Cajan Cv Research Articles

Fermentative profile and nutritive value of maize, legume and mixed silage

The partial substitution of maize by tropical legumes for the production of silage has aroused interest, for bringing benefits of increasing the crude protein content of corn-only silage, constituting an important alternative for the production of food in a more sustainable way. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of addition 30% tropical legumes on the fermentative characteristics and nutritive value of maize silage. The experimental design was entirely randomized with three replications. The treatments consisted of the following silages: Maize; Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande, Stylosanthes cv. Bela: Pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim), maize + 30% Campo Grande; maize + 30% Bela and maize + 30% Pigeon pea, totaling 21 experimental silos. The results show that exclusive legume silage without preservatives present fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Addition of 30% legumes to maize silage improves the nutritional quality of the silage without compromising its fermentation profile. Stylosanthes cv. Campo Grande and Bela are the most recommended locations for maize silage. Thus, a mixed silage of maize and legumes is an alternative to improve the crude protein content of exclusive maize exclusive silage, greater sustainability, and reduced fermentative losses of legume silages.

Sustainable Production of Maize with Grass and Pigeon Pea Intercropping

This study aimed to assess the impact of intercropping pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. Super N) with maize (Zea mays cv. AG 5055) and Paiaguás palisadegrass (Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás) on grain yield, silage chemical composition, and post-harvest grazing forage. The experiment was conducted on the School Farm of Instituto Federal Goiano, Campus Iporá. The experiment treatments consisted of three cropping systems: pigeon pea and Paiaguás palisadegrass intercropping (PPPG), maize and Paiaguás palisadegrass intercropping (CPG), and maize, pigeon pea, and Paiaguás palisadegrass intercropping (CPPPG), respectively. It was observed after the fermentation process that the PPPG silage promoted the lowest values of forage mass (FM) and a reduction in the dry matter (DM) concentration. The PPPG silage showed higher values of crude protein (75.28 g kg−1 DM), while the CPPPG silage showed proportionately higher values of total digestible nutrients (616.11 g kg−1 DM). The intercropping did not affect the corn grain productivity, thus obtaining an average value of 4.78 Mg ha-1. After the silage harvest, during the dry season, a similar forage availability was obtained between the treatments (3.73 Mg ha−1). All three cultivation strategies produced abundant forage for grazing, showing that integrated intercropping systems can mitigate the seasonality in tropical forage production.

Fermentation dynamics and quality of maize silage with Pigeon pea

Tropical legumes are used to prepare mixed silages to enrich the crude protein (CP) content. In This context, objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and quality of maize silage with different levels of Pigeon pea. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised maize silages with six levels of added Pigeon pea (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), calculated based on natural matter. The maize hybrid and Pigeon pea varieties used were B 2800 PWU and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarin, respectively. For the silage, the maize and Pigeon pea were harvested when they reached 335.7 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 281.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The results revealed that the added of up to 40% Pigeon pea in maize silages promote nutritive increment without compromising their fermentative profile of the silage. Exclusive Pigeon pea silage (100%) undergoes fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Therefore, mixed silages of maize with Pigeon pea, with appropriate levels of addition, are a viable alternative to increase the nutritive value of silages, mainly the CP content, contributing to reducing the cost of acquisition of protein salts.

Produtividade e extração de nutrientes pelo capim paiaguás submetido a doses de nitrogênio em cultivo solteiro e consorciado com feijão guandu

ABSTRACT The objective of this work was to evaluate the productivity and extraction of macronutrients by Urochloa brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás (Syn. Brachiaria brizantha cv. BRS Paiaguás) single and intercropped with pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim), subjected to four doses of nitrogen applied in topdressing (0, 80, 160 and 240 kg ha-1). The experiment was carried out in São Luís de Montes Belos, GO, in soil classified as dystrophic red latosol, under Cerrado conditions. Plant height and dry mass of pigeon pea, plant height, number of tillers, dry mass, and macronutrient extraction by Paiaguás palisadegrass were evaluated. Higher mass production was observed in the pasture intercropped with the legume, requiring a lower amount of N. Based on the results exposed, the cultivation of Paiaguás palisadegrass reaches higher productivity when intercropped with a legume such as pigeon pea, in addition to providing greater efficiency in the use of nutrients such as N, P and K. Nitrogen fertilization has a negative influence on the production of dry mass and height of pigeon pea plants.

