Consumption Of Caffeinated Drinks Research Articles

Knowledge and Practices of Fourth-Year Medical Students Regarding Caffeinated Drink Consumption: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Caffeinated drinks are widely consumed among students for their perceived benefits, such as improved alertness and productivity. However, overconsumption is associated with adverse health effects. This study aimed to assess the knowledge and practices of fourth-year medical students regarding caffeinated drinks and explore associated factors influencing their consumption habits. Methodology: Employing a convenient sampling technique, 174 fourth-year MBBS students were recruited for the study. A structured questionnaire was used to collect information on students’ backgrounds, knowledge, and practices related to caffeinated drinks. Associations between background variables and knowledge/practice were analyzed using the chi-square test, with a significance level of p≤0.05. Results: Students demonstrated good knowledge about common caffeinated drinks such as tea (86%), coffee (92%), and carbonated drinks (64%), but 88% were unaware of caffeine in health drinks. Females were more knowledgeable about coffee (p=0.018) and caffeinated drink ingredients (p=0.003). Students with doctor parents relied on the internet (p=0.027) and billboards (p=0.030) for information and associated caffeine consumption with improved productivity (p=0.011). Boarders consumed more carbonated drinks (p=0.031) and reported nausea with increased intake (p=0.031), while non-daily consumers experienced headaches (p=0.001) and irritation (p=0.022). Conclusion: Despite awareness of adverse effects, medical students continue to consume caffeinated drinks, often associating them with productivity benefits. Targeted health education is needed to address misconceptions and promote balanced consumption.

Self-Reported Gastrointestinal Symptoms Associated with NSAIDs and Caffeine Consumption in a Jordanian Subpopulation.

Background: Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and caffeine-containing beverages are widely consumed but their impact on gastrointestinal (GI) health requires further investigation. This cross-sectional study investigated the relationship between NSAIDs use, caffeinated drink consumption, and the prevalence of self-reported GI symptoms in a Jordanian subpopulation. Methods: An online survey was administered to 400 Jordanian individuals aged 18-65 years. Data on sociodemographics, NSAIDs use, caffeine consumption, peptic ulcer disease (PUD) history, and GI symptoms were collected. Contingency tables were used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) for the associations between exposures and outcomes. Results: The prevalence of self-reported PUD-related GI symptoms was 6.0%. NSAID users had higher odds of PUD (OR = 2.431) and related GI symptoms, including abdominal pain (OR = 4.688, p < 0.001) and discomfort (OR = 8.068, p < 0.001). Caffeine consumption was associated with self-reported burning stomach pain (OR = 14.104, p < 0.001), fullness (OR = 8.304, p = 0.010), and bloating (OR = 8.304, p = 0.010). Coffee, tea, soft drinks, and energy drinks were associated with increased odds of various GI symptoms (ORs 2.018-12.715, p < 0.05). Conclusions: NSAIDs use and caffeine consumption were independently associated with the increased prevalence of self-reported PUD and related GI symptoms. Despite the lack of adjustment for necessary confounders, our findings highlight the importance of considering the potential GI effects of NSAIDs and caffeine. Public health strategies promoting their safe use may help reduce the burden of GI disorders.

Consumption of Spicy Food and Caffeinated Drinks in Culinary Concentration PKK Students

The aim of this research is to describe the consumption of spicy food and caffeinated drinks among PKK Culinary Concentration students based on research indicators. The indicators in this research are the type of food and drink, the amount of food and drink and the frequency of consumption of the food and drink. The type of research used is quantitative descriptive, the data source in this research is PKK students with a culinary concentration, totaling 114 respondents. The data collection technique used was to fill out a questionnaire (google form) to obtain complete and clear information about the consumption of spicy food and caffeinated drinks among PKK students with a culinary concentration. The research results show that on average PKK Culinary Concentration students consume spicy food with a frequency of 1-2 times/week (43%) with the amount consumed being 1 portion (79%) and how to get it. food is by buying it (78%). ), while the average consumption of caffeinated drinks with a frequency of 1-2 times/week is (35%) with consumption of 1 serving is (70%) and the way to get this food is to buy it (56%). From the research results, it can be interpreted that the consumption of spicy food and caffeinated drinks among PKK Culinary Management Concentration students is still within safe limits.

