Cairo Research Articles

Techno-economic Feasibility of Renewable Energy Based Stand-alone Energy System for a Green House: Case Study

As the negative impacts of fossil fuel consumption for power generation become increasingly globally evident—particularly the effects of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions on climate change—so too does the conversely positive potential of renewable energies to reduce the rate of damaging environmental impacts as energy demand grows. In addition to the clear environmental advantage, stand-alone renewable energy power generation options offer energy security and stability in regions where socio-political issues or geographic location might otherwise pose access limitations on fuel and/or electric grid power, particularly in remote communities. This paper discusses the techno-economic considerations for renewable energy power systems in residential community applications. A case study for a residential house in New Cairo in Egypt compares two different renewable energy systems that meet typical electrical demand for this region. Economic assessment—in terms of system net present cost (NPC) and levelized cost of electricity (LCOE)—provide measures for system performance comparison and optimization. The LCOE for system-I and system-II are found to be $0.359/kWh and $0.373/kWh, respectively.

Monitoring subterraneous water regime at the new Ain Shams university campus in Al-Obour city (northeast of Cairo–Egypt) using both azimuthal very low frequency–electromagnetic and DC–resistivity sounding techniques

A joint azimuthal very low frequency–electromagnetic (VLF–EM) and DC–resistivity sounding survey was conducted at the new Ain Shams university campus in Al-Obour city, northwest of Cairo, Egypt. The main objective of the survey was to highlight the applicability and reliability of such non-invasive surface techniques in mapping and monitoring both the vertical and lateral electrical conductivity structures of waterlogged areas, by subterraneous water accumulations, at the campus site. Consequently, a total of 743 azimuthal VLF–EM and 4 DC–resistivity soundings were carried out in June, 2011, 2012 and 2013. The data were interpreted extensively and consistently in terms of two-dimensional (2D) transformed EM equivalent current-density and stitched inverted electrical resistivity models, without using any geological a-priori information. They could be used effectively to image the local anomalous lower electrical resistivity (higher EM equivalent current-density) structures and their near-surface spreading with time, due to the excessive accumulations of subterraneous water at the campus site. The study demonstrated that a regional azimuthal VLF–EM and DC–resistivity sounding survey could help design an optimal dewatering program for the whole city, at greatly reduced execution time.

Predictors of failure of early shift from invasive to noninvasive ventilation in weaning chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients who have failed the initial spontaneous breathing trial: a prospective cohort study

Noninvasive ventilation (NIV) is a well-established modality for difficult and prolonged weaning of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) patients. Although several studies have addressed the early shifting to NIV, predictors of its success remain to be determined. The aim of the study was to find predictors of success of early shift of COPD patients who have failed the spontaneous breathing trail (SBT) to NIV. This investigation was designed as a double-centered prospective cohort study involving the ICUs of Critical Care Medicine of Cairo University and Shebin El-Kom Teaching Hospital. Consecutive COPD patients who failed the initial SBT were extubated and shifted to NIV. We compared arterial blood gases, lung mechanics, and spontaneous breathing parameters in successful patients with these parameters in those who failed the early shift to NIV. Out of the 30 patients, 21 (70%) were successfully weaned by early shift to NIV. The failed group had a significantly higher autopositive end-expiratory pressure (P<0.001), rapid shallow breathing index (RSBI) (P<0.05), and significantly lower static compliance and negative inspiratory pressure (NIP) (P<0.001) on admission. Admission RSBI and NIP were the only predictors of failure of early shift to NIV. Just before SBT, the failed group had a significantly higher autopositive end-expiratory pressure (P<0.001), RSBI (P<0.001), and airway resistance (Raw) (P<0.001) and significantly lower static compliance, NIP, and PO2/FIO2 (P/F) ratio. Raw and NIP before SBT were the only predictors of success of early shift to NIV. RSBI, NIP, and Raw, rather than arterial blood gases, are the most important predictors for success of early shift to NIV in COPD patients who have failed the initial SBT.