Tropical grass and legume pastures may alter lamb meat physical and chemical characteristics.

The present study assessed the influence of the type of the tropical pastures on lamb body weight (BW) gain and meat quality. Fifty-four lambs were allocated to three grazing pastures: (1) AG - Aruana grass (Panicum maximum cv. IZ-5); (2) PP - pigeon pea legume (Cajanus cajan cv. Anão); and (3) CS - contiguous swards, half of the paddock with AG and half with PP. After 92days of grazing, the lambs were slaughtered. Carcasses were evaluated and the longissimus muscle was collected to determine color, lipid profile, tocopherol concentrations, and lipid oxidation. Although the pastures present differences in the characteristics of nutritional quality, the animals did not show difference in BW gain. The results show that all forage presented similar concentration of alpha-tocopherol (137 ± 14.37mgkg-1 of fresh matter), whereas total and condensed tannin contents were greater in PP, intermediate in CS, and the lowest in AG treatment (P = 0.0001). Meat α-tocopherol content was similar among treatments (P = 0.1392), with an average concentration close to the optimal level to reduce the meat oxidation. Meat from AG treatment had 45 and 25% lower n-6/n-3 ratio than meat from PP and CS treatments, respectively. The legume increases the unsaturated fatty acids and the grass can reduce the n6/n3 ratio. The level of condensed tannin concentration did show to have important effect on meat characteristics. Both tropical pastures studied can provide a high amount of alpha-tocopherol, generating a great potential to increase the concentration of this antioxidant in lamb's meat.

Silage of Intercropping Corn, Palisade Grass, and Pigeon Pea Increases Protein Content and Reduces In Vitro Methane Production

Legume–grass intercropping systems are a sustainable option to improve nutritional quality of animal feed and decrease livestock greenhouse gas emissions. Thus, the present study evaluated yield, chemical composition and in vitro gas production of silages produced with intercropped palisade grass (Urochloa brizantha.(A.Rich.) R.D.Webster), pigeon pea (Cajanus cajan cv. Super N) and corn (Zea mays. L.). Forage was harvested and placed inside micro-silos, which were opened after 100 days and samples were collected for chemical composition and in vitro gas production analyses. Intercropped silage had higher crude protein, acid detergent fiber, and lignin content than corn silage. Moreover, intercropped silage decreased total gas and methane production. Therefore, intercropped silage showed potential to increase conserved feed nutritional quality and reduce methane emissions in livestock production systems.

Application of several green manures to produce organic cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. Capitata) and their influence on soil biological properties

Green manure stands out in the organic vegetable production as complementary fertilizer alternative to organic compound incorporation, contributing to reduce production costs and improve soil physical, chemical and biological features. The aim of the current study is to assess green manure and spontaneous vegetation species in cropping systems focused on the organic cabbage production, as well as their influence on soil microbial community. The treatments consisted of green manures such as black velvet beans (Stizolobium aterrimum), Crotalaria spectabilis, jack beans (Canavalia ensiformis), pigeon peas (Cajanus cajan cv. Iapar 43) and spontaneous vegetation (fallow) in two cropping systems (with and without incorporation of green manure plants). Evaluations of green manure, cabbage crop and soil microbial activity were carried out. Green manure: fresh and dry mass, nitrogen and accumulated nitrogen content; Cabbage culture: horizontal and vertical diameter of the head, commercial and total mass; Microbial soil activity: soil microbial biomass carbon, soil basal respiration and metabolic quotient. For fresh and dry mass, jack beans and pigeons pea presented higher values, indicating good performance of these materials. For both, nitrogen content and accumulated nitrogen, the jack beans were stood. Regarding cabbage culture, the spontaneous vegetation decreased the horizontal diameter of the head when the incorporation did not occur. As for the commercial mass, for jack beans the cultivation with incorporation was superior. When the incorporation of the covering plants occurred, the crotalaria spectabilis produced less commercial mass and total head mass. Still in relation to total head mass, jack beans and spontaneous vegetation had lower mass when no incorporation occurred. As to soil microbial biomass carbon the spontaneous vegetation presented higher value, differing only from black velvet beans. The use of jack beans as a cover crop associated with the incorporation system was shown to be promising for the production of cabbage.