Association between consumption of tryptophan with sleep quality in King Saud University students

This study aimed to evaluate the relationship between sleep quality and tryptophan consumption in King Saud University students by using a PSQI questionnaire. This study was conducted during the COVID-19 pandemic, and it included 122 Saudi students, who received the PSQI questionnaire via Twitter, Telegram, and WhatsApp. All data was encoded in Excel for statistical analysis. Generally, low consumption levels were noted for tryptophan, coffee/tea, and soft and energy drinks in 42.6 %, 47.5 %, and 76.2 % of the participants, respectively, whereas dairy consumption was high in 32 % of the participants. Moderate consumption of caffeinated drinks was noted in 50.8 % of the participants. Meanwhile, moderate scores were noted for sleep quality, sleep duration, sleep delay, and fatigue during day time; high scores for inability to sleep within 20 mins after going to bed were noted in only 25.4 % of the participants. When the obtained data was examined in three groups, gender (p = 0.02), specialization (p = 0.02), not falling asleep within 20 min (p = 0.003), sleep delay (p = 0.01), feeling cold during sleep (p = 0.02), and having a good sleep in the previous month (p = 0.04) were associated. By contrast, no association was observed between tryptophan consumption and sleep quality. Interventional studies involving a large sample size, gender bias, other age groups, and other ethnic populations should be carried out in the future.

Caffeine – An Invisible Addiction

Caffeine, an alkaloid, is a stimulant of the central nervous system and is the most popularly consumed psychoactive drug worldwide. This stimulant can have both positive and negative effects on health. The objective of this study was hence to determine the common side effects associated with consumption of caffeinated drinks along with any symptoms stated by the participants that indicate withdrawal. A questionnaire-based descriptive epidemiological study was conducted at three major universities of Lahore, Pakistan. Among the target population that fell in the age ranging from 18-28 years, 35% started consuming caffeinated drinks between the ages 10-15, while tea was consumed by 60% of the sample population. 50% consume caffeinated drinks once or twice a day whereas 60% could refrain from consuming a single drink per day. 38.5% stated to suffer from increased urination while 22% suffered from increased blood pressure upon consumption. Caffeine addiction is one of the most prevalent and ever-expanding addictions in the world which must be either eliminated from diet or replaced by a healthier alternative.

Possible relationships of selected food items to osteoporosis among a group of Iraqi women

Background: Osteoporosis is a global health problem which is estimated to affect more than 200 million people worldwide, especially postmenopausal women. It is characterized by decreased bone mineral density leading to fragility and increased risk of fractures. Objective: This study was conducted to explore the consumption of inappropriate foods related to osteoporosis among a group of Iraqi women. JFac Med Baghdad 2021; Vol.63, No. 4 Received: Sep., 2021 Accepted: Nov., 2021 Published: Jan., 2021 Patients and methods: A cross sectional study of 140 females aged ≥ 40 years attending polyclinics in Al-Dora sector in Baghdad city from 18th January to 24th April 2021. The bone mineral density was measured by portable quantitative calcaneal ultrasound machine (osteosystem) and the bone was assessed for osteoporosis by T-score. Food frequency questionnaire was used for collecting data related to food consumption. Results: Out of the total sample, 74 (52.9%) were found to be osteoporotic. There was a significant association with high salt and coffee consumption with the occurrence of osteoporosis (77.3% and 83.3%, respectively, p = 0.001), compared to those who did not consume caffeinated drinks. Participants with daily consumption of caffeinated drinks had a highly significant association with osteoporosis (21.8% vs 100%, p = 0.001). Conclusion: Excessive consumption of salty foods and caffeinated beverages appears to exert a negative effect on bone mineral density and the occurrence of osteoporosis among the studied group of Iraqi women.