Tumor necrosis factor receptor in Egyptian patients with bipolar disorder during mania: a case–controlled study

Background The role of inflammation has received increasing attention as a potential pathophysiological mechanism in bipolar disorder (BD). Objective To compare the level of soluble tumor necrosis factor-α receptor 1 (sTNFR1) in manic state of BD with healthy controls and investigate the relation between its level and the severity of BD. Patients and methods Serum levels of sTNFR1 were measured with enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay techniques in 44 patients with BD-I during the manic episode and 88 healthy controls recruited from Kasr Al Ainy Hospital, Cairo University. The severity of the manic symptoms was assessed using Young Mania Rating Scale. Results The level of sTNFR1 was higher in patients with BD-I, with the most recent episode manic, than in healthy control. Patients with BD-I, with the most recent episode manic, with psychotic features had higher levels of sTNFR1 than those without psychotic features. sTNFR1 level correlated with Young Mania Rating Scale scores. Conclusion High level of sTNFR1 may be considered as state marker in manic episodes in patients with BD-I. The more severe the disease, the higher the level of sTNFR1.

Correlates to extravasation among patient receiving chemotherapy at a university hospital

Aim The aim of this study was to examine correlates associated with the occurrence of extravasations among patients receiving chemotherapy at a university hospital. Background Extravasation injuries are a medical emergency that have the potential to cause serious disability, diminish the patient’s quality of life, and leave nurses vulnerable to the risk of malpractice claims. Methods The study was conducted at a university Hospital in Cairo, Egypt. A convenience sample consisting of 300 adult male and female patients as well as all nurses working at the outpatient chemotherapy clinic (10 nurses) constituted the study sample. The following tools were used: (a) Patient Risk Factors Assessment Checklist for Extravasations, (b) Intravenous Administration of Chemotherapy via A peripheral Vein Checklist, and (c) Extravasations Recording Checklist. Results Only 11.4% of the participants had developed signs and/or symptoms of extravasations. The highest incidence rates of extravasations were among patients with age range between 18 and less than 30 years, among female patients, and among those who cannot read and write (17.24, 16.23, and 17.24%, respectively). Similarly, it was highest among those with uterine cancer, those with breast cancer, those with BMI less than 18.5, those having diabetes, those having hypertension, and those receiving nonirritant chemotherapy namely carboplatin (16, 15.3, 12.6, 12.2, 19.56, 14.29%. Conclusion Correlates to extravasations could be categorized as patients, chemotherapy, and environmental and nurses performance-related factors. Conducting periodic in-service training program for nurses and developing a standardized protocol of care in chemotherapy intravenous administration were strongly recommended.

Serum leptin and future cardiovascular events in patients with acute coronary syndrome

Background: Coronary artery disease (CAD) is a major cause of death worldwide. Acute coronary syndrome (ACS) encompasses acute myocardial infarction and unstable angina. Leptin is 16-kDa hormone with pleiotropic actions in multiple organ systems. There is increasing interest in the potential role of leptin in the cardiovascular system. Studies comparing levels of leptin in patients with ACS to healthy matched controls, especially in the developing countries, are limited and rare. Aim of Study: This study was conducted to study leptin in ACS patients, comparing the results to a healthy matched control group and correlating the levels to the in-hospital outcome. Patients and Methods: The study was conducted at Cairo University Hospital. Serum leptin levels were studied in 50 patients admitted with the ACS (Group-I) compared to matched control group (Group-II) and correlating these levels to hospital morbidity and mortality. Diagnostic coronary artery catheterization was done to patients through femoral artery access to assess the severity and extent of CAD. Results: Serum leptin levels were significantly higher in ACS group compared to the normal controls, (P = 0.001). Although not statistically significant leptin levels were increased in eventful compared to the uneventful group. Conclusion: In patients with ACS, persistent elevation of serum leptin during serial measurements was invariably associated with worse in-hospital outcome. Positive correlation of serum leptin levels with other chronic inflammatory state such as obesity, hypertension, and female gender supports the hypothesis that leptin is a determinant of CAD possibly through its proinflammatory action.