ASSESSMENT OF LEGUMES WITH POTENTIAL USE AS GREEN MANURE IN THE COASTAL TABLELANDS OF PIAUÍ STATE, BRAZIL

ABSTRACT Green manure may lead to physical, chemical, and biological improvements to the soil. However, the information on its use in the Brazilian Northeast is scarce. The aim of this study was to assess the phenological cycle and phytomass productivity of seven legume species. This study was conducted in the second semester of 2015 in a completely randomized design with seven treatments and four replications. Plant height, fresh mass of shoot (FMS), dry mass of shoot (DMS), fresh mass of root (FMR), and dry mass of root (DMR) were determined at 100 days after sowing. Germination, flowering, and pod maturation were also assessed. The highest averages of FMS were observed in Crotalaria breviflora and Crotalaria mucronata, followed by Canavalia ensiformis, whereas the highest averages of DMS were observed in C. breviflora, C. ensiformis, C. mucronata, and Cajanus cajan cv. IAPAR 43. The highest averages of FMR were obtained by C. breviflora and C. mucronata, followed by C. cajan cv. Fava Larga. The species C. mucronata, C. cajan cv. IAPAR 43, and C. breviflora presented the highest averages of DMR. In addition, C. juncea, C. ensiformis, and C. cajan cv. IAPAR 43 were the earlier species regarding flowering, while C. cajan cv. Fava Larga was the later species. C. juncea was the earliest among all studied species regarding pod maturation. The tested legume species obtained promising initial results during the assessment period, being able to meet the expectations of biomass production and contributing to soil sustainability in this region.

Alelopatia de espécies forrageiras sobre a germinação e atividade de peroxidase em alface

Allelopathy is defined as the inhibitory or beneficial effect , direct or indirect, of one plant to another. Thus, it was conducted in the laboratory and under completely randomized design, a bioassay with the aim of evaluating the effect of aqueous extracts, obtained by infusion of dried leaves of oat ( Avena sativa cv . IPR 126), pigeon pea ( Cajanus cajan cv . Mandarin ), ryegrass ( Lolium multiflorum ) and braquiaria ( Brachiaria brizantha cv . Marandu ), on the germination , content of cellular protein and peroxidase activity of lettuce ( Lactuca sativa ). The extracts of pigeon pea and oats reduced germination, which oats had higher allelopathic effect, delaying and reducing the emergence of lettuce seedings. To these treatments also was observed the lower peroxidase activity. The extracts of ryegrass and braquiaria did not show allelopathic effect on germination and enzyme activity of lettuce seedlings.

Inheritance and mapping of protein markers detecting polymorphism amongCajanus cajanandC. scarabaeoidesgenotypes with contrasting host response to pod borer (Helicoverpa armigera)

SDS-PAGE of seed albumins and seed globulins of two parental genotypes C. cajan cv. T-21 (susceptible to pod borer) and C. scarabaeoides acc. ICPW-94 (resistant to pod borer) led to the detection of 24 and 18 polypeptides of heterogeneous molecular weight ranging from 14.5 to 111.9 kDa, respectively. Of these, 12 polypeptides including six albumins and six globulins were varied for their expression between the parents, and segregated among 106 F2-3 progenies. Linkage analysis based on segregation data of 12 protein markers and one simple inherited trait locus conferring field resistance to pod borer (PPB1) led to grouping of 10 markers and PPB1 locus into two linkage groups. Linkage group 1 included three globulin (Glb1617.5, Glb1038.9, Glb255.9) and three albumin (Alb764.7, Alb2120.7 and Alb2319.1) markers, and spanned over 83.6 cM. The linkage group 2 distributed over 56.7 cM and it accommodated five markers including three globulin markers (Glb354.4, Glb548.6, Glb1519.5), and one albumin marker (Alb956...