THE EFFECTS OF FLUID INTAKE HABITS OF THE HEALTHY YOUNG POPULATION ON URINARY SYMPTOMS

Aim: The aim of this study is to evaluate of fluid intake habits and urinary symptoms in young, healthy population. Method: This study design was descriptive, cross-sectional type. A questionnaire was used to assess the fluid intake habits and The Urinary Symptom Profile (USP) (it is structure of 13 items in 3 dimensions: stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder, and low stream). The study was completed by 602 university students. Results: The average daily fluid intake was &gt;2 L/day for both genders. The gender difference in fluid intake was significant (p &lt; 0.05). Male students were more than consumption of caffeinated drinks and alcohol. The urinary symptom profile score was stress urinary incontinence, overactive bladder and low stream 0.16, 2.41, 0.28 respectively. The male students compared to female students difference in stress urinary incontinence and low stream was found to be statistically significant (p &lt; 0.05). Conclusion: In conclusion, fluid intake habits and urinary symptoms differ between genders in the healthy young population.

Caffeinated beverage consumption among adolescents in Sagamu, Nigeria: implications for health promotion.

Introductionthe mental and physical stimulating effects of caffeine have led to an increase in consumption of caffeinated beverages. Adolescents are at an increased risk of excessive caffeine consumption and its associated adverse health consequences. This study therefore assessed the pattern of caffeinated drink consumption among in-school adolescents in Sagamu, Ogun State, Nigeria.Methodsa descriptive, cross-sectional study was carried out among 350 adolescents in Sagamu Township, selected via multistage sampling. Data were collected using a semi-structured self-administered questionnaire and analyzed with SPSS version 20.0. Relevant descriptive and inferential statistics were calculated with level of significance (p) set at <0.05.Resultsrespondents' mean age was 14.49 ± 1.37 years; 60.2% of respondents were male. Over 90% of respondents consumed caffeinated beverages; 19.2% consumed greater than 3 cans in a day; 67.8% always felt a strong urge to consume caffeinated drinks. Reasons for consumption include: to aid personal study (64.4%), thirst (47.1%), performance enhancement (34.1%), alertness (30.6%) and hunger (17.7%). Reported side effects include: nervousness (40.4%); mood swings (16.5%); palpitations (30.1%); insomnia (51.6%).Conclusionconsumption of caffeinated beverages was high among adolescents in Sagamu. Adequate caffeine control measures, with behavior change communication, will help to address this public health challenge among adolescents.

Using Mendelian randomization analysis to better understand the relationship between mental health and substance use: a systematic review.

Poor mental health has consistently been associated with substance use (smoking, alcohol drinking, cannabis use, and consumption of caffeinated drinks). To properly inform public health policy it is crucial to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations, and most importantly, whether or not they are causal. In this pre-registered systematic review, we assessed the evidence for causal relationships between mental health and substance use from Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, following PRISMA. We rated the quality of included studies using a scoring system that incorporates important indices of quality, such as the quality of phenotype measurement, instrument strength, and use of sensitivity methods. Sixty-three studies were included for qualitative synthesis. The final quality rating was '-' for 16 studies, '- +' for 37 studies, and '+'for 10 studies. There was robust evidence that higher educational attainment decreases smoking and that there is a bi-directional, increasing relationship between smoking and (symptoms of) mental disorders. Another robust finding was that higher educational attainment increases alcohol use frequency, but decreases binge-drinking and alcohol use problems, and that mental disorders causally lead to more alcohol drinking without evidence for the reverse. The current MR literature increases our understanding of the relationship between mental health and substance use. Bi-directional causal relationships are indicated, especially for smoking, providing further incentive to strengthen public health efforts to decrease substance use. Future MR studies should make use of large(r) samples in combination with detailed phenotypes, a wide range of sensitivity methods, and triangulate with other research methods.

