.75 wt. % in relation to oil, and reaction times of 15, 30, 45, 60, and 75 min. The palm oil, methyl acetate and biocatalyst reacted in a three-necked flask as a reactor under operating conditions. Additionally, simulations were performed using ChemDraw Professional 15.0 to analyze the molecular behavior of the reacting compounds.

EFFECT OF LONG-TERM STORAGE OF CAJEPUT LEAVES (Melaleuca Leucadendron Linn) ON OIL QUALITY FROM ROTE NDAO REGENCY

Cajeput oil is one of the non-timber forest products produced by distilling Cajeput leaves of the Melaleuca leucadendron Linn type. Several factors influence the quality of Cajeput oil, including filling the leaves in the kettle, tree variety, where the Cajeputi grows, storage of the leaves, distillation techniques, distillation temperature, and age. This research aims to determine the effect of storage time for raw materials on the yield, refractive index, and sineol content of Cajeput oil and the best time to store refining raw materials before distillation. The raw materials for distillation are taken from Rote Ndao Regency and then stored for varying lengths of time ranging from 3 days, 4 days, and 5 days, and the distillation method used is the boil method. The research results showed that the highest average per parameter was obtained after 5 days of storage with a yield value of 2.43%, a refractive index of 1.45%, and a sineole content of 56.67%. The average weight of cineole content and refractive index is included in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI 06-03954-2014).

SOSIALISASI PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH DAUN KAYU PUTIH (Melaleuca cajuputi) SEBAGAI PUPUK ORGANIK PADA KELOMPOK USAHA PERHUTANAN SOSIAL (KUPS) DUSUN WELNEWEN DESA WASPAIT KECAMATAN FENALEISELA KABUPATEN BURU

Socialization about compost making is important considering that cajuput leaf waste left over from distillation has slightly different characteristics compared to compost material that comes from leaves or other types of plant parts. This outreach aims to increase public knowledge about using leaf waste left over from distilling eucalyptus oil as raw material for making compost. The benefit is that the community can utilize wood waste left over from refining eucalyptus oil and reduce existing waste. The method used in this Community Service activity is in the form of socialization, before the activity begins, a pre-test is carried out to assess the initial knowledge of the socialization participants, then the socialization process consists of delivering material to the participants and continues with a discussion round. The activity closed by conducting a post-test on participants to assess the participants' final knowledge of the socialization material presented. The result of the socialization was an increase in the knowledge of the socialization participants regarding the use of waste leaves left over from refining cajuput oil. Participants can follow up this knowledge in the practice of using eucalyptus oil distillation leftover leaf waste in the eucalyptus oil refining business in the Social Forestry Business Group.

Socioeconomic and technical feasibility of cajuput oil (Melaleuca cajuput Powell) distillation business

Abstract The distillation of cajuput leaves into cajuput oil is a potential business for farmers. However, farmers and distillers still encounter problems that lead to failures in developing the business, such as low yield, price volatility, and technical issues related to agroclimatology suitability, good cultivation, and distillation process. This research was conducted to obtain the socioeconomic and technical feasibility of the cajuput oil business and the information needed to support its sustainability. The research parameters used in the economic aspect include profit level analysis and Net B/C. The financial element used NPV, IRR, Payback Period, sensitivity analysis, and the non-financial aspect, including the employment, suitability of cultivated land, and cajuput oil distillation. The financial analysis results obtained a profit of IDR 2,254,911,000, NPV of IDR 2,478,763,489, Payback Period of 4.6 years, and Net B/C of 8.02. However, the decrease of 40% in yield and increase of 20% in raw material prices did not result in the company’s loss. Socially, the potential for on-farm and off-farm labor absorption reaches 2,500 workers/business unit. The determining factor for the success of the cajuput oil business is land suitability.

