Caged Layer Excreta Research Articles

Preparation of wastelage using poultry droppings with maize stover and its nutrient content as ruminant feed

An experiment was undertaken with caged layer excreta (CLE) treated maize stover and ensiled to investigate its potentiality as ruminant feed. Chopped maize stovers were preserved in plastic containers under airtight condition at room temperature based on the treatments as T0 (0% CLE), T1 (20% CLE), T2 (40% CLE) and T3 (60% CLE) to investigate physical quality, chemical composition, in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) content at 0, 30, 60 and 90 days. The CP and Ash were increased (P<0.01) and DM, OM and CF were decreased (P<0.01) in all the treatments (T1, T2 and T3) compared to controlled T0. The OM content was decreased numerically with the ensiling time. The EE content was not significant (P>0.01) with the treatments and ensiling time. The OMD and ME content were increased (P<0.01) with the ensiling time from 0 to 90 days. The physical quality (color, smell, and hardness) of maize stover were improved by CLE added treatments (T1, T2 and T3) after ensiling but 60% CLE treatment had some pungent smell in 90 days and less OMD and ME value was observed than that of T2. Considering all the physical and chemical properties, among all the treatments, 40% and 60% CLE are acceptable for preparing wastelage. By comparing physical quality, nutritive value and chemical composition between 40% and 60% CLE treatments, the 60% CLE was better. Thus wastelage prepared from 40% CLE, 55% maize stover along with 5% molasses will be a potential source of ruminant feed as well as reduce the environment pollution by utilizing CLE.
 Bang. J. Anim. Sci. 2019. 48 (2): 75-84

Preparation of wastelage with poultry droppings and rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) as a cattle feed

The use of poultry droppings as a feed ingredient may not only reduce waste and environmental pollution but also provide inexpensive feed components for ruminants. An experiment was conducted to prepare wastelage in the field laboratory of Animal Science Department, Bangladesh Agricultural University, Mymensingh. Rice straw (Oryza sativa L.) was mixed with 0%, 10%, 20% and 30% caged layer excreta (CLE) and 5% molasses in each treatment on dry matter (DM) basis and ensiled in air tight container under room temperature. After 60 days, ensiled mixture was opened. All the wastelage had desirable smell, light brownish color, soft texture and no fungal growth was found. Results revealed that PH, DM, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ash, in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy were significantly (p<0.05) influenced by different levels of CLE. The highest CP (5.97g/100g DM) was observed in wastelage with 30% CLE (p<0.05) followed by 20% and 10% CLE. The PH level, DM, Ash and CF contents were decreased linearly (p<0.05) from 4.8 to 4.11, 78.00 to 55.63, 25.08 to 17.70 and 22.57 to 14.95%, respectively as the level of CLE increased from 0 to 30%. In all treatments, EE content was not significantly influenced by the different level of CLE. The in vitro organic matter digestibility (IVOMD) and metabolizable energy (ME) also increased significantly (p<0.05) with the increased level of CLE and maximum value (57.51%, and 8.12 MJ/Kg DM, respectively) was obtained in wastelage with 10% CLE, which is statistically identical with 20% CLE. Therefore, it could be speculated that ensiling rice straw with up to 20% CLE improved the feeding value of wastelage.Asian J. Med. Biol. Res. September 2018, 4(3): 251-258

Preparation of Wastelage with Poultry Droppings and Oat Forage (Avena sativa) as a Feed for Cattle

In this experiment, wastelage was prepared by ensiling Oat forage (Avena sativa) with fresh caged layer excreta (CLE) at varying proportions to investigate the feeding values of wastelage for cattle and protect environment from poultry droppings. Oat forage was mixed with 0, 20, 40 and 60% CLE and 5% molasses in each treatment on dry matter (DM) basis and ensiled in air tight plastic container under room temperature. After 56 days, ensiled mixtures were opened. All the wastelages had desirable aroma, yellowish green color, soft texture and were mould free. The pH, DM, crude protein (CP), crude fiber (CF), ether extra ct (EE), ash, nitrogen free extract (NFE), in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy were significantly influenced by levels of CLE. The percentages of DM, CP and Ash (37.34, 18.95 and 14.45, respectively) were highest in wastelage with 60% CLE (p<0.05) followed by 40 and 20% CLE. The pH, CF and NFE were decreased linearly (p<0.05) from 4.5 to 3.90, 19.91 to 17.81% and 52.34 to 44.71%, respectively as the level of CLE increased from 0 to 60%. In all treatments, the EE content was not significantly influenced by the different level of CLE. The in vitro organic matter digestibility and metabolizable energy also increased significantly (p<0.05) with the increase of CLE and maximum value (65.5% and 9.10 MJ/kg DM, respectively) was obtained in wastelage with 40% CLE, which was statistically identical with 60% CLE. The results suggest that ensiling Oat forage with up to 60% CLE improve the feeding value of wastelage.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3329/jesnr.v6i1.22072 J. Environ. Sci. & Natural Resources, 6(1): 233-237 2013

