Cage Motion Research Articles

Interstitial Fe in MgO

Isolated 57Fe atoms were studied in MgO single-crystals by emission Mössbauer spectroscopy following implantation of 57Mn decaying to 57Fe. Four Mössbauer spectral components were found corresponding to different Fe lattice positions and/or charge states. Two components represent Fe atoms substituting Mg as Fe2+ and Fe3+, respectively; a third component is due to Fe in a strongly implantation-induced disturbed region. The fourth component, which is the focus of this paper, can be assigned to Fe at an interstitial site. Comparison of its measured isomer shift with ab initio calculations suggests that the interstitial Fe is located on, or close to, the face of the rock-salt MgO structure. To harmonize such an assignment with the measured near-zero quadrupole interaction a local motion process (cage motion) of the Fe has to be stipulated. The relation of such a local motion as a starting point for long range diffusion is discussed.

Characterization of breathing patterns during patient-controlled opioid analgesia

Respiratory rate is an important measurement in patient care, but accurate measurement is often difficult. We have developed a simple non-invasive device to measure respiratory movements in clinical circumstances, with minimal interference with the patient. We investigated respiratory patterns in patients receiving postoperative morphine analgesia to assess the capacity of the device to detect abnormalities. We studied subjects during self-administered opioid analgesia after major gynaecological surgery, and related the derived signals with a signal from a nasal cannula. Respiratory movement signals were transmitted wirelessly to a recorder from two encapsulated tri-axial accelerometer (RESpeck) sensors. We analysed the signals using two different sensor placements, each for 30 min. The nasal cannula signal was used to classify breathing patterns as obstructive or non-obstructed. We studied 20 patients for a mean duration of 49 min each. Breathing patterns were very variable, between and within patients. The median breathing rates ranged from 6.4 to 19.5 bpm. Breathing was partly obstructed in 10 patients, and six patients had repeated cycles of obstruction and transient recovery. In these patients, we found a consistent and statistically significant pattern of changes in chest wall movement, with increased abdominal and decreased rib cage movement during obstruction. In patients with slow respiratory rates, breath-to-breath times were highly variable. In undisturbed subjects receiving patient-controlled morphine analgesia after surgery, abnormal breathing patterns are extremely common. Cyclical airway obstruction is frequent and associated with a typical pattern of changes in chest wall movement.

Theory and Calculations of Molecules Containing Heavier Main Group Elements and Fullerenes Encaging Transition Metals: Interplay with Experiment

Abstract From a fundamental perspective, it is explained why the heavier main group elements provide bonds, structures, and reactions that differ from those provided by the second row elements represented by carbon, together with recent topics including transition metals. For endohedral metallofullerenes, it is explained how the cage structures, metal positions and motion, and unique properties, which are necessary for functionalization and applied investigations, are predicted and determined. The importance of close interplay between theoretical calculations and experiment is emphasized to develop new molecules and reactions using the characteristics of elements.

Field measurements of cage deformation using acoustic sensors

As aquaculture continues to supply an increasing share of the worldwide seafood demand, it will become critical for farmers to maximize their efficiency. Presently, the majority of marine finfish are produced in gravity type net pens which can deform when they are subjected to currents. The water velocity loading affects the overall net shape which results in net cage volume loss and consequently, increases fish stress and decreases growth rates.In this study, an acoustic method is utilized to monitor the deformation of a small-scale fish cage deployed in currents. Twelve acoustic sources and four hydrophones were deployed on and around a small scale net pen for 60 days to monitor the net cage movement and volume. Local current velocities were recorded using two current meters, one inside and one outside the net pen. Three volume approximation techniques were examined, using the positions of the acoustic sources to predict net chamber volume as it responded to the currents. A numerical model of the system was then configured, set with loads under similar water velocities and results between field measurements and the model were compared.The use of acoustic sources and hydrophones to monitor cage deformation was shown to accurately monitor net deformation. Field measurements compared well to numerical model predictions, with errors ranging from −3.8% to 32%, depending upon the number of acoustic sources employed in the volume calculations. At low water velocities, six acoustic sources were found to accurate predict the net pen volume. In higher currents, a minimum of nine acoustic sources was recommended.