Lifestyle Diseases: Increase in Infertility Amongst Women

Lifestyle diseases have become a new threat in the current generation affecting primarily the youths and children. These diseases are associated with the lifestyle of people and the kind of norms they follow in the day to day life.More and more instances are showing the drastic impact on people’s state of living and habits on their reproductive health and well- being. When it comes to women ovulation and menstrual cycle are the first thing to get affected by any alteration in diet and ill practices of everyday routine .Hormonal imbalances followed by obesity and indulgence in unhealthy practices like smoking , alcohol intake , and excess consumption of caffeinated drinks are the other risk factors . With the throat cut competition and other life problems; stress and depression are the other emerging issues that directly disrupt the functionality and viability of the female genital system.This review paper focuses on the impact of lifestyle diseases on the fecundity and reproductive health of women leading to higher risk of infertility.

Associations between consumption of coffee and caffeinated soft drinks and late stillbirth—Findings from the Midland and North of England stillbirth case-control study

ObjectiveThe consumption of caffeinated drinks and soft drinks is widespread in society, including by pregnant women. Data regarding the association of caffeine intake and stillbirth are varied. We aimed to investigate the degree of consumption of caffeinated drinks or soft drinks in the last four weeks of pregnancy in women who experienced a late stillbirth compared to women with ongoing live pregnancies at similar gestation. Influences on maternal caffeine intake and soft drink consumption during pregnancy were also investigated. Study DesignA case-control study undertaken in 41 maternity units in the United Kingdom. Cases were women who had a singleton non-anomalous stillbirth ≥28 weeks’ gestation (n = 290) and controls were women with an ongoing pregnancy at the time of interview (n = 729). Data were collected using an interviewer-administered questionnaire which included questions regarding consumption of a variety of caffeinated drinks and soft drinks in the last four weeks of pregnancy as well as other behaviours (e.g. cigarette smoking). ResultsMultivariable analysis adjusting for co-existing demographic and behavioural factors found the consumption of instant coffee, energy drinks and cola were associated with increased risk of stillbirth. There was an independent association between caffeine intake and late stillbirth (adjusted Odds Ratio 1.27, 95 % Confidence Interval (95 %CI) 1.14, 1.43 for each 100 mg increment/day). 15 % of cases and 8% of controls consumed more than the World Health Organisation (WHO) recommendation (>300 mg of caffeine/day; aOR 2.30, 95 % CI 1.40, 4.24). The population attributable risk for stillbirth associated with >300 mg of caffeine/day was 7.4 %. The majority of respondents reduced caffeine consumption in pregnancy. Midwives and internet resources were the most frequently used sources of information which influenced maternal behaviour with regard to soft drinks and caffeine, and this did not differ between cases and controls. ConclusionsWomen should be informed that consumption of caffeine during pregnancy is associated with increased risk of stillbirth, particularly at levels greater than recommended by the WHO (>300 mg/day). Recommendations from midwives and internet-based resources are likely to be the most effective means to influence maternal behaviour.

The occurrence of periodontal diseases and its correlation with different risk factors among a convenient sample of adult Egyptian population: a cross-sectional study

Background: Even though extensive studies on the prevalence of periodontal diseases in various populations worldwide have been carried out, data for the Egyptian population is limited. The present study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence and the severity of periodontal disease and its correlation with different risk factors. Methods: Periodontal examination was performed on 343 adults attending the outpatient clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, as well as three private clinics. Socio-demographic data, brushing frequency, body mass index (BMI) and dietary habits were recorded using a questionnaire. Results: It was found that 58.9% of participants had calculus deposits. The occurrence of periodontitis was 89.8%, where 70.8% of participants had stage I and 15.2% had stage II, while only 4.4% and 2.05% suffered from stage III and stage IV, respectively. Calculus was positively correlated with age, grains, and sugar in drinks and negatively correlated with socioeconomic status, education level, brushing frequency and milk. Calculus was not correlated with gender and BMI. Periodontitis was positively correlated with age, carbohydrates other than bread, grains, and crackers, as well as caffeinated drinks, while negatively correlated with gender, socioeconomic status, brushing frequency. Periodontitis was not correlated with BMI or education level. Conclusion: The present study clarifies that age, brushing frequency, carbohydrates and caffeinated drinks consumption are significant factors influencing the occurrence and the severity of periodontal diseases.