Anti-Mullerian Hormone : An Indicator for the Severity of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome

Background: Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is a common endocrinopathy that accompanied with long term complications. Purpose Features of PCOS including sonographic aspects, androgens, luteinizing hormone (LH) and lutenizing and follicular stimulating hormones ratio LH/FSH ratio as well as Anti-Mullerian Hormone (AMH) were evaluated according to their diagnostic potency in detecting different degrees of PCOS severity. Objective: The aim of this study to assess the possible role of AMH as the diagnostic marker for different degrees of PCOS. Materials and Methods: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 150 women aged 18–46 years Patients were consecutively included as they presented in our clinic. 50 patients were diagnosed with sever PCOS (based on Rotterdam criteria consensus), 50 patients were diagnosed with mild PCOS, and 50 women served as controls. In day 2-4 of cycle, transvaginal sonography was performed and serum hormonal level of AMH, LH, FSH, testosterone. PCOS patients fulfilling all Rotterdam criteria were defined as having severe PCOS (n = 50), while patients showing oligo-/amenorrhoea and polycystic ovaries but without hyperandrogenemia were defined as having mild PCOS (n =50). And control group (n= 50). All patients were treated at the University Hospital of El-Hussein, Al-azhar university and at Ain Shams General Hospital Cairo Egypt. Results: The strongest group difference between controls and severe PCOS patients was observed for AMH showing an age-adjusted odds ratio of 2.56 [95 % confidence interval (CI) 2.00–3.27; p < 0.0001]. Age-adjusted receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the area under the curve (AUC) of 0.88 (95 % CI: 0.80–0.95) for AMH and 0.94 (95 % CI 0.88–0.98) for antral follicle count did not differ significantly in their ability to discriminate between severe PCOS patients and controls. AMH showed higher AUC estimates than androgens, ovarian volume, LH and LH/FSH ratio and an AUC of 0.80 (95 % CI: 0.65–0.91) for detecting mild PCOS. Conclusions: this study comparing the diagnostic potency of AMH, sonographic aspects, androgens and LH/FSH ratio according to different PCOS subgroups while accounting for the age-dependency of AMH. In cases where vaginal scans are not feasible or in patients without hyperandrogenemia AMH may be used as a surrogate parameter in PCOS diagnosis, superior to androgens and gonadotropins.

Unpublished late period statue, Cairo Museum JE. 36978

The statue that form the subject of this paper is in the collection of the Egyptian Museum, (Cairo Museum JE. 36978[1]. This statue date back to Late Period, and found by Georges Legrain in the Karnak Cachette[2]. A full publication of the statue, scenes and the inscriptions that carved on its surface are included here. [1] I am grateful to the Director of the Cairo Museum and to Mr. M. Aly curator of the Late Period Department, for permission to publish the statues herein.. [2] PM II, 156 لا تزال خبيئة الکرنک والتي تم الکشف عنها بواسطة لجران عام 1904م تحتوي علي العديد من التماثيل الغير منشورة والتي تعود بصفة خاصة الي العصر المتأخر, ومن احدي هذه التماثيل تمثال للکاهن والاب الالهي نس – با- نب- جد والمحفوظ حاليا بالمتحف المصري بالقاهرة تحت رقم JE. 36978 , سيقدم الباحث دراسة تحليلية للنصوص والمناظر المسجلة علي جوانب التمثال.

The Relationship between Mall Attributes and Customer Loyalty: The Mediating Effect of Shopping Value