Do Abdominal Cutouts in Thoracolumbosacral Orthoses Increase Pulmonary Function?

Thoracolumbosacral orthoses (TLSOs) are effective in their intended purpose of limiting spinal movement but tend to restrict rib cage and abdominal motion. Incorporating an abdominal cutout, allowing abdominal excursion, may reduce the restraint on abdominal expansion associated with inhalation and thereby reduce pulmonary compromise. (1) For healthy adults, does a TLSO restrict pulmonary function at rest and after exercise compared with no TLSO (control)? (2) At rest, is pulmonary function increased by adding an abdominal cutout to the TLSO (open) compared with a traditional closed TLSO (no abdominal cutout)? (3) Are those results similar after exercise? Twenty healthy adults wore a custom-molded TLSO with a reattachable abdominal cutout. Forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) were recorded at rest and after exercise in three conditions: (1) no TLSO (control); (2) TLSO (closed); and (3) TLSO (open). Wearing a TLSO (closed or open) reduced FVC and FEV1 similarly at rest (p < 0.001) and after exercise (p < 0.001) compared with controls. Adding an abdominal cutout (open) to the TLSO increased FVC at rest (95% confidence interval [CI], 3.79-4.76; p = 0.007) and postexercise (95% CI, 3.80-4.73; p = 0.025) compared with the closed TLSO, and FEV1 increased postexercise (95% CI, 3.01-3.76; p = 0.02) but not at rest (95% CI, 2.96-3.73; p = 0.053). TLSOs restrict pulmonary function in healthy adults. An abdominal cutout in the TLSO increased pulmonary function, especially with activity, suggesting that cutouts should be considered when fabricating TLSOs for individuals with compromised breathing such as with neuromuscular disorders, scoliosis, or spine surgery.

A sparse-projection computed tomography reconstruction method for in vivo application of in-line phase-contrast imaging

BackgroundIn recent years, X-ray phase-contrast imaging techniques have been extensively studied to visualize weakly absorbing objects. One of the most popular methods for phase-contrast imaging is in-line phase-contrast imaging (ILPCI). Combined with computed tomography (CT), phase-contrast CT can produce 3D volumetric images of samples. To date, the most common reconstruction method for phase-contrast X-ray CT imaging has been filtered back projection (FBP). However, because of the impact of respiration, lung slices cannot be reconstructed in vivo for a mouse using this method. Methods for reducing the radiation dose and the sampling time must also be considered.MethodsThis paper proposes a novel method of in vivo mouse lung in-line phase-contrast imaging that has two primary improvements compared with recent methods: 1) using a compressed sensing (CS) theory-based CT reconstruction method for the in vivo in-line phase-contrast imaging application and 2) using the breathing phase extraction method to address the lung and rib cage movement caused by a live mouse’s breathing.ResultsExperiments were performed to test the breathing phase extraction method as applied to the lung and rib cage movement of a live mouse. Results with a live mouse specimen demonstrate that our method can reconstruct images of in vivo mouse lung.ConclusionsThe results demonstrate that our method could deal with vivo mouse’s breathing and movements, meanwhile, using less sampling data than FBP while maintaining the same high quality.

AB0561 Differences between men and women in ankylosing spondylitis patients

BackgroundAnkylosing spondylitis (AS), a chronic rheumatic disease of young adults, is the prototype of the inflammatory arthropathies. Spinal inflammation, the hallmark of AS, causes pain and stiffness leading to progressive...

The differential effects of chronic imipramine or citalopram administration on physiological and behavioral outcomes in naïve mice