Occurrence of weed species in Jatropha curcas intercropping systems

This study aimed to evaluate the level of infestation by weed species in a consolidated Jatropha plantation, as a function of the plant species grown in interrows. The experiment was installed in 2006 at the district of Itahum, city of Dourados, state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, made possible through a partnership between Embrapa Western Agriculture and Paraiso Farm. Treatments consisted of (1) Jatropha in monocrop, with no plant at the interrrows; or the following plants cultivaded at the interrows of Jatropha: (2) Stylosanthes spp.; (3) Brachiaria ruziziensis; (4) Brachiaria ruziziensis + Stylosanthess pp.; (5) Brachiaria humidicola; (6) Panicum maximum cv. massai; (7) Cajanus cajan cv. anão; (8) Crotalaria spectabilis; (9) Crop rotation system 1 - (maize second crop -Crambe abyssinica - soybean - peanut); and (10) Crop rotation system 2 - (cowpea - radish - maize - cowpea) conducted for two years. Phytosociological characterization of weed species was accomplished in 2011 based on the Ecological Approach. Estimations of relative abundance, frequency, dominance and Importance Value Index were obtained. Areas were also characterized by the diversity coefficients of Simpson and modified Shannon-Weiner, and then grouped by cluster analysis. Areas with low soil coverage resulted in higher infestation levels; crop rotation in the interrows of Jatropha produced a significant reduction in weed infestation, but the lowest infestation levels were observed when grasses were grown intercropped with Jatropha. Lower diversity coefficients were associated with occurrence of the most troublesome weed species. In the first years after planting Jatropha, species of Brachiaria or a crop rotation involving species with high mulching ability and whose biomass exhibit a high C:N ratio, should be established in the interrows to avoid problems with weeds infestation.

Plantio direto de alface americana sobre plantas de cobertura dessecadas ou roçadas

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o plantio direto de alface americana no verão sobre plantas de cobertura dessecadas ou roçadas em cultivos sucessivos. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no município de Álvares Machado, São Paulo, Brasil. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso, dispostos em parcelas subdivididas, com quatro repetições. O fator da parcela principal foram dois manejos das plantas de cobertura (dessecadas com herbicida ou roçadas) e as subparcelas, seis espécies de plantas de cobertura (Cajanus cajan cv. IAPAR 43, Crotalaria spectabilis, Crotalaria juncea, Mucuna pruriens, Pennisetum glaucum e vegetação natural), além da testemunha sem plantas de cobertura. O manejo roçado apresentou desempenho inferior no primeiro cultivo da alface, todavia não diferiu do manejo químico no segundo cultivo. A cobertura do solo com mucuna apresentou maior produtividade da alface no primeiro cultivo devido ao excesso de palha das demais coberturas, o qual prejudicou o estabelecimento da alface. No segundo cultivo não houve diferenças entre as coberturas. A roçagem de plantas de cobertura é uma opção viável para plantio direto de alface sem herbicidas.

Molecular mapping of locus controlling resistance to Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner) in Cajanus cajan L. (Millspaugh) using interspecific F2 mapping population

Pod borer, caused by Helicoverpa armigera (Hubner), is an important agronomic pest of pigeonpea. Genetic analysis for resistance to H. armigera in an interspecific F2 population and a set of F3 families both derived from a cross between Cajanus cajan cv. ICP-26 (Susceptible) and C. scarabaeoides acc. ICPW-94 (Resistant) revealed that the resistance is controlled by a dominant allele at a single locus. Pod borer resistance is associated with non glandular short trichomes, which is also governed by a dominant allele at a single locus. The resistance locus (PPB1) was mapped by linkage analysis with 32 random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) loci, and six inter simple sequence repeat (ISSR) loci segregating among the F2 population. The PPB1 locus was mapped to the linkage group 2 (LG-2) and was flanked by ISSR marker loci UBC8731270 (15.9 cM), and the non glandular short trichome (NGST) locus (12.0 cM) and OPA18565 (26.3 cM). The presence of only few double recombinants between UBC8731270 and NGST (4.31 %) and PPB1 and OPA18565 (10.34 %) in the F2 population indicated that the simultaneous use of both the markers along with morphological trait NGST would be useful in introgression of pod borer resistance gene into C. cajan background and pigeonpea breeding programme.