The occurrence of periodontal diseases and its correlation with different risk factors among a convenient sample of adult Egyptian population: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Even though extensive studies on the prevalence of periodontal diseases in various populations worldwide have been carried out, data for the Egyptian population is limited. The present study was carried out to evaluate the occurrence and the severity of periodontal disease and its correlation with different risk factors. Methods: Periodontal examination was performed on 343 adults attending the outpatient clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, as well as three private clinics. Socio-demographic data, brushing frequency, body mass index (BMI) and dietary habits were recorded using a questionnaire. Results: It was found that 58.9% of participants had calculus deposits. The occurrence of periodontitis was 89.8%, where 70.8% of participants had stage I and 15.2% had stage II, while only 4.4% and 2.05% suffered from stage III and stage IV, respectively. Calculus was positively correlated with age, grains, and sugar in drinks and negatively correlated with socioeconomic status, education level, brushing frequency and milk. Calculus was not correlated with gender and BMI. Periodontitis was positively correlated with age, carbohydrates other than bread, grains, and crackers, as well as caffeinated drinks, while negatively correlated with gender, socioeconomic status, brushing frequency. Periodontitis was not correlated with BMI or education level. Conclusion: The present study clarifies that age, brushing frequency, carbohydrates and caffeinated drinks consumption are significant factors influencing the occurrence and the severity of periodontal diseases.

Evaluation of diet as a risk factor in the development of childhood leukaemia: a case control study.

To evaluate probable association of dietary risk factors with childhood leukaemia. The case-control study was conducted at the Children Hospital, Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences, Islamabad, Pakistan, from January to December 2017, and comprised children of either gender aged 2-12 years with recently diagnosed acute lymphocytic or acute myelocytic leukaemia An age and gender matched equal group of healthy children was taken as controls. Dietary-intake data was collected for six food groups, namely raw vegetables, fresh fruits, packed fruit juices, caffeinated drinks, junk foods, and processed/precooked food items. Frequency of the selected food group consumption was summarised in six categories: rarely/never, 1-3 days/week, 4-6 days/week, once daily, twice daily and thrice daily. Data was collected through interviews with the mothers using a pre-designed questionnaire, and was analysed using SPSS 21. Of the 90 subjects, 45(50%) were in each of the two groups. There were no differences in baseline characteristics between the two groups (p>0.05). Consumption of caffeinated drinks and junk food was significantly higher in cases (p=0.001) while controls showed significantly higher consumption of fresh fruits (p=0.0012). No significant difference was noted for consumption of vegetables, packed fruit juices and processed food between the groups (p> 0. 05 ). Higher consumption of caffeinated drinks and junk food was observed in cases compared to controls.

Prevalence of periodontal diseases and its correlation with different risk factors among an adult Egyptian population: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Even though extensive studies on the prevalence of periodontal diseases in various populations worldwide have been carried out, data for the Egyptian population is limited. The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and the severity of periodontal disease and its correlation with different risk factors. Methods: Periodontal examination was performed on 343 adults attending the outpatient clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry, Cairo University, as well as three private clinics. Socio-demographic data, brushing frequency, body mass index (BMI) and dietary habits were recorded using a questionnaire. Results: It was found that 58.9% of participants had calculus deposits. The prevalence of periodontitis was 89.8%, where 70.8% of participants had stage I and 15.2% had stage II, while only 4.4% and 2.05% suffered from stage III and stage IV, respectively. Calculus was positively correlated with age, grains, and sugar in drinks and negatively correlated with socioeconomic status, education level, brushing frequency and milk. Calculus was not correlated with gender and BMI. Periodontitis was positively correlated with age, carbohydrates other than bread, grains, crackers, and caffeinated drinks, while negatively correlated with gender, socioeconomic status, brushing frequency. Periodontitis was not correlated with BMI or education level. Conclusion: The present study clarifies that age, brushing frequency, carbohydrates and caffeinated drinks consumption are significant factors influencing the prevalence and the severity of periodontal diseases.