Tricyclics and selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) are probably the most widely employed reference antidepressants in animal studies on depression. Using imipramine and citalopram, we sought to assess which drug would be more appropriate as pharmacological reference in paradigms of depression in C57BL6N mice by measuring their effect on liquid consumption, home cage activity, body weight and long-term memory in naïve animals treated with each compound at generally used dose of 15mg/kg/day. Continuous logging of home cage movement, weekly monitoring of vertical activity in a novel cage, and body weight was recorded during four-week treatment period and for four weeks after discontinuation of the antidepressant; sucrose preference was evaluated at weekly intervals during drug administration. A novel object recognition memory test was performed in mice treated the antidepressants for two weeks. Compared to control, imipramine-treated mice displayed increased sucrose and water intake, as well as enhanced home-cage and novelty exploration activities, and reduced body weight. Imipramine also impaired learning in the object recognition task, but citalopram diminished object exploration sufficiently to invalidate the test. Citalopram-treated animals demonstrated no changes in a sucrose test and had elevated body mass. Thus basic physiological and behavioral outcomes in naïve mice were significantly altered by the chronic administration of imipramine and, to a lesser extent, citalopram. As altered variables are crucial for the evaluation of antidepressant-like effects in mice, our data suggest that, at commonly used doses, both drugs must be applied in mouse models of depression with caution.

Asynchronous Thoraco-abdominal Motion Contributes to Decreased 6-Minute Walk Test in Patients With COPD

Abnormal thoraco-abdominal motion may contribute to exercise limitation in patients with COPD. The current study aimed to assess how the thoraco-abdominal asynchrony in COPD patients correlates with exercise performance during the 6-minute walk test (6MWT). Eighty-eight COPD subjects (40 moderate and 48 severe) and 14 healthy controls were evaluated at rest and during the 6MWT for the magnitude of rib cage and abdominal motion and asynchrony between the two (phase angle) with respiratory inductive plethysmography. Compared to healthy control subjects, subjects with COPD had similar magnitude of rib cage and abdominal motion, but greater asynchrony at rest. During the 6MWT, subjects with COPD showed decreased rib cage motion and increased asynchrony. Rib cage excursion at 3 min after the beginning of the 6MWT was an independent predictor for the 6MWT distance (P < .001), in addition to age, percent of predicted FEV(1), and residual volume/total lung capacity. There was no correlation between rib cage excursion at 3 min and St George's Respiratory Questionnaire score. Thoraco-abdominal asynchrony worsens early during 6MWT in subjects with moderate and severe COPD, and rib cage excursion at 3 min predicts poor walking capability. A pulmonary rehabilitation strategy devised to improve rib cage excursion may help improve exercise tolerance.

Chronic sleep restriction impairs spatial memory in rats

Although numerous experimental investigations have evaluated the neurobehavioral effects of either short periods of total sleep deprivation or selective rapid eye movement sleep deprivation, few studies have examined the effects of chronic sleep restriction (CSR). Long-Evans rats were deprived of sleep by the automated movement of activity wheels for 18 h/day for 5 consecutive days from 16:00 to 10:00 h, and were allowed 6 h/day of sleep opportunity (10:00-16:00 h; lights on from 10:00 to 22:00 h). Activity wheels were intermittently activated on a 3 s on : 12 s off schedule for the CSR condition, whereas a schedule of 36 min of continuous wheel movement in every 3 h was used for a cage movement control condition. A cross-over design was used with rats serving in both the CSR and the movement control conditions with 2 days of rest between conditions. Water maze acquisition training occurred at 16:00 h immediately after the 6-h sleep opportunity on each of the first 4 days, followed by a probe trial on day 5 to assess spatial memory recall. Although the rate of learning/acquisition was not affected by the daily 18 h of CSR, the day 5 recall of the platform location was impaired on three different probe trial measures. Thus, CSR impaired spatial memory, but did not affect the rate of learning/acquisition in the water maze.

2603 肋軟骨の弾性を考慮した胸郭運動シミュレーション

2603 肋軟骨の弾性を考慮した胸郭運動シミュレーション

3D two-fingered caging for two types of objects: sufficient conditions and planning

Caging is a method to capture an object geometrically by robots. Position-controlled robots can make the object inescapable from the robot formation. Moreover less number of mobile robots or a robot hand with low degrees of freedom can constrain the object with considering concavity of the object. In this paper, we propose two types of caging: ring-type and waist-type, which both can be accomplished by a two-fingered hand. We derive sufficient conditions for caging of the two types and construct RRT-based motion planner for caging by a robotic arm/hand system. In motion planning, we find one of final configurations that satisfy the sufficient conditions and produce a path of robot configuration to the goal. With object recognition using AR picture markers, we can acquire geometrical information of objects and plan robot motion for caging. We show some experimental results of planning and execution of planned caging motion for four objects.