Características produtivas, estruturais e bromatológicas dos capins Tifton 85 e Piatã e do feijão-guandu cv. Super N, em cultivo singular ou em associação

Objetivou-se avaliar características produtivas, estruturais e nutricionais dos capins Tifton 85 e Piatã e da leguminosa feijão-guandu em monocultivo ou em cultivo consorciado, com e sem aplicação de nitrogênio. Adotou-se o delineamento de blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas no tempo, com sete tratamentos nas parcelas principais e 3 tempos de avaliação nas sub-parcelas, com 4 repetições. Os tratamentos consistiram: Cajanus cajan cv. 'Super N' (feijão-guandu); Brachiaria brizantha cv. 'Piatã' solteira sem aplicação de nitrogênio (N); B. brizantha cv. 'Piatã' em associação com feijão guandu; B. brizantha cv. 'Piatã' solteira com aplicação de N (150kg ha-1); Cynodon sp. Tifton 85 em cultivo solteiro sem aplicação de N; Tifton 85 em associação com feijão-guandu e Tifton 85 com aplicação de N (150kg ha-1) e três períodos de avaliações. A associação dos capins Piatã e Tifton 85 com feijão-guandu proporcionou produção forrageira equivalente à adubação nitrogenada e incrementos com elevação nos teores de proteína bruta e redução nos teores de fibra em detergente neutro. O capim Tifton 85 se mostrou menos tolerante ao sombreamento imposto pelo feijão-guandu.

Tolerance to aluminum toxicity by tropical leguminous plants used as cover crops

The objectives of this work were to compare Al tolerance among 17 species of tropical leguminous plants and to evaluate the most appropriate plant characteristic and Al concentration in nutrient solution for tolerance assessment. In addition, three soybean cultivars were included for comparison purposes. There was a great difference among the 17 plant materials tested, when compared by relative root elongation and critical Al activity to reduce 50% of root net elongation. Based on these parameters and on the comparison of two tropical maize genotypes differing in Al tolerance, the following classification was established: highly tolerant, for Mucuna nivea, M. deeringiana, M. aterrima Vigna unguiculata cv. BR 17 and Lablab purpureus cv. Rongai; tolerant for Cajanus cajan cv. IAPAR 43, Canavalia brasiliensis, Calopogonium mucunoides, Cajanus cajan cv. Fava larga, and Crotalaria paulina; moderately tolerant for Crotalaria ochroleuca, Canavalia ensiformis, Crotalaria spectabilis, and C. mucronata; and sensitive for Neonotonia wightii, Crotalaria breviflora and C. juncea cv.IAC-KR1. The three soybeans cultivars were classified as moderately tolerant (Biloxi) and tolerant (IAC 13 and IAC 9).

Improved nitrogen supply to cereals in Central Queensland following short legume leys

Summary. The growth and ability of 12 summer-growing annual and perennial legumes to fix nitrogen and the response of a subsequent wheat crop was examined in a field trial on a deep cracking clay soil in the Central Highlands of Queensland. Twelve legumes [Lablab purpureus cv. Highworth, Vigna radiata cv. Satin, Macroptilium atropurpureum cv. Siratro, Medicago sativa cv. Trifecta, Vigna trilobata (CPI 13671), Macroptilium bracteatum (CPI 27404), Glycine latifolia (CQ 3368), Desmanthus virgatus cv. Marc, Desmanthus virgatus cv. Bayamo, Stylosanthes sp. aff scabra (104710), Clitoria ternatea cv. Milgarra, Cajanus cajan cv. Quest)] and grain sorghum (Sorghum bicolor cv. Tulloch) as a non-legume control were established in November 1994 and their growth monitored until March 1995. The legumes averaged greater than 5 t/ha dry matter production and 77 kg N/ha (above-ground only). Dry matter production ranged from less than 2 t/ha for G. latifolia and M. sativa to greater than 9 t/ha for D. virgatus cv. Bayamo and C. cajan. Annual legumes initially had much higher relative growth rates than the perennial legumes but they rapidily exhausted all the plant available water content of the soil thus allowing the well-established perennials to eventually match this production. The proportion of plant nitrogen (above ground) derived from N2 fixation was generally low, reflecting high soil NO3, but varied widely between species ranging from less than 20% for D. virgatus cv. Marc and G. latifolia to over 45% for C. ternatea, S. scabra and V. trilobata. The quantity of nitrogen derived from fixation was correlated with above-ground dry matter and nitrogen content. There was a significant (P<0.05) growth response by wheat following legumes compared with that following sorghum in the increasing order V. radiata = M. atropurpureum = L. purpureus > C. cajan = M. sativa = V. trilobata = M. bracteatum = G. latifolia > S. scabra = D. virgatus = C. ternatea. Previous legume growth had no significant (P>0.05) effect on yield or nitrogen concentration in a second ‘plant-back’ crop (sorghum). It was concluded that a wide range of pasture-ley legumes have the potential to improve cereal crop production in this region.