The aim of the current study is to discover the impact of mall attributes on customer loyalty through the mediating effect of shopping values (Hedonic & Utilitarian values).In this study mall attributes comprises seven factors which are products ,atmosphere, social interaction with other customers ,convenience, service ,price, social interaction with employees. Mall intercept interviews are conducted to collect data at three shopping malls in a great Cairo in Egypt. PLS-SEM is implemented for testing the hypotheses. The findings indicate that most mall attributes (atmosphere, social interaction with employees, and social interaction with other customers) have a significant and positive effect on hedonic shopping value. The results also indicated that only atmosphere and convenience have a significant and positive impact on utilitarian shopping value. Findings also showed that most mall attributes (social interaction with employees, interaction with other customers, convenience, service, and price) were found to affect positively and significantly the customers’ loyalty. The results also showed that only hedonic shopping value significantly and positively influences customers’ loyalty. Therefore, only hedonic shopping value has a partial mediation effect between some mall attributes (atmosphere, social interaction with employees and social interaction with other customers) and loyalty. The results of this study provide the shopping malls in Egypt with a specific knowledge of the mall attributes that will affect the shopping value and consequently the customer loyalty, and suggest some useful marketing strategy implications for them in order to compete in this market. On the other hand the current research develops and empirical validate of a hypothetical model that predicts the relationship between mall attributes, shopping value, and customer loyalty.

Establishment of Cerebral Palsy Research Registry in North Cairo Egypt

Establishment of Cerebral Palsy Research Registry in North Cairo Egypt

Efficacy of pulsed electromagnetic field on pain and nerve conduction velocity in patients with diabetic neuropathy

Background Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is one of the most common and disabling complication of diabetes mellitus. Aim The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of pulsed electromagnetic field (PEMF) on diabetic peripheral neuropathy. Settings and design A total of 30 patients with diabetic neuropathy from both sexes were selected from the Outpatient Clinic of Diabetes Mellitus, Faculty of Medicine, Cairo University, with age ranging from 40 to 50 years. They were divided into two equal groups: PEMF group (group A) and control group (group B). Materials and methods Group A received PEMF with frequency of 50 Hz and intensity of 20 G in addition to traditional physical therapy program. Group B received traditional physical therapy program only. The treatment program was conducted three times per week for 4 weeks. Measurements of pain intensity by visual analog scale and peroneal nerve conduction velocity by computerized electromyography device were done before and after treatment. Results Results revealed that there was a significant reduction of pain intensity and significant improvement of peroneal nerve conduction velocity (m/s) in both groups (P Conclusion It could be concluded that PEMF combined with traditional physical therapy program has a positive effect on diabetic neuropathy symptoms.

PCR-RFLP-Based Detection of Mutations in the Chromosomal Fluoroquinolone Targets g yr A and p ar C Genes of Acinetobacter b aumanii Clinical Isolates from a Tertiary Hospital in Cairo, Egypt

Background and Aim: Acinetobacter baumannii is one of the most antimicrobial resistant nosocomial pathogens encountered clinically worldwide. The emergence of fluoroquinolone resistance among A. baumannii isolates is currently of concern. This study aimed to investigate the antimicrobial susceptibility patterns among 49 clinical isolates of A baumannii collected from a tertiary care hospital in Egypt. These isolates were analysed for the mechanism of fluoroquinolone resistance based on the presence of mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions (QRDRs) of the chromosomal quinolone resistance determinants gyrA and parC genes. Methods: A. baumannii isolates were identified using conventional biochemical testing, VITEK 2 automated system and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay targeting the intrinsic blaOXA-51-like gene of A. baumannii species. Antimicrobial susceptibility to different antimicrobial agents was tested using agar disk diffusion method and the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of ciprofloxacin was determined using E-test (bioMerieux, France) on Mueller-Hinton agar medium following the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. The QRDRs of the gyrA and parC genes in A. baumannii isolates were amplified by PCR using specific primers. Mutations in theses QRDRs were detected by HinfI restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) of PCR products and sequencing. Results: The blaOXA-51-like gene was detected in all isolates confirming identification as A. baumannii. Antimicrobial susceptibility study showed that all isolates (100 %) were MDR. They were 100 % resistant to the tested fluoroquinolones, ciprofloxacin and levofloxacin. The MIC of ciprofloxacin ranged from 4 to ≥ 32 μg/mL. All A. baumannii isolates (100 %) were found to harbour gyrA and parC genes. HinfI restriction analysis showed a detectable mutation in QRDRs at position Ser-83 of gyrA gene and Ser-80 of parC gene. There was single mutation in either gyrA or parC in 11 isolates showed ciprofloxacin MIC of < 32 μg/mL, while 38 isolates with MIC of ≥ 32 μg/mL had double mutations in QRDRs of both genes. Conclusions: Resistance of A. baumannii isolates to fluoroquinolones in Egypt is alarming as all MDR A. baumannii isolates in the current study were mostly highly resistant to ciprofloxacin with MIC ≥ 32 μg/mL, limiting the remaining therapeutic options and a public health policy on appropriate prescribing and thus the rational use of antimicrobial agents is required. Double mutation with substitutions at positions Ser-83 and Ser-80 of gyrA and parC genes, respectively, could lead to high‐level ciprofloxacin resistant phenotype than a single mutation in one of them. Further extensive studies including a larger number of isolates from different geographic areas in Egypt and investigating other fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms are warranted.