Complete obstruction of an endotracheal tube due to an unexpected blood clot in a patient with a hemo-pneumothorax after repositioning of the patient for lumbar spine surgery

Endotracheal intubation is widely used to maintain the airway during general anesthesia. Intraoperative endotracheal tube obstruction can be caused by biting, kinking, external compression, and secretions or other intraluminal material [1]. We experienced a case of complete obstruction of the endotracheal tube due to a blood clot during surgery with a patient in the prone position who had a hemo-pneumothorax. A 40-year-old male with bilateral multiple rib fracture associated with a hemo-pneumothorax without hemoptysis, L2 spine fracture and left distal tibia medial malleolar fracture were the result of an accident in which the patient fell down 3 meters. On the seventh day of hospitalization, posterior lumbar interbody fusion was scheduled to correct the L2 spine fracture. Intubation was performed with an 8.0 mm armored tube, and vital signs were stable: blood pressure, 100-120 systolic and 60-70 diastolic; heart rate, 75-90 beats/min; the electrocardiogram showed a normal sinus rhythm with 99-100% oxygen saturation: ETCO2, 34-36 mmHg; peak inspiratory pressure, 18-22 cmH2O. After repositioning the patient for spinal surgery from the supine to the prone position, there was a slight increase in the peak inspiratory pressure to 23-25 cmH2O, but there was no change in both lungs sound and in rib cage movement during mechanical ventilation. Thirty minutes after maintaining the patient in the prone position, a sudden rise in the peak inspiratory pressure and ETCO2 were detected at 32-35 cmH2O and 43-45 mmHg, respectively, with a change in the capnograph indicating an obstructive pattern. Endotracheal suction was done immediately, but was unsuccessful in relieving the pressure. Mechanical ventilation was turned off and manual ventilation was performed, during which progressive increases in resistance were sensed. Eventually, the capnograph was flattened with a gradual decline in oxygen saturation to 75%. Based on suspicion of endotracheal tube obstruction, a bronchoscopy was done using a flexible bronchoscope while intermittent manual ventilation with 100% O2 was carried out. In addition, we confirmed the presence of total occlusion of the endotracheal tube at the distal end by a blood clot. Without delay, the patient was turned back to the supine position and the endotracheal tube was extubated, at which point, the blood pressure was between 160-170 systolic and 95-110 diastolic; the heart rate was 120-130 beats/min and the oxygen saturation was at 45%. Immediate mask ventilation was performed until pulse oximetry Oxygen saturation rose up to 95% and the patient was re-intubated with a 7.5 mm armored tube. The formally extubated tube was fully obstructed with a huge blood clot at the distal end to the cuff site (Fig. 1). The vital signs became stable after re-intubation, and the ETCO2 and peak inspiratory pressure were maintained between 34-36 mmHg and 18-22 cmH2O, respectively. The surgery was completed without further incidence, and the patient was transferred to the general ward without any sequelae, and eventually discharged at POD 21. Fig. 1 (A) Anterior view of removed armored endotracheal tube showing complete obstruction of distal lumen due to impaction of blood clot. (B) Side view of removed armored endotracheal tube showing complete obstruction of distal lumen due to impaction of blood ... There are several reported cases on airway obstruction due to blood clots. Arney et al. [2] reported on the cleansing, aspiration, removal, and careful use of thrombolytic agents after identifying a blood clot through direct bronchoscopy, when there was a partial airway obstruction due to endobronchial blood clot. Veronese et al. [3] reported a case, in which, a large blood clot in the endotracheal tube was removed by extubation without using invasive measures. Lin et al. [4] reported a case of acute endotracheal tube obstruction caused by unexpected hemoptysis in a patient with inactive tuberculosis undergoing spinal surgery in the prone position, which was relieved by just placing the patient back into the supine position allowing for direct visualization of the bleeding site with a flexible bronchoscopy. What we experienced was a case of endotracheal tube obstruction due to a blood clot in a patient with a traumatic hemo-pneumothorax without preoperative hemoptysis who underwent spinal surgery in the prone position. In conclusion, when general anesthesia is performed in patients with a hemo-pneumothorax who need to be positioned in the prone position for the surgery, it is essential to consider the possibility of an endotracheal tube obstruction, and a tracheobronchial tree evaluation should be performed with a flexible bronchoscope for direct detection of bleeding sites and for the removal of any visible blood clots even in cases where there is no evidence of preoperative hemoptysis. Additionally, it should be kept in mind that a blood clot could migrate into the endotracheal tube due to gravitational force when the patient is moved into the prone position even though endotracheal suction was applied to eliminate secretions in the supine position.