Conservation and enrichment of forages by ensiling with poultry excreta

Abstract In this study, ensiling of poultry manure with some tropical forages was investigated as a management option for poultry wastes. Water hyacinth (Eichhornia cassipes) and Guinea grass (Panicum maximum) were ensiled with caged layer excreta (CLE) to enhance the nutritional value of the resultant fodder. Levels of CLE inclusion investigated ranged from 0% (control) to 50% (fresh weight basis). The pH, ammonia, and lactic and acetic acid contents of the resultant silage were determined at 15, 30, 45, and 60 days after ensiling. Low dry matter losses and increases in protein content with CLE additions were observed. Crude protein recoveries with 10, 30, and 50% CLE additions were 107, 126, and 99% for grass and 113, 107, and 111% for water hyacinth silages, respectively. In all silages, higher levels of acetic acid suggest that acetic acid rather than lactic acid is the main preservative in tropical forages. The introduction of manure‐based silages will result in substantial reduction in the cost of f...

WET CAGE LAYER EXCRETA ADDED TO WHOLE PLANT CORN PRIOR TO ITS ENSILING AND EFFECT ON FOOD INTAKE AND UTILIZATION BY SHEEP

Corn ensiled with wet cage layer excreta was compared with untreated corn silage supplemented at feeding either with excreta or with soybean meal, in an intake assay and balance study using 25-kg lambs. Comparisons were made at both 10 and 20% inclusion levels (wt/wt, as-is basis) for excreta and to equivalent levels of crude protein from soybean meal, providing six treatments in all. Voluntary intake of dry matter for excreta-silage (mean – 56.8 g/kg0.75 body wt) was lower (P < 0.05) than for corn silage supplemented with excreta (mean – 80.7 g/kg0.75 body wt) which was comparable to the value obtained for silage supplemented with soybean meal. Digestibilities of dry and organic matter were significantly lower (P < 0.05) for all diets containing cage layer excreta compared to soybean meal. Nitrogen retention was lower (P < 0.05) for sheep fed silage supplemented with excreta rather than soybean meal, but was not adversely affected for sheep fed corn ensiled with excreta. Relative to untreated silage, addition of excreta at ensiling caused extensive degradation of free amino acids to amines and ammonia but did not enhance proteolysis. Absolute levels of five amines were increased by 46% in 10% excreta-silage and by 64% in 20% excreta-silage compared to untreated silage (163 mg amine-N/100 g DM). Low intake of excreta-silage may be explained by the amine levels associated with them but it is quite probable that several other factors were involved. Key words: Animal waste, ruminant nutrition, nutritive value, ensiling, corn

Digestibility of wet cage layer excreta and an excreta-supplemented diet by cattle as determined by two methods

Digestibility studies were carried out with cattle to determine coefficients of digestibility for residual nutrients in wet cage layer excreta (CLE), and the effect of incorporating CLE in a maize silage-based diet, on nutrient digestibility. Two methods were used and compared — total collection, and the use of the recently identified internal marker, acid insoluble ash (AIASH). Digestibility coefficients for cage layer excreta were: dry matter, 74.0; organic matter, 73.1; crude protein, 76.8; energy 71.3; acid detergent fibre, 71.8%. Substituting CLE for soya bean meal or urea in the maize silage-based diet did not adversely affect nutrient digestibility. Comparable digestion coefficients were obtained with both the total collection method and the AIASH marker technique, confirming the results of others that the AIASH marker gives satisfactory estimates of nutrient digestibility.

