Caffeinated Beverages Research Articles

Coffee and Risk of Pancreatic Cancer: Insights from Two-Sample and Multivariable Mendelian Randomization Analyses.

The association between coffee and pancreatic cancer risk has reported inconsistent results. Therefore, a Mendelian randomization (MR) study was undertaken to investigate the association between coffee and pancreatic cancer from a genetic perspective. In East Asian and European populations, independent genetic variants strongly associated with coffee were chosen as instrumental variables (IVs) from relevant genome-wide association studies (GWASs). GWAS data for pancreatic cancer were obtained from the JENGER (Japanese Encyclopedia of Genetic Associations by Riken) project and GWAS catalog database. Two-sample (TSMR) and multivariable Mendelian randomization (MVMR) analyses were conducted to investigate the genetically predicted causal relationship between coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer. A fixed-effect meta-analysis was employed to aggregate estimates from the two populations to reveal the overall association. Both in East Asian and European populations, an increase in coffee intake of a cup per day was not associated with pancreatic cancer risk, regardless of coffee type (including caffeine drinks, instant coffee, decaffeinated coffee, ground coffee, etc.). The results aligned with the findings of the meta-analysis (OR = 1.100, 95%CI = 0.862-1.403, p = 0.450). Also, for coffee intake with positive results in the TSMR analysis (OR = 1.739, 95%CI 1.104-2.739, p = 0.017), consistent negative results were observed after adjusting for potential confounders (smoking traits, drinking, type 2 diabetes, body mass index) in the MVMR analyses. This study found no genetically predicted causal relationship between coffee consumption and pancreatic cancer risk.

Test anxiety and coping strategies among university students an exploratory study in the UAE

Test anxiety is a widespread problem among university students, with negative consequences for their social, physical, and academic well-being. Therefore, students may engage in activities that might alleviate anxiety symptoms, including taking medication. The study aimed to identify factors affecting test anxiety among medical and non-medical students during examination period and their coping approaches. A cross-sectional study was conducted using a survey to collect data. The westside test anxiety scale was used to measure the students’ anxiety levels. Univariate and post hoc analyses were used. The number of participants was 925 from 14 colleges, and 82.9% of them were female. The results indicated that the test anxiety was moderately high. Young students, females, junior students, and students with low cumulative grade point averages (cGPAs) has statistically significant high test levels with p-values 0.042, 0.01, < 0.001, and < 0.001, respectively. Most students used multi methods to cope with anxiety. The most common non-pharmacological coping approaches are praying (59.5%), drink caffeine and/or energy beverages (49.6%). Only a few students (6.6%) used medications to cope with test anxiety, with only 2.2% using propranolol. The study concluded the test anxiety was a common among university students and an action should be taken to reduce the anxiety level. The priority of support programs should target females, young students, and those with low cGPA. In addition, there is a need to raise awareness among students to reduce caffeine and energy drinks consumption, maintain enough and quality sleep during this period and avoid using medication without expert advice.

Towards the fair regulation of all coca leaf derivatives in Colombia

Purpose The purpose of this study is to envision the possible path to regulation of the coca leaf and its derivatives. There are a range of possible coca derivatives that could be considered for the broader market and which could be conceived of as risk and harm reduction interventions, as well as have other nutritional and industrial uses. Design/methodology/approach The methodology consists of a historical analysis of the advances in alternative uses of the coca leaf within a commercial market in Colombia as a means of providing greater economic capacity to communities that cultivate the plant, while exploring the nutritional and industrial benefits of the plant. Findings Low-risk products, such as coca leaf and coca tea, could be regulated under the same criteria as coffee or other caffeinated beverages. With a more diverse range of products on the market, consumers can make more informed decisions about their consumption, particularly regarding the associated risks and the effects they desire. Practical implications The legal regulation of coca leaf products implies the creation of a regulatory government agency specialized in the subject, as well as monitor and evaluate the cultivation and processing of products. The production of the coca leaf would still be in the hands of the cultivating communities but would fall under the control and monitoring of the government. Social implications The legal regulation of the coca leaf could have strong impacts on cultivating communities to guarantee their human rights and provide greater protection. Various industries have expressed an interest in using coca leaf derivatives and could represent economic opportunities for communities that cultivate. Originality/value Minimal work has been done on the regulation of coca leaf although there are some international examples that could be relevant in Bolivia and Perú. There is a need to continue exploring the multiple uses of the leaf to reach greater international consensus on its rescheduling.