Possible cage motion of interstitial Fe in α-Al 2 O 3

In addition to spectral components due to Fe2 + and Fe3 + , a single line is observed in emission Mossbauer spectra following low fluence (<1015 cm − 2) implantation of 57Fe*, 57Mn and 57Co in α-Al2O3. For the 57Co and 57Mn implantations, the intensity of the single line is found to depend on the emission angle relative to the crystal symmetry axis. This angular dependence can be explained by a non-isotropic f-factor and/or motion of the Fe ion between sites in an interstitial cage. It is argued that interstitial cage motion is a more likely explanation, as this can account for the lack of quadrupole splitting of the line.

Correlation between Perceived Asthma Control and Thoraco-Abdominal Asynchrony in Primary Care Patients Diagnosed with Asthma

Objective. Thoraco-abdominal asynchrony (TAA), the discordant movement of the abdomen and thorax, may impact upon health-related variables. Here, we investigated the extent to which TAA is associated with health-related variables, particularly perceived asthma control and quality of life. Methods. Ambulatory respiratory data from 43 patients diagnosed with asthma and 43 healthy age and sex-matched controls were recorded over 4 hours. Phase relation (Ph Rel Total), the percentage of time that the effects of rib cage (RC) and diaphragmatic movement result in opposite effects on intra-thoracic volume, quantified TAA. Subjects completed the Mini Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire (AQLQ), Asthma Control Questionnaire (ACQ), Nijmegen questionnaire (NQ), Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS), Spielberger State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), and General Health Perception (GHP) subscale of the short form 36 questionnaire’. Capnography profiling, breath-hold time (BHT), and standard spirometry were performed. Results. The time in asynchrony was significantly greater in the asthma than in the healthy control group (Ph Rel Total = 14% (interquartile range (IQR) 8.5–20.7%) versus 10.4% (IQR 7.1–14.5%), p = .012). In patients with asthma, Ph Rel Total was weakly associated with poorer ACQ scores (r = 0.33, p = .03), and in the healthy control group with GHP (r = 0.319, p = .037). Post-hoc exploratory analysis revealed a moderate relationship in the female asthma subgroup between Ph Rel Total and AQLQ (r = −0.56, p = .003). Conclusions. TAA may be associated with decreased perceived asthma control. In healthy individuals, asynchrony may be associated with low perception of general health. Further studies are required to investigate if the reduction of TAA improves these health-related variables.

Dyspnea, Chest Wall Hyperinflation, and Rib Cage Distortion in Exercising Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease

Whether dyspnea, chest wall dynamic hyperinflation, and abnormalities of rib cage motion are interrelated phenomena has not been systematically evaluated in patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD). Our hypothesis that they are not interrelated was based on the following observations: (i) externally imposed expiratory flow limitation is associated with no rib cage distortion during strenuous incremental exercise, with indexes of hyperinflation not being correlated with dyspnea, and (ii) end-expiratory chest wall volume may either increase or decrease during exercise in patients with COPD, with those who hyperinflate being as breathless as those who do not. Sixteen patients breathed either room air or 50% supplemental O2 at 75% of peak exercise in randomized order. We evaluated the volume of chest wall (V(cw)) and its compartments: the upper rib cage (V(rcp)), lower rib cage (V(rca)), and abdomen (V(ab)) using optoelectronic plethysmography; rib cage distortion was assessed by measuring the phase angle shift between V(rcp) and V(rca). Ten patients increased end-expiratory V(cw) (V(cw,ee)) on air. In seven hyperinflators and three non-hyperinflators, the lower rib cage paradoxed inward during inspiration with a phase angle of 63.4° ± 30.7° compared with a normal phase angle of 16.1° ± 2.3° recorded in patients without rib cage distortion. Dyspnea (by Borg scale) averaged 8.2 and 9 at the end of exercise on air in patients with and without rib cage distortion, respectively. At iso-time during exercise with oxygen, decreased dyspnea was associated with a decrease in ventilation regardless of whether patients distorted the rib cage, dynamically hyperinflated, or deflated the chest wall. Dyspnea, chest wall dynamic hyperinflation, and rib cage distortion are not interrelated phenomena.