RHEUMATIC MITRAL STENOSIS AND CHRONIC OBSTRUCTIVE PULMONARY DISEASES: DO THEY AFFECT MEAN PLATELET VOLUME, RIGHT AND LEFT VENTRICLES ?

Objective: The aim of this study was to find out the effects of two differentgroups of causes of pulmonary hypertention (PH) on mean plateletvolume(MPV), left and right ventricles by echocardiography. Methodology: This case control study was conducted in Cardiology Departmentof Ain Shams University Hospital Cairo , Egypt from 1st January 2015 to 30thJune 2015.The study included consecutive patients from outpatient clinicssuffering from pulmonary hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease(COPD) and rheumatic mitral stenosis (RMS). The healthy persons werematched in age and gender. Non COPD, non-rheumatic constituted the controlgroup. Echocardiographic study, respiratory function tests and mean plateletvolume (MPV) of study population were done. P<0.05 was taken as significant. Results: This study included ninety persons. About thirty patients had COPDandthirty patients had rheumatic mitral stenosis. Additionally thirty healthyindividuals were also enrolled. MPV was 11.29 ± 2.39 fl in patients sufferingfrom COPD, 11.06 ± 1.56 fl in patients with RMS and 9.61 ± 1.02 fl in controlpersons (p=0.007). As regards to the left side of the heart there were significantstatistical difference only in end systolic dimension, aortic root and left atrialdimensions between the three groups. RMS effected the right side of the heartsignificantly . When subgroup analysis was done, patients with rheumatic mitralstenosis showed significant differences between all the studied parameters whilepatients with COPD did not show this significance. Conclusions: MPV is higher in patients with different causes of PH than thenormal subjects but the effect on both sides of the heart are different according tothe cause of PH. Key words: Pulmonary hypertension, rheumatic mitral stenosis, COPD

Prevalence of migraine, its effect, and some comorbid psychiatric disorders among female medical students at Al-Azhar University in Cairo

Background The study on the importance of being mentally, socially, and physically healthy as a medical student is a deficient area in the scientific research in developing countries. Migraine has a negative effect on the general health as well as educational performance. Medical students, especially females, may be at a higher risk to manifest migraine associated with anxiety and/or depression. Aims The aims of this study were to determine the prevalence of migraine headache, to investigate its effect, and to assess some comorbid psychiatric disorders (anxiety and depression) among female medical students at Al-Azhar University in Cairo. Participants and methods A cross-sectional study was carried out on 599 female medical students from grade 1 to grade 6 at Faculty of Medicine for Girls, Al-Azhar University, Cairo, over a period of 1 month during the academic year 2014–2015. The studied female medical students were 18–26 years old. Through a self-administrated questionnaire, sociodemographic data were reported. In students without migraine with aura symptoms, the effects of migraine on daily activities, sleeping pattern, seeking of medical care, educational attendance, and influence on career decision were investigated. For each student, the reported migraine neurological symptoms were verified through meeting the International Headache Society (IHS) criteria for diagnosis, whereas comorbid psychiatric evaluation was assessed through the valid and reliable version of Neuropsychiatric Assessment by Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Results The reported migraine prevalence among the studied female medical students was 35.8%. The mean age of students having migraine was significantly higher than those without migraine (21.09±1.98 vs. 20.61±1.91 years) (P 0.05). Conclusion and future vision The prevalence of migraine is considered high among the studied female medical students. It is found to be an important health problem because of its negative effect on diminishing students’ performance, disrupting their sleep, and implied stress. Anxiety and/or depression among medicals students with migraine as well as those without are urgent burdens that should be investigated more and targeted by health care providers. Curriculum should include stress-coping tools, counseling, and psychosocial support to reduce distress and severe effect of migraine on students’ well-being.