Outcomes, impacts, and values of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi) oil business model in Perum Perhutani

Outcomes, impacts, and values of cajuput (Melaleuca cajuputi) oil business model in Perum Perhutani

Effect of variation concentrations of cajuput oil and magnets on engine performance and flue gas emissions

This studies proposes the effect of variations concentration of cajupuut oil and magnetic field of attraction on internal combustion engine performance and flue gas emissions. The increasing demand for petroleum energy is increasing, in line with the rising levels of flue gas emissions produced using transportation and the industrial world. Therefore, environmentally friendly alternative fuels are needed. Because the availability of fossil fuels cannot be renewed and their existence is increasingly depleting. This problems can overcome by saving fuels consumption. One way to save fuels are by adding bio-additives from cajupuut oil and a magnetic field to the fuel line. This research uses a direct test method using tools like a chassis dynamometer and gas analyzer. Pertalite fuel is mixed with various concentrations of cajupuut oil, six cc, eight cc, and ten cc and with addition of a magnetic fields strength of 10,000 Gauss of the genio motorcycle fuel line. This research has found that influence of variation of concentration in cajupuut oil and the magnetic field of attraction significantly impact engine performance and flue gas emissions. A mixture of eucalyptus ten ml with a magnetic field of attraction produces the highest maximum power and torque of 8.35 Hp and 11.77 Nm, respectively. Meanwhile, CO emissions have a level of 0.1%, but the highest CO2 level is 9.6% compared to other concentrations.

Safety and efficacy of a feed additive consisting of an essential oil derived from fresh leaves of Melaleuca cajuputi Maton & Sm. ex R. Powell and Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L. (cajuput oil) for use in all animal species (FEFANA asbl).

Following a request from the European Commission, the EFSA Panel on Additives and Products or Substances used in Animal Feed (FEEDAP) was asked to deliver a scientific opinion on the safety and efficacy of cajuput oil obtained from fresh leaves of Melaleuca cajuputi Maton & Sm. ex R. Powell and Melaleuca leucadendra (L.) L., when used as a sensory additive for all animal species. The FEEDAP Panel concluded that cajuput oil is safe up to the maximum proposed use levels in complete feed of 30 mg/kg for sows and dogs, 50 mg/kg for horses and ornamental fish, 40 mg/kg for salmon and 5 mg/kg for cats. For the other species, the calculated safe concentrations were 18 mg/kg for chickens for fattening, 26 mg/kg for laying hens, 23 mg/kg for turkeys for fattening, 37 mg/kg for pigs for fattening, 31 mg/kg for piglets, 78 mg/kg for veal calves (milk replacer), 69 mg/kg for cattle for fattening and sheep/goats, 45 mg/kg for dairy cows and 28 mg/kg for rabbits. These conclusions were extrapolated to other physiologically related species. For any other species, the additive is safe at 5 mg/kg complete feed. The use of cajuput oil in water for drinking was considered safe provided that the total daily intake does not exceed the daily amount considered safe when consumed via feed. No concerns for consumers and the environment were identified following the use of the additive up to the highest safe use level in feed. The essential oil under assessment should be considered as an irritant to skin and eyes, and as a dermal and respiratory sensitiser. Since cajuput oil was recognised to flavour food and their function in feed would be essentially the same as that in food, no further demonstration of efficacy was considered necessary.

Biocontrol efficacy of cajeput oil against Anopheles stephensi L. mosquito and its effect on non-target species.

Chemical insecticides are effective at controlling mosquito populations, but their excessive use can pollute the environment and harm non-target organisms. Mosquitoes can also develop resistance to these chemicals over time, which makes long-term mosquito control efforts challenging. In this study, we assessed the phytochemical, biochemical, and insecticidal properties of the chemical constituents of cajeput oil. Results show that Melaleuca cajuputi essential oil may exhibit mosquito larvicidal properties against Anopheles stephensi larvae (second-fourth instar) at 24h post-treatment. At 24h post-exposure, the essential oil resulted in a significant decrease in detoxifying enzymes. All of these findings indicate that cajeput oil infects An. stephensi larvae directly affect the immune system, leading to decreased immune function. Cajeput oil significantly affects the second, third, and fourth instar larvae of An. stephensi, according to the bioassay results. Cajeput oil does not induce toxicity in non-target Eudrilus eugeniae earthworm species, as indicated by a histological study of earthworms. Phytochemical screening and GC-MS analysis of the essential oil revealed the presence of several major phytochemicals that contribute to mosquito larvicidal activity. The importance of cajeput oil as an effective candidate for biological control of the malarial vector An. stephensi is supported by this study.