Management Strategies and Outcomes of Type 2 Diabetes in Urban and Rural Populations of Bangladesh

Introduction: Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is a chronic metabolic disorder marked by insulin resistance and poses significant health risks, including cardiovascular diseases, vision impairment, nerve damage, and kidney failure. The disease is linked to a reduced life expectancy and increased risks for complications like dementia and cancer, highlighting the urgent need for effective management strategies tailored to urban and rural populations. Aim of the study: This study aimed to identify the management strategies and outcomes of T2D in urban and rural populations of Bangladesh. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anaesthesia Analgesia and Intensive Care Medicine, National Institute of Cardiovascular Disease and Hospital (NICVD). Dhaka, Bangladesh during the period from July 2023 to Jun 2024. A total of 200 participants were included in the study, with 100 patients from urban areas and 100 from rural areas. The study encompassed both male and female participants, who underwent treatment in both indoor (hospital-based) and outdoor (outpatient) settings. Result: A total of 200 participants were included in the study, with 100 patients from urban areas and 100 from rural regions. Among urban respondents, 35% were aged 20-30, while the rural group had a higher representation in this age group at 45%. The study revealed that individuals with higher education levels in rural areas had a lower prevalence of T2D, while overweight participants had a higher incidence in both urban and rural settings. In rural regions, the risk of T2D was notably higher among those who consumed caffeinated drinks and were less physically active, while these factors did not significantly influence T2D risk in urban populations. Additionally, urban participants exhibited a correlation between T2D and hypertension. Conclusion: Our study presents a comprehensive strategy to tackle the rising prevalence of T2D in urban and rural areas. Key elements include promoting...

Caffeine consumption of medical students in Korea: amount and symptoms based on a 2023 survey.

To investigate the form and level of daily caffeine intake recommended above 400 mg in medical students expected to consume caffeinated beverages to enhance their performance. From May to June 2023, freshman through senior medical students at a medical school in Korea were administered a seven-item questionnaire designed to measure the amount of caffeine-containing foods consumed, the weekly interval between consumption, the reason for consumption, and the level of caffeine-induced symptoms experienced. Out of 443 students, 361 responded (81.5%). The most commonly consumed caffeine beverages were coffee (79.2%), followed by soda (33.2%), tea (27.4%), chocolate (25.2%), and energy drinks (20.5%). The estimated (average±standard deviation) daily intake was estimated to 274.6±276.5 mg, and they consumed caffeine on an average of 4.25±2.26 days per week. Students who consumed 400 mg or more of caffeine daily consumed 19.9%. The primary motivation for caffeine intake was "to improve academic performance" (60.9%) and "preferred food" (51.8%). Among the responders, 98% of them replied they had symptoms that could be caused by caffeine, in order of palpitations (47.4%), frequent urination (42.9%), anxiety (27.1%), indigestion (17.5%), and excitement (17.5%). A total of 45.7% reported two symptoms, and 24.7% reported three or more. Caffeinated beverage consumption was routine among current medical students, with 20% consuming more than the recommended daily amount. Most students experienced at least one caffeine-induced symptom, with two symptoms in half, suggesting the need for policy measures and warnings about caffeine-containing foods.

Sweetened caffeine drinking revealed behavioral rhythm independent of the central circadian clock in male mice

Caffeine consumption is associated with the evening chronotype, and caffeine administration in mice results in prolonged period of the circadian rhythm in locomotor activity. However, as caffeine is bitter, sweetened caffeine is preferred by humans and mice; yet, its impact on the circadian clock has not been explored. In this study, mice were provided with freely available sweetened caffeine to investigate its effects on behavioral rhythms and peripheral clocks. Mice that freely consumed sweetened caffeine shifted from nocturnal to diurnal activity rhythms. In addition to the light-dark entrained behavioral rhythm component, some animals exhibited free-running period longer than 24-h. Intraperitoneal administration of caffeine at the beginning of the light phase also acutely induced diurnal behavior. The behavioral rhythms with long period (26–30 h) due to sweetened caffeine were observed even in mice housed under constant light or with a lesioned central circadian clock located in the suprachiasmatic nucleus of the hypothalamus; however, the rhythmicity was unstable. PER2::LUCIFERASE rhythms in peripheral tissues, such as the kidney, as measured via in vivo whole-body imaging during caffeine consumption, showed reduced amplitude and desynchronized phases among individuals. These results indicate that consumption of sweetened caffeine induces diurnal and long-period behavioral rhythms irrespective of the central clock, causing desynchronization of the clock in the body.