Rib Cage Deformities Alter Respiratory Muscle Action and Chest Wall Function in Patients with Severe Osteogenesis Imperfecta

BackgroundOsteogenesis imperfecta (OI) is an inherited connective tissue disorder characterized by bone fragility, multiple fractures and significant chest wall deformities. Cardiopulmonary insufficiency is the leading cause of death in these patients.MethodsSeven patients with severe OI type III, 15 with moderate OI type IV and 26 healthy subjects were studied. In addition to standard spirometry, rib cage geometry, breathing pattern and regional chest wall volume changes at rest in seated and supine position were assessed by opto-electronic plethysmography to investigate if structural modifications of the rib cage in OI have consequences on ventilatory pattern. One-way or two-way analysis of variance was performed to compare the results between the three groups and the two postures.ResultsBoth OI type III and IV patients showed reduced FVC and FEV1 compared to predicted values, on condition that updated reference equations are considered. In both positions, ventilation was lower in OI patients than control because of lower tidal volume (p<0.01). In contrast to OI type IV patients, whose chest wall geometry and function was normal, OI type III patients were characterized by reduced (p<0.01) angle at the sternum (pectus carinatum), paradoxical inspiratory inward motion of the pulmonary rib cage, significant thoraco-abdominal asynchronies and rib cage distortions in supine position (p<0.001).ConclusionsIn conclusion, the restrictive respiratory pattern of Osteogenesis Imperfecta is closely related to the severity of the disease and to the sternal deformities. Pectus carinatum characterizes OI type III patients and alters respiratory muscles coordination, leading to chest wall and rib cage distortions and an inefficient ventilator pattern. OI type IV is characterized by lower alterations in the respiratory function. These findings suggest that functional assessment and treatment of OI should be differentiated in these two forms of the disease.

Changes in breathing pattern and thoracoabdominal motion after bariatric surgery: A longitudinal study

This study evaluated the breathing pattern of 30 obese patients [32 ± 9 years old; body mass index (BMI): 42.72 ± 4.10 kg/m(2)] before and after bariatric surgery and compared them with 30 control individuals (31 ± 8 years old, BMI: 21.99 ± 2.22 kg/m(2)). Measurements were performed using calibrated respiratory inductive plethysmography. Six months after bariatric surgery, obese patients exhibited a significant reduction in tidal volume (V(T)), minute ventilation (V(E)) and inspiratory duty cycle (T(I)/T(TOT)) compared with pre-surgical values. The control group had a higher breathing frequency, V(E) and phase angle (PhAng). There were no significant differences in V(T)/T(I), percentage of rib cage motion (%RC) or abdominal motion (%AB). Obese patients exhibited changes in their breathing pattern and asynchrony after bariatric surgery without any changes in thoracoabdominal motion. Certain aspects of the breathing pattern of obese patients became more similar to those of the controls after surgery.

On grease leakage from rolling bearings

The leakage of grease from shielded rolling bearings is usually caused by grease being pushed out by ball or cage motion, centrifugal force, or grease flow due to high temperature. However, we have discovered two other mechanisms that cause significant leakage: (1) slippage of the grease lump caused by adhesion forces to the shield plate and inner race which typically occurs in case of slippery grease on the surface, and (2) the thixotropic flow of grease due to alternate grease deformation which could occur when the shaft has precession motion or inclines against the bearing.

7H24 解剖学的知見およびCT画像に基づく胸郭運動モデルの提案(OS15 呼吸系のバイオメカニクス2)

7H24 解剖学的知見およびCT画像に基づく胸郭運動モデルの提案(OS15 呼吸系のバイオメカニクス2)