“Molecular Docking Analysis Of Alpha-Terpineol Against Matrix Metalloproteinases”

Objectives: The process of wound healing is crucial and complex within the human body, involving various enzymes. Increased concentrations of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) at the wound site lead to slowdown in the healing process. Small bioactive compounds produced from natural sources can be used to down-regulate or inhibit these over expressed MMPs. Alpha-terpineol, a mono-terpenoid alcohol with a monocyclic structure, is present in vitex negundo linn leaf, pemus boldus leaf, cajeput oil, coriander oil, and pine oil. It exhibits diverse biological uses, serving as an antioxidant, anticancer, anticonvulsant, antiulcer, anti-inflammatory, antihypertensive, and anti-nonciceptive agent. The work aims to use molecular docking to understand how alpha-terpineol binds to MMPs. Materials and Methods: The MMPs was obtained from RCSB database and the alpha-terpineol was obtained from Pubchem. The Auto Dock software was used to create a molecular docking of alpha-terpineol activity on MMPs. Alpha-Terpineol binds to MMPs receptors. Auto Dock Vina was used to examine the binding box-related files, including a PDBQT file and PYMOL software was then used to analyze the receptor and ligand PDBPT files. Result: Docking tests revealed that alpha-terpineol has a great binding affinity for all four MMPs tested. MMPs 3, 8, and 12 had free binding energies of around -9.1, -10.5, and -9.7kcal/mol, respectively. Conclusion: Therefore, alpha-terpineol can be employed to regulate the function of matrix metalloproteinases and facilitate the process of wound healing.

Measuring the refraction index of luminescent carbon nanodots forming Gaussian beam using the tracker software

Nanotechnology is currently regarded as one of the fastest-growing technologies. Equipping students with some understanding of nanotechnology in relation to physics ideas may trigger their interest and inspire them to learn physics. This study is aimed to measure the refraction index of Cdots solution using the Gaussian beam and Tracker software. The method used in this research is quantitative descriptive method with the stages of research that include designing, construction, developing, and testing the measuring instrument. The procedure in this study begins by preparing the Cdots solution from cajuput oil (CJO) distillation wastes. The Cdots are then characterized using the UV-visible (UV-Vis), photoluminescence (PL), time resolved-PL (TRPL), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopies. The Cdots solution is then put into a reaction tube with solution height variation. The violet/UV laser pointer is exposed upward towards the Cdots solution from the bottom of the reaction tube producing a Gaussian beam inside the reaction tube. The Gaussian beam is then photographed, which then the format is converted into a video format. The video format of the Gaussian beam is analyzed using the Tracker software. The characterizations of the Cdots show i) an absorption peak at a wavelength of 216.0 nm, ii) an emission peak at 512.29 nm indicating cyan luminescence, iii) an electronic lifetime of 51.3 ns, and iii) functional groups of O-H; C=C; and C=O. Moreover, the Gaussian beams are formed for various heights of the Cdots solution, i.e.: from 5.364 cm to 13.000 cm. Using the Tracker software, the value of the Cdots’ refraction index is 1.29 0.03, which is comparable to the refraction index of water. This measuring instrument has the potential to be used in high school physics classes and/or first-year university physics courses.

The Potential of Cajuput Oil (Melaleuca leucadendra) Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Lamongan against Salmonella Typhi Bacteria

The Potential of Cajuput Oil (Melaleuca leucadendra) Small and Medium Enterprises (SME) in Lamongan against Salmonella Typhi Bacteria

Evaluation of characteristics of cajuput oil by steam-hydro distillation (Melaleuca leucadendra L.)