Assessment of Chronotype Distribution Among University Students and Its Association With Lifestyle Characteristics and Academic Performance.

Chronotype is associated with the timing of peak physical and mental performance and activity levels. University students may experience changes in their chronotype, influencing their daytime activity and academic performance. This study aims to assess the distribution of chronotypes among a sample of university students from southern Saudi Arabia, examining its association with demographic, academic, and lifestyle factors. A cross-sectional study was conducted atJazan University, located in the southwestern region of Saudi Arabia, between FebruaryandMarch 2023. Data collection was carried out using a structured questionnaire comprising three main components: demographic and academic data of participants, lifestyle characteristics, and an assessment of chronotype using the reduced version of the Horne andÖstbergmorningness-eveningnessquestionnaire. Associations between chronotype and demographic/lifestyle characteristics were analyzed using Pearson'schi-squared test or Fisher'sexact test. The study included 507 students. The mean age of theparticipants was 22 years (standard deviation: 2.07), with over half being male 277 (54.6%). The chronotype assessment indicated that 139 (27.4%) of students were morning types, 112 (22.1%) evening types, and 256 (50.5%) were neither type. Statistically significant variations in chronotypes were found in relation to the year of study, perceived influence of sleep habits on academic performance, meal frequency, consumption of fast food and certain caffeinated beverages, and smoking or Khat chewing habits (P<0.05). The findings suggest that an unhealthy lifestyle and the use of certain stimulants can influence chronotypes. Students with an evening chronotype should be a focus for university health services, allowing early identification and counseling to mitigate the negative impact of a disturbed chronotype on academic performance and reduce the risk of study-related stress.

Comparison of caffeine consumption behavior with plasma caffeine levels as exposure measures in drug-target Mendelian randomization.

Mendelian randomization is an epidemiological technique that can explore the potential effect of perturbing a pharmacological target. Plasma caffeine levels can be used as a biomarker to measure the pharmacological effects of caffeine. Alternatively, this can be assessed using a behavioral proxy, such as average number of caffeinated drinks consumed per day. Either variable can be used as the exposure in a Mendelian randomization investigation, and to select which genetic variants to use as instrumental variables. Another possibility is to choose variants in gene regions with known biological relevance to caffeine level regulation. These choices affect the causal question that is being addressed by the analysis, and the validity of the analysis assumptions. Further, even when using the same genetic variants, the sign of Mendelian randomization estimates (positive or negative) can change depending on the choice of exposure. Some genetic variants that decrease caffeine metabolism associate with higher levels of plasma caffeine, but lower levels of caffeine consumption, as individuals with these variants require less caffeine consumption for the same physiological effect. We explore Mendelian randomization estimates for the effect of caffeine on body mass index, and discuss implications for variant and exposure choice in drug target Mendelian randomization investigations.

Association between watching eating shows and unhealthy food consumption in Korean adolescents

BackgroundEating habits formed during adolescence greatly influence the maintenance of health in adulthood. With the recent development of social media and easy access to the Internet, adolescents watch plenty of food videos, particularly Mukbang and Cookbnag(eating show)content. This media genre’s impact on food choices has been covered in several studies; however, studies on unhealthy eating habits directly related to adolescents’ exposure to eating shows are insufficient.MethodsFor this study, we used data from the 18th Korea Youth Risk Behavior Survey conducted in 2022 and finalized 50,451 participants. The extent of exposure to eating show media over the course of a week, as well as the consumption of fast food, sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs), and high caffeinated beverages within that week were measured through self-reporting questionnaires. We classified the participants into two groups based on their frequency of watching eating shows. A multiple logistic regression analysis was performed to investigate the association between eating show and unhealthy food consumption.ResultsFor both males and females, eating show exposure was strongly associated with the consumption of fast food (male: OR:1.37, 95% CI:1.26–1.49; female: OR:1.46, 95% CI:1.36–1.57), SSB (male: OR:1.42, 95% CI:1.26–1.60; female: OR:1.51, 95% CI:1.35–1.70), and high caffeinated beverage (male: OR:1.30, 95% CI:1.23–1.37; female: OR:1.24, 95% CI:1.18–1.31). It was observed that both sexes were more likely to frequently eat unhealthy food than students who did not watch eating shows.ConclusionAmong Korean adolescents, students exposed to eating shows, which primarily aim to entertain, were more likely to consume fast food, SSBs, and high caffeinated beverages. Therefore, this study's findings suggest that eating show could influence adolescents' food choices, highlighting the need for interest in emerging cultures and corresponding health policies.