Samson A. Bezabeh, Subjects of Empires/Citizens of States: Yemenis in Djibouti and Ethiopia

Samson Abebe Bezabeh est un anthropologue qui ne craint pas d’affronter la diachronie et les archives pour presenter la situation des migrants ou habitants « yemenites » de la Corne de l’Afrique. Il revendique meme une « utilisation anthropologique de l’histoire » pour analyser des situations contemporaines (p. 22). Cette etude, qui renouvele tres largement celle, plus partielle, d’Alain Rouaud (1997), apporte un eclairage novateur, ancre dans les realites sociales, ideologiques et politiques...

Training of Formal Caregivers Dealing with Alzheimer Diseased Patients at Helwan City Cairo Egypt

Alzheimer prevalence increases with aging and in 2012 it is estimated that Alzheimer worldwide will affect 35.6 million people, this number will double by 2030 and more than triple by 2050. The aim of this study is to evaluate the effect training program for formal caregivers' dealing with Alzheimer diseased patients at Helwan City Cairo Egypt. Design: A quasi-experimental research design was used. Setting: The study was conducted at four available geriatric homes and out-patient psychiatric clinics in Helwan City. Sampling: A purposive sampling was used for selection of forty formal caregivers'. Tool: A self-designed semi-structured interview questionnaire was used, it included demographic information as; age, sex, professional qualification, and experience, formal caregiver's knowledge regarding Alzheimer disease as definition of Alzheimer, causes, risk factor, prevention and control, attitude questionnaire as I feel confident about people with Alzheimer disease, and I feel uncomfortable being around Alzheimer diseased people and related dementia, and formal caregiver's practices as Practice methods of non-therapeutic care to deal with Alzheimer patients, and Configure appropriate environment to Alzheimer patients Results: The pre /posttests among formal caregivers revealed that overall knowledge, attitude and practices improved with highly statistically significant differences at p <0.001 that approved the hypothesis of implementing training program for formal caregivers. Conclusion: The training program significantly brought out improvements in formal caregivers knowledge, attitude and practices regarding Alzheimer diseased patients. Recommendations: The study can be replicated with a larger number of formal caregivers for generalizations of the results, and further studies conduct to improve nurse's knowledge and practices regarding caring for Alzheimer diseased patients.

Self-care knowledge among type 2 diabetic patients attending primary healthcare centers, Cairo governorate

Objective The aim of this study was to assess knowledge about self-care among type 2 diabetic patients attending primary healthcare centers. Background Self-care in diabetes has been defined as an evolutionary process of development of knowledge or awareness by learning how to survive with the complex nature of diabetes in a social context. Because the vast majority of day-to-day care in diabetes is handled by the patients and/or their families, there is an important need for reliable and valid measures for self-care in diabetes. Patients and methods The study was a cross-sectional study carried out on 200 diabetic patients attending the outpatient clinic in Ramlet Bolak Primary Health Care Unit in west Cairo city who were registered during 2014–2015. The sample size was calculated on the basis of the total number of type 2 diabetic patients during the past 12 months and the prevalence rate from previous studies, which was from 4.07 to 19.8%, using Epi Info at 95% confidence interval. The center was chosen because of its high flow of diabetic patients who were visiting the health unit regularly every month across different socioeconomic strata. The selected patients were assessment on their knowledge and practice of self-care and were subjected to laboratory investigations (HbA1c). Results The studied groups were divided on the basis of HbA1c into the controlled and the uncontrolled group. The mean score of knowledge on what is diabetes, its complications, symptoms of hypoglycemia, symptoms of hyperglycemia, importance of kidney function follow-up, follow-up by ECG, and follow-up by fundus examination was higher in the controlled group. Further, the mean score of practice regarding diabetes self-care, such as following a diet regimen, physical activity, foot care, frequency of visiting the physician, and self-monitoring of blood glucose and taking medication was higher in the controlled group. Conclusion There was a statistically significant relation between the level of knowledge about diabetes self-care and lifestyle modification and HbA1c. This means that, with increasing knowledge and practice about self-care, good diabetic control will be achieved.