Cajuput oil is one of the types of essential oil that is most widely used by the society. Cajuput oil is obtained through a distillation process. The aim of this study was to determine the characteristics of cajuput oil. The raw material used is fresh cajuput leaves and the distillation process carried out is the steam-hydro distillation method. The characteristic analysis seen in this research includes yield of oil, water content of cajuput leaves, refractive index and sensory of the aroma and color of cajuput oil. The results showed cajuput oil with a yield value of 0.6%, water content of cajuput leaves of 64.36%, refractive index value of 1.470, aroma of cajuput leaves, and yellow color of cajuput oil. The characteristic of cajuput oil in this research was meet the Indonesian National Standard of cajuput oil.

TEKNOLOGI PANEL SURYA UNTUK PENGOLAHAN LIMBAH SISA PENYULINGAN MINYAK KAYU PUTIH

Ujungmanik Village, Kawunganten District, Cilacap Regency, which is in the Segara Anakan Cilacap area, has natural resources, especially eucalyptus plants, which have the potential to develop the economy of the village community. The biggest problem faced by LMDH Dadi Makmur as a unit that manages the eucalyptus oil business is that after the production of eucalyptus oil distillation, it will produce residual waste from cajuput oil twigs and leaves with quite a large volume and only be left piled up around the yard where the distillery is, causing area storage of essential oil raw materials is narrow and also takes a long time to become organic fertilizer. The innovation offered through this community service activity is implementing a briquette printing machine from eucalyptus oil refining waste which is energy efficient and based on solar panels. The results of the dedication show that the eucalyptus oil waste processing activity in addition to reducing environmental pollution also produces biomass briquettes that can be utilized by the residents of Ujungmanik Village as a leading economic product of Ujungmanik Village. Keyword: Cajuput oil, briquette, solar panels

Antimicrobial Efficacy of Essential Oils and Their Combination Against Microorganisms Associated With Postradiation Therapy in Patients With Head and Neck Cancer: An In Vitro Study.

Background Head and neck cancer ranks as the sixth most common cancer globally. Reduced saliva production brought on by postradiation therapy upsets the delicate balance between bacterial load and a weakened immune system. Oral hygiene is commonly neglected in patients who have undergone radiotherapy and they often develop dry mouth, mucositis due to radiation therapy, etc., as side effects. Despite being a part of the current standard, chlorhexidine carries numerous disadvantages such as taste alteration, teeth staining, and dry mouth. An extensive review of the literature demonstrates the antibacterial properties of essential oils (EOs) derived from plant materials, which may be able to prevent the development of such opportunistic microorganisms in the oral cavity. Methodology The cinnamon bark EO and Cajeput EO were procured and checked for their solubility. The final ratio at which the oils were found to be soluble was the 1:1 (w/v) ratio. The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of cinnamon bark oil (Cinnamomum verum) and Cajeput oil (Melaleuca leucadendron) against Staphylococcus aureus, Enterococcus faecalis,and Candida albicans was determined by serial dilution method using Resazurin dye, and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) was done by a spread plating method. The polyherbal mouthwash was subjected to cytotoxicity assay against human gingival fibroblasts. All the experiments were performed in triplicates. Results The overall results showed that cinnamon bark EO had the strongest efficacy against S. aureus (0.33 ± 0.14 mg/mL) and E. faecalis (0.41 ± 0.14 mg/mL), but not against C. albicans (2.85 ± 2.11 mg/mL). Cajeput EO showed the least efficacy against all the groups; whereas the combination of EOs proved to be the most efficacious and showed good antimicrobial activity against these most commonly encountered microorganisms in head and neck cancer postradiotherapy. Conclusions Cinnamon and Cajeput EOs in combination proved to be effective in this in vitro study against the most common microorganisms encountered in patients with head and neck cancer postradiotherapyand are comparable to 0.2% chlorhexidine.