The potential impact of age, gender, body mass index, socioeconomic status and dietary habits on the prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian adults: a cross-sectional study

Background : Dental caries is a major public health problem and the most widespread chronic disease to affect individuals throughout their lifetime. Little information exists about the prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian adults. Therefore, this study investigated the dental caries experience among Egyptian adults in correlation with different risk factors. Methods : A total of 359 Egyptian adults (age range, 18-74 years) were examined over a period of 3 months, starting on the 15 th of November 2017 until the 13 th of January 2018. Socio-demographic data, brushing frequency, body mass index (BMI) and eating habits were recorded and collected using a questionnaire. Dental examination was performed using the Decayed, Missing and Filled tooth (DMFT) index. Results : In total, 86.63% of participants had dental caries experience. Of the participants, 60.45%, 48.47% and 55.43% had at least one decayed, missing and filled tooth, respectively. The mean number of decayed, missing, filled or DMFT for the whole sample were 2.4±3.6, 1.98±3.99, 1.79±2.45, 6.09±5.7, respectively. Decayed teeth were inversely correlated with socio-economic status (SES), education level, brushing frequency and milk consumption and positively correlated with grains, junk food and soda drinks consumption. Missing teeth were inversely correlated with SES, education level and brushing frequency, while positively correlated with age, BMI and caffeinated drink consumption. Conversely, filled teeth were positively correlated with age, BMI, SES and education level, while negatively correlated with grains and sugars in drinks. Conclusion : The present study clarifies that age, BMI, SES, education level and brushing frequency are risk factors significantly associated with dental caries prevalence amongst Egyptian adults. Egyptian adults' dietary habits might lead to obesity, which indirectly causes dental caries rather than directly as in children.

The potential impact of age, gender, body mass index, socioeconomic status and dietary habits on the prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian adults: a cross-sectional study.

Background: Dental caries is a major public health problem and the most widespread chronic disease to affect individuals throughout their lifetime. Little information exists about the prevalence of dental caries among Egyptian adults. Therefore, this study investigated the dental caries experience among Egyptian adults in correlation with different risk factors. Methods: A total of 359 Egyptian adults (age range, 18-74 years) were examined over a period of 3 months, starting on the 15 th of November 2017 until the 13 th of January 2018. Socio-demographic data, brushing frequency, body mass index (BMI) and eating habits were recorded and collected using a questionnaire. Dental examination was performed using the Decayed, Missing and Filled tooth (DMFT) index. Results: In total, 86.63% of participants had dental caries experience. Of the participants, 60.45%, 48.47% and 55.43% had at least one decayed, missing and filled tooth, respectively. The mean number of decayed, missing, filled or DMFT for the whole sample were 2.4±3.6, 1.98±3.99, 1.79±2.45, 6.09±5.7, respectively. Decayed teeth were inversely correlated with socio-economic status (SES), education level, brushing frequency and milk consumption and positively correlated with grains, junk food and soda drinks consumption. Missing teeth were inversely correlated with SES, education level and brushing frequency, while positively correlated with age, BMI and caffeinated drink consumption. Conversely, filled teeth were positively correlated with age, BMI, SES and education level, while negatively correlated with grains and sugars in drinks. Conclusion: The present study clarifies that age, BMI, SES, education level and brushing frequency are risk factors significantly associated with dental caries prevalence amongst Egyptian adults. Egyptian adults' dietary habits might lead to obesity, which indirectly causes dental caries rather than directly as in children.