Prognostic impact of immunohistochemical stratification of diffuse large B-cell lymphoma into germinal and nongerminal subtypes

Objectives The aim of this study was to investigate the difference between germinal and nongerminal diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL) cases regarding their clinicopathological features, including survival and response to therapy. Background DLBCL is the most common subtype of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma in Egypt. It represents about 49% of non-Hodgkin's lymphoma cases according to the latest registry of National Cancer Institute, Cairo University. DLBCL is a heterogeneous group, especially as regards biological behavior, which includes response to chemotherapy and ultimate outcome. Previous studies suggested that classification of DLBCL into germinal and nongerminal subtypes had prognostic importance. Patients and methods This retrospective study included 61 de-novo DLBCL cases collected from the archival material of Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Menoufia University, and treated at Menoufia Cancer Institute. Results Using Hans' algorithm, 31 (50.8%) cases were of germinal center B-cell (GCB) and 30 (49.8%) cases were of non-GCB subtype. Non-GCB cases showed significant association with splenic involvement (P = 0.01) and larger tumor size (P = 0.03). Overall, 90% of DLBCL cases with poor performance status were of GCB subtype. No significant difference regarding overall survival was noticed between GCB and non-GCB subtypes. Conclusion DLBCL should be classified into GCB and non-GCB subtypes because they differ prognostically. Hans' algorthim is a simple and reliable method for the classification of DLBCL, but it should be applied on a large number of cases to be used as a routine method for DLBCL evaluation.

Effect of saline water irrigation and amino acid treatments on growth, productivity and alkaloids productivity of Catharanthus roseus L. G. Don under Sinai conditions

Cultivation of Catharanthus roseus L.under saline water irrigation as a simulation of water salinity in Sinai, conditions were investigated in response to amino acid treatments. Two pot experiments were conducted at the Desert Research Center, Mataria, Cairo Egypt, and its experimental farm at El-Maghara Experimental Station in North Sinai Governorate, Egypt during the two successive seasons of 2014 & 2015.Established seedlings were irrigated with freshly prepared saline water using NaCl at 2000, 4000 and 8000 ppm plus tap water as a control treatment. All treatments received amino acid treatments as a foliar spray at 0, 0.5 and 1 g/liter using Amino zeid 42/85 a commercial product containing 85% total amino acids and 42.3 % highly concentrated free amino acids.Results indicated that damage of salinity was severed in a higher concentration of saline water irrigation treatment to reach the death of plants irrigated with 8000 ppm after the first cut. Alkaloids production in different plant parts was increased within saline water concentration increase levels. Meanwhile, most of the growth traits were enhanced using amino acid treatments under other saline water irrigation conditions. Combining irrigation with amino acids treatments at 1 g/l resulted in enhancing of growth traits under 2000 and 4000 ppm treatment. Although amino acids enhanced growth under moderate salinity condition, results indicate that Catharanthus roseus plants still need susceptible to salinity damage. From our observation the use of amino acids for enhancing C. roseus salinity tolerance still more research using higher concentration or other methods of amino acids application

Cultural diversity and business schools’ curricula: a case from Egypt

The French Ecole Supérieure Libre des Sciences Commercial Appliquées (ESLSCA) in Paris is one of the most important global culturally diverse private business schools in terms of its number of branches and its history. ESLSCA has had a branch in Cairo in Egypt for about 17 years. This qualitative study seeks to focus on ESLSCA-Egypt branch to investigate the extent to which cultural diversity is included in its MBA curricula. The main methods for collecting data are document analysis, a number of semi-structured interviews, and a review of relevant literature. The study findings have meaningful implications for the practices of business schools’ education and training