Bioinsecticidal activity of cajeput oil to pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant mosquitoes

Mosquito-borne diseases are a significant threat to human health. The frequent and repetitive application of insecticides can result in the selection of resistant mosquito populations leading to product failures for reducing community disease transmission. It is important that new interventions are discovered and developed for reducing mosquito populations and, in turn, protecting human health. Plant essential oils are promising chemical interventions for reducing mosquito populations. The myrtle family, Myrtaceae, has numerous species to be studied as potential bioinsecticides. Here, we combined toxicological, biochemical, and neurophysiological approaches to provide evidence for cajeput oil and terpene constituents to elicit bioinsecticidal activity to pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant Aedes aegypti. We show cajeput oil terpenes to enhance cAMP production, increase ACh levels, inhibit in vivo and in vitro AChE activity, and disrupt spike discharge frequencies of the mosquito CNS. This study presents the first report on the bioinsecticidal activity of cajeput oil terpenes to pyrethroid-susceptible and -resistant mosquitoes and provides comparative data for the octopaminergic system as a putative molecular target for the bioinsecticides with implications for resistance management.

Comparison of in vitro Killing Effect of Thai Herbal Essential Oils, Tea Tree Oil, and Metronidazole 0.75% versus Ivermectin 1% on Demodex folliculorum.

Abnormal proliferation of Demodex mites causes a skin disorder called demodicosis and has been linked to rosacea. The development of alternative therapy against Demodex mites is currently required. The ability to kill Demodex mites of Thai herbal essential oils has never been explored. This study aimed to study and compare the in vitro killing effect of Thai herbal essential oils, tea tree oil, and metronidazole 0.75% with ivermectin 1% on D. folliculorum. D. folliculorum mites were collected from the wastes of diagnostic standardized skin surface biopsy samples of demodicosis and rosacea patients for the trial. The microscopic evaluation started immediately after the mites were exposed to immersion oil (negative control), Thai herbal essential oils, tea tree oil, metronidazole 0.75%, and ivermectin 1% (positive control). The survival times of ten mites from each test agent were compared. The efficacy of Thai herbal essential oils and other test agents can be arranged in order as follows: lemongrass oil > sweet basil oil > clove oil > tea tree oil > lesser galangal oil > ginger oil, kaffir lime oil, peppermint oil > citronella oil > galangal oil > cajeput oil > ivermectin 1% > metronidazole 0.75%. This current study demonstrated the in vitro killing efficacy on D. folliculorum: Thai herbal essential oils, Tea tree oil > ivermectin 1% > metronidazole 0.75%. Thai herbal essential oils have the potential to be an adjuvant or alternative therapy against Demodex mites. Further in vivo studies are necessary to determine the treatment efficacy and side effects.

Spatial repellency effects of Taiwanese plant oils on the biting midge, Forcipomyia taiwana

The biting midge, Forcipomyia taiwana (Shiraki) (Diptera: Ceratopogonidae), can cause severe allergic reactions. It can pass through typical mosquito netting, so repellents are an important control measure against it. This project sought to identify spatial repellents from plants traditionally used by Taiwanese Aboriginal peoples as insect repellents. Fresh plant leaves were collected, frozen, and powdered, and essential oils extracted using hexane then ethyl acetate as solvents. Some commercial oils were also used. The extracts were tested against lab-reared F. taiwana using a Y-tube olfactometer. The composition of the extracts was identified using gas-chromatography mass-spectrometry (GC-MS). Commercial citronella, lavender, and Formosan cypress oils were effective repellents, as were lab-made capillary wormwood and camphor oils. Knockdown was detected in commercial clove leaf, rosemary, common wormwood, and cajuput oils. The oil composition data is the first for many of the Taiwanese plants, many of which contained repellent compounds like caryophyllene, α-pinene, and germacrene D. The results agreed with previous studies on the effects of some plants but differed on others, possibly due differences in plant chemotype, extraction method, and oil concentrations. Key Policy Highlights Botanical oils may have some effect as personal repellents against Forcipomyia taiwana. Commercially available oils show the most promise. Certain endangered trees show promise as sources of repellents, so their conservation should be prioritized.