Performance and Health of Calves Fed Wet Caged Layer Excreta as a Protein Supplement1

Performance and Health of Calves Fed Wet Caged Layer Excreta as a Protein Supplement1

Organoleptic, Chemical and Bacterial Characteristics of Meat and Offals from Beef Cattle Fed Wet Poultry Excreta

Three groups of growing-finishing beef cattle were fed soybean meal, urea or acetic-propionic acid-treated wet-cage layer excreta as a protein supplement for 125 days. Rib-roasts from the cattle were evaluated for cooking loss, juiciness, flavor, tenderness and overall acceptability. Rib cuts were analyzed for moisture, fat and protein, and samples of the liver, heart, kidney, and longissimus muscle were analyzed for cadmium, lead, copper, iron, calcium and phosphorus. In addition, gall bladders and mesenteric lymph nodes obtained from the cattle at slaughter as well as layer excreta samples were cultured for salmonellae. No significant differences were found in any of the factors studied. Salmonellae were isolated from the cage layer excreta, but not from cattle tissues. Apparently, feeding organic acid-treated wet cage layer excreta to cattle would not affect the nutritive value, organoleptic quality or wholesomeness of beef.

A LABORATORY EVALUATION OF ORGANIC ACIDS AND FORMALDEHYDE AS PRESERVATIVES FOR WET CAGE LAYER EXCRETA INTENDED FOR RECYCLING BY FEEDING TO LIVESTOCK

A previous study on the feeding value of wet cage layer excreta (CLE) indicated the need for a chemical preservative to stabilize CLE and control odor. An acetic–propionic acid mixture, formaldehyde, and an acetic–propionic acid-formaldehyde mixture were evaluated as preservatives during a 28-day storage period. Two-kilogram amounts of 3-day-old CLE were treated with the three chemicals each at 0.25% (low rate), 0.50% (medium rate) and 1.0% (high rate) wt/wt. Each excreta sample was inoculated with 5 × 106Salmonella infantis/g. All treatments were replicated twice and stored uncovered at 22 °C. Discoloration, mold growth and putrefaction as well as changes in pH, dry matter, total nitrogen, ammoniacal nitrogen and volatile fatty acid content of samples taken at 0, 7, 14 and 28 days after treatment were the criteria of evaluation. Total Coliform count and Salmonella recovery were also recorded. The acetic–propionic acid mixture appeared most effective in retarding physical deterioration, especially mold growth and discoloration. All three chemicals were equally effective (P >.05) in reducing nitrogen losses. A level × time interaction effect (P <.05) was obtained for all parameters. Compared to the control, the medium and high rates of treatment effectively retarded deterioration for 7 and 14 days, respectively. The rise in pH, nitrogen losses, ammoniacal nitrogen and butyric acid content of samples treated at the medium and high rates were lower (P <.05) than for the control, and spoilage was less extensive. Beyond 14 days, spoilage and nitrogen losses were similar (P >.05) to that observed in the control. The low treatment rate was in general ineffective in preventing spoilage and nitrogen losses. Total Coliform counts decreased with time, and Salmonellae recovery was nil from 7 days post-inoculation for all treatments including the control.

A Comparison of Drop-Plate and Pour-Plate Methods for Bacterial Population Counts of Poultry Anaphage (Dehydrated Caged Layer Excreta)

Pour-plate and drop-plate methods for bacterial population counting of poultry anaphage (dehydrated caged layer excreta) were compared and were not found to be significantly different.

Stability of Poultry Anaphage

Poultry anaphage (dried cage layer excreta) samples were analyzed according to A.O.A.C. methods for calcium, phosphorus, crude fiber, ether extract, moisture, Kjeldahl nitrogen, and non-protein nitrogen before and after storage of 15 to 54 weeks. The results showed that the nutrients, by chemical analysis, in the anaphage were stable during the storage period.

Microbiological Analysis of Poultry Anaphage

Nineteen poultry anaphage (dehydrated cage layer excreta) samples were collected from various locations within the United States, and different models of dehydration machines. These samples were analyzed microbiologically for their microbial population and classifications. The results showed that the average microbial population was 466,900 per gram of poultry anaphage. The most frequent isolates were Bacillus and Streptococcus. Two of the nineteen samples showed no microbial population (one was processed by microwave dryer and the other was dehydrated by a dryer equipped with a sterilization unit).