Cluster Bean—A Ureide- or Amide-Producing Legume?

Xylem sap of cluster bean (Cyamopsis tetragonoloba L. cv FS-277) and pigeonpea (Cajanus cajan cv UPAS-120) were analyzed for total nitrogen, amide nitrogen, and ureide nitrogen at flowering stage. Nitrogenase, uricase, and allantoinase were compared in nodules of cluster bean and pigeonpea. Xylem sap of cluster bean exhibited higher amounts of amides as compared to ureides, and the activities of uricase and allantoinase (ureide-producing enzymes) in nodules were also low, whereas the reverse was the case for pigeonpea. Based on these investigations, it has been concluded that cluster bean is an amide-producing legume rather than ureide-producing as had been reported earlier.

Studies on digestibility of selected legume carbohydrates and its impact on the pH of the gastrointestinal tract in rats.

AbstractA study on the digestibility of legume carbohydrates in unprocessed and processed grain and also in the starch isolated from the grain was carried out by in vitro and in vivo methods. The legumes selected were red gram (Cajanus cajan cv. Hyd. 3A), Bengal gram (Cicer arietinum cv. BEG 482), black gram (Phaseolus mungo cv. T9) and green gram (Phaseolus aureus cv. PS 16). The processes tested were boiling, pressure cooking, roasting, germination, fermentation and parching. The digestibility in vitro was assessed on the basis of maltose released after amylolysis and digestibility in vivo was assessed on the basis of carbohydrate intake and excretion. Digestibilities of the Phaseolus varieties were superior to red gram and Bengal gram. Roasting did not improve the digestibility of any legume as much as boiling and pressure cooking. The digestibility of fermented and germinated legumes was not much higher than the legumes processed by other methods. The increasing order of digestibility in vivo was red gram < Bengal gram < black gram and < green gram. Significant differences were noticed in the digestibility in vivo of moist and dry heat‐treated legumes, and between Phaseolus starches and red gram and Bengal gram starch. The pH values of stomach, duodenum and small intestine contents of rats fed legume diets was greater than the pH values at similar sites in rats fed casein protein, whereas the pH values in the caecum of rats fed on legume diets was acidic and that of casein‐fed rats was neutral. Caecum weight of rats fed on red gram and Bengal gram diets was significantly higher (P<0.05) than black gram‐ and green gram‐fed groups.

Título en español.

Las semillas del gandul (Cajanus cajan cv. 28-Bushy) se cosecharon en la etapa de madurez y después de 1, 2, y 3 semanas de esta etapa, de plantas asperjadas y no asperjadas con maneb, benomyl o una combinación de ambos fungicidas. Se asperjaron cuatro veces a intervalos de una semana, comenzando a los 110 días de sembradas. En todos los tratamientos y con cada cosecha tardía, el porcentaje de germinación in vitro de las semillas y el de brotar en el campo disminuyó y el porcentaje de hongos internos en las semillas aumentó. En cada cosecha la disminución en el porcentaje de germinación, la brotadura y el aumento en los hongos internos en las semillas, fue significativamente menor en las semillas de plantas asperjadas con benomyl, que el de las que no se asperjaron o las asperjadas con maneb. No hubo diferencias significativas en el total de hongos internos en las semillas, germinación in vitro o de brotadura en el campo entre las plantas asperjadas con maneb y las no asperjadas. En todos los tratamientos cosechados en la etapa de madurez, las plantas produjeron semillas de buena calidad (sobre 85% de germinación).