Evaluation of persistence, phytotoxicity, and biosafety of insecticide based on cajuput and patchouli oils

An excellent plant-based insecticide formula is effective against insect pests and must be safe against target plants and natural enemies of the problems. The study aimed to evaluate the persistence of cajuput and patchouli oil formulations under sun exposure to Nilaparvata lugens, their phytotoxicity on rice seedlings, and safety against predators Sycanus annnulicornis. The feed residue method was employed to conduct the persistence test. Phytotoxicity testing was carried out by spraying rice seedlings with oil formulations. Biosafety testing against predators was carried out using the dry-film contact method. Exposure to both oil preparations (patchouli oil: 0.02, 5.25; and 10.49% and cajuput oil: 0.02; 4.87, and 9.74%) under the sun for up to five days was still effective in causing mortality of N. lugens. Both oil formulas did not cause phytotoxicity in rice seedlings. Cajuput oil (concentrations of 4.87 and 9.74%) and patchouli oil (concentrations of 5.25 and 10.49%) were safe against nontarget insects, namely S. annulicornis.

Innovation of Aromatherapy Product using Aceh Essential Oil

Nowadays, many Indonesian people return to various traditional medicinal plants to cure various diseases. This is due to the development of various sciences and technology, one of which is in the Atsiri field. Essential oils are often used as aromatherapy because they can foster a feeling of calm and can keep away from feelings of anxiety and restlessness. The use of essential oils from spices is a suitable choice of innovation in today's modern world of health. The purpose of this research is to make aromatherapy products using high-grade patchouli oil and essential oils of Acehnese spices that are efficacious for treating various diseases. The ingredients used in the manufacture of this product are high-grade patchouli oil, cajuput oil, nutmeg oil, cinnamon oil, clove bud oil, menthol, champers, and carrier oil. The research stage was started by developing the aromatherapy formulas, establishing the working procedures, and conducting quality testing. This spice aromatherapy product was tested on 25 respondents to determine its effectiveness on health. The results show that 68% respondents agree that spice aromatherapy products can affect body relaxation and 55% agree that they can improve sleep quality. As many as 88% of respondents agree that spice aromatherapy is effective for reducing headaches and catching colds and 84% of respondents agree that this product has an effect on relieving breathing. The results also show that all respondents agree that this product has a unique and classic aroma. However, there are some respondents (28%) who do not like this scent, while 72% really like it. These results show that spice aromatherapy products still need to be formulated to get other aroma variants to provide an alternative for consumers who do not like the strong aroma of spices.

PENGARUH INHALASI MINYAK KAYU PUTIH (Melaleuca leucadendron) TERHADAP GAMBARAN HISTOLOGI LAMBUNG MENCIT JANTAN (Mus musculus) YANG DIINDUKSI STRES AKUT

Damage on gastric mucosa is caused by an imbalance of defensive factors and aggressive factors. This can be due to various factors, one of which is stress. Cajuput oil as aromatherapy is proven to prevent stress because it contains 1,8 cineole, α-terpineol, and 4-terpineol which have a sedative-hypnotic effect. This study aims to determine the effect of inhalation of cajuput oil on the gastric histology of mice. This research is a true experimental with a post test only control group design. The research subjects were 16 adult male mice taken by simple random sampling and divided into normal group (KN), negative control group (K-), positive control group (K+), and cajuput oil inhalation group (P). Groups K+, K-, and P were given stress treatment with the Tail Suspension Test (TST) method for six minutes for 14 day. Surgery was perfomed on the 15th day and histology preparations were made. The average score of gastric mucosal damage in cajuput oil group was lower when compared to the stress group although the results of the Tukey test showed no significant results between these two group. It can be concluded that cajuput oil with an inhalation dose 0.5 mL has anti-stress effect that prevent gastric mucosal damage in mice which acute stress induced.