Prevalence of Legal, Prescription, and Illegal Drugs Aiming at Cognitive Enhancement across Sociodemographic Groups in Germany

ABSTRACT There has been speculation about a growing demand for substances used without medical need for cognitive enhancement (CE). Thus, the prevalence rates and the identification of sociodemographic groups at risk of this behavior need further description and constant monitoring. We conducted a nationwide web-based representative sample (N = 22,101) (regarding sex, age, education, and federal state) of the general adult population in Germany. Results show a high past twelve months prevalence of consuming caffeinated drinks for CE (62.4% of respondents), followed by food supplements and home remedies (31.4%), and caffeine tablets (2.5%). The twelve-month prevalence of CE with prescription drugs was 3.7% (lifetime: 5.5%), of whom 29.1% reported using them 40 or more times; 40.5% of all respondents indicated some future intake willingness. Cannabis was the most frequently reported illegal drug for CE (past twelve months: 4.0%; lifetime: 10.7%), followed by the category amphetamine and methamphetamine (past twelve months: 1.0%; lifetime: 2.4%), and cocaine (past twelve months: 0.9; lifetime: 2.4%). We also show variation in the prevalence across multiple ascribed and achieved sociodemographic characteristics. These results can inform public policy and prevention strategies regarding the continued monitoring of the prevalence of CE and the identification of groups at risk of drug misuse.

Maternal smoking, consumption of alcohol, and caffeinated beverages during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors: a meta-analysis of observational studies

BackgroundWe conducted this meta-analysis to investigate the potential association between maternal smoking, alcohol and caffeinated beverages consumption during pregnancy and the risk of childhood brain tumors (CBTs).MethodsA thorough search was carried out on PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Cochrane Library, and China National Knowledge Internet to identify pertinent articles. Fixed or random effects model was applied to meta-analyze the data.ResultsThe results suggested a borderline statistically significant increased risk of CBTs associated with maternal smoking during pregnancy (OR 1.04, 95% CI 0.99–1.09). We found that passive smoking (OR 1.12, 95% CI 1.03–1.20), rather than active smoking (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.93–1.07), led to an increased risk of CBTs. The results suggested a higher risk in 0–1 year old children (OR 1.21, 95% CI 0.94–1.56), followed by 0–4 years old children (OR 1.12, 95% CI 0.97–1.28) and 5–9 years old children (OR 1.11, 95% CI 0.95–1.29). This meta-analysis found no significant association between maternal alcohol consumption during pregnancy and CBTs risk (OR 1.00, 95% CI 0.80–1.24). An increased risk of CBTs was found to be associated with maternal consumption of caffeinated beverages (OR 1.16, 95% CI 1.07–1.26) during pregnancy, especially coffee (OR 1.18, 95% CI 1.00–1.38).ConclusionsMaternal passive smoking, consumption of caffeinated beverages during pregnancy should be considered as risk factors for CBTs, especially glioma. More prospective cohort studies are warranted to provide a higher level of evidence.

Self-reported caffeine consumption miss-matched consumption measured by plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites: results from two population-based studies

Importance and objectiveSelf-reported caffeine consumption has been widely used in research while it may be subject to bias. We sought to investigate the associations between self-reported caffeine consumption and plasma levels of caffeine and its two main metabolites (paraxanthine and theophylline) in the community.MethodsData from two population-based studies (SKIPOGH1 and 2 (N = 1246) and CoLaus|PsyCoLaus (N = 4461)) conducted in Switzerland were used. Self-reported caffeine consumption was assessed using questionnaires. Plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites were quantified by ultra-high performance liquid chromatography coupled to a tandem quadrupole mass spectrometer.ResultsIn both studies, mean log plasma levels of caffeine and its two metabolites were over 6.48 (plasma levels = 652 ng/ml) when no caffeine consumption was reported. Subsequently, nonlinear associations between log plasma levels and self-reported caffeine consumption were observed in SKIPOGH, with a change of the slope at 3–5 cups of espresso per day in SKIPOGH1 but not SKIPOGH2. In CoLaus|PsyCoLaus, increased daily consumption of caffeinated beverages was associated with increased log plasma levels with a change of the slope at 3 cups. In both studies, declared caffeine consumption higher than 3–5 cups per day was not associated with higher plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites.ConclusionSelf-reports of no or low caffeine consumption and consumption of more than 3–5 cups of coffee should be interpreted with caution, with possible under- or over-estimation. Quantifying plasma levels of caffeine and its metabolites may contribute to a better estimation of caffeine intake.