Effect of the Energy Drink “Red Bull” on the Amateur Football Players’ Aerobic and Anaerobic Performances

This study was conducted to investigate effect of 250 ml of Red Bull energy drink consumed 60 minutes before an intensive exercise on aerobic and anaerobic performances of amateur football players (subjects were PE students).In this study, a crossover research design was applied. Test subjects were divided into two groups, namely A and B. In the first experiment, group A was provided Red Bull, and group B was given apple juice (placebo) and tests were carried out. In the second experiment, the same tests were carried out by interchanging the drinks provided to the groups previously. The aerobic performance assesment was performed with the Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Level 1) while the anaerobic performance assesment was carried out with the Wingate test. The differences between the groups were analyzed by Wilcoxon Signed-Ranks Test, and the significance level was accepted as p&lt;0.05.As a result of the tests applied to Red Bull and Placebo groups; there was seen no significance difference between the maximal VO2 values of the groups (Red Bull, x̅=49.50±3.14 ml/kg/min; Placebo, x̅=48.81±3.07 ml/kg/min, z=-1.244, p&gt;0.214). Additionally, according to the Wingate test results, no significant difference was found between the Red Bull and Placebo groups. (Peak Power: Red Bull x̅=877.56±164.82 W, Placebo x̅=841.67±162.23 W (z=-1.48, p&gt;0.13), Average Power: Red Bull x̅=616.70±99.17 W, Placebo x̅=603.69±92.05 W (z=-1.59, p&gt;0.11), Time at Peak Power: Red Bull x̅=2.21±0.95 sec, Placebo x̅=1.97±1.00 sec (z=-0.29, p&gt;0.76).As a result, it was observed that the performances of amateur footballers did not show a significant increase when Red Bull energy drink was consumed one hour before Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Test (Level 1) and Wingate Anaerobic Power Test. Considering unconscious consumption of caffeinated drinks and its possible side effects, it is not recommended for athletes who are not used to it.

Caffeinated Drinks Intake, Late Chronotype, and Increased Body Mass Index among Medical Students in Chongqing, China: A Multiple Mediation Model.

Background: This paper investigates the problems regarding caffeinated drinks intake, late chronotype, and increased body mass index (BMI) among medical students at a Chinese university. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in 2018 with 616 medical students from Chongqing Medical University in Chongqing, China, whose information were collected by a self-reported questionnaire that included four sections: Demographic characteristics; Caffeinated drinks intake and physical state; Morningness-Eveningness Questionnaire; Depression Anxiety Stress Scale 21. Multiple mediation analyses were conducted to test the impact of late chronotype on increased BMI through caffeinated drinks consumption through two models. Results: The significantly mediated effect of caffeinated drinks consumption was revealed (estimate: −0.01, SE = 0.01, 95% CI [−0.02, −0.01]), and which played a positive role in linking late chronotype (B = −0.01, SE = 0.01, p < 0.001) and increased BMI (B = 1.37, SE = 0.21, p < 0.01), but their significant association did not be found in reversed model. In addition, physical activity and inactivity times demonstrated significant indirect effects in the two models. Conclusions: Interventions should focus on reducing caffeinated drinks intake and sedentary behavior time, enhancing physical activity among medical students.

A Pilot Study Evaluating Preferences for Caffeinated Drinks Consumption Among Mures Medical Students

The scale of caffeinated drinks offered for young adults is large and also is the risk for abuse followed by heart or brain injuries due to high levels of caffeine, taurine, sugars etc. For this purpose, we chose to evaluate the risk behaviors in a group of Mures medical students and assess their practices and knowledge of excess caffeine drinks intake. For this study, we used a food frequency questionnaire containing 26 questions related to personal data, food behaviors, types of food and drink consumed and the frequency of consumption. The questionnaire was applied to 427 Mures medical students in 2016. On average, 2/3 of the Mures medical students associate an excess of coffee, energy drinks and other types of caffeinated beverages, especially during the exams period. From the list of preferred drinks that our students chose, in descending order, are: coffee, carbonated beverages, alcoholic beverages and energy drinks. Students often turn to alcoholic drinks, sometimes in combination with energy drinks, raising the risk for their health. 25% have only coffee in the morning, on empty stomach, skipping breakfast. More than half of them have at least 3 coffees per day, with possible health impact on long term. Our data emphasizes once more the importance of health education in schools and universities, especially for medical students and future doctors, and the need for efficient community interventions in order to prevent lifestyle behaviors at risk.