Consumption of Spicy Food and Caffeinated Drinks in Culinary Concentration PKK Students

The aim of this research is to describe the consumption of spicy food and caffeinated drinks among PKK Culinary Concentration students based on research indicators. The indicators in this research are the type of food and drink, the amount of food and drink and the frequency of consumption of the food and drink. The type of research used is quantitative descriptive, the data source in this research is PKK students with a culinary concentration, totaling 114 respondents. The data collection technique used was to fill out a questionnaire (google form) to obtain complete and clear information about the consumption of spicy food and caffeinated drinks among PKK students with a culinary concentration. The research results show that on average PKK Culinary Concentration students consume spicy food with a frequency of 1-2 times/week (43%) with the amount consumed being 1 portion (79%) and how to get it. food is by buying it (78%). ), while the average consumption of caffeinated drinks with a frequency of 1-2 times/week is (35%) with consumption of 1 serving is (70%) and the way to get this food is to buy it (56%). From the research results, it can be interpreted that the consumption of spicy food and caffeinated drinks among PKK Culinary Management Concentration students is still within safe limits.

Causal association of genetically determined caffeine intake from tea or coffee with bone health: a two-sample Mendelian randomization study.

Relationship of caffeine intake and consumption of caffeinated beverages, such as tea and coffee, with bone health remains controversial. This study aimed to evaluate whether genetically determined caffeine intake from tea or coffee has causal effects on overall total body bone mineral density (TB-BMD) and fracture. We also assessed the association with TB-BMD in five age strata. Using two-sample Mendelian randomization approach, summary statistics were retrieved from genome-wide association studies (GWAS)/GWAS meta-analyses of caffeine intake from tea (n = 395 866)/coffee (n = 373 522), TB-BMD (n = 66 628), and fracture (n = 426 795). Inverse variance weighted method was adopted as the main univariable analysis. Multivariable analysis was conducted to evaluate whether the causal effect is independent. In univariable analysis, genetically determined caffeine intake from tea had positive association with overall TB-BMD (per SD increase in genetically determined caffeine intake, beta of TB-BMD [in SD]: 0.166; 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.006-0.326) and inverse association with fracture (OR = 0.79; 95% CI: 0.654-0.954). Genetically determined caffeine intake from coffee was also positively associated with overall TB-BMD (beta = 0.231; 95% CI: 0.093-0.369). The association remained significant after adjustment for smoking in multivariable analysis. Genetically determined caffeine intake from tea or coffee was both positively associated with TB-BMD in the age strata of 45-60years, but we lacked evidence of association in other strata. Genetically, caffeine intake from tea or coffee may be beneficial to bone health. Due to the ascertainment method of caffeine intake from tea, our study also implied genetically higher tea consumption may improve TB-BMD and lower fracture risk.

Predisposing, Precipitating, and Perpetuating Factors of Insomnia in Cancer Survivors.

To explore and characterize predisposing, precipitating, and perpetuating factors of subthreshold, moderate, and severe insomnia in cancer survivors. 135 cancer survivors who self-reported symptom severity on the Insomnia Severity Index during the baseline phase of a randomized clinical trial on insomnia treatment. Participants completed measures assessing predisposing factors (age, sex, race and ethnicity, body mass index), precipitating factors (number of years since cancer diagnosis, depression and anxiety symptoms, health-related quality of life), and perpetuating factors (frequency of consuming alcoholic and caffeinated beverages, napping behavior, dysfunctional beliefs about sleep). In the multivariate model, being female was protective against insomnia, and being a person of color, having higher anxiety, having more depression symptoms, and having stronger dysfunctional beliefs about sleep were significantly associated with greater insomnia severity. By fostering interprofessional collaboration and implementing evidence-based interventions, nurses can contribute to the well-being of cancer survivors and address their sleep-related challenges. This study underscores the importance of regular insomnia screenings for cancer survivors, with nurses as essential facilitators.

Development of an electrochemical device based on aptasensors for the determination of caffeine in beverages

Herein, we constructed a miniature electrochemical device for highly sensitive and selective detection of caffeine in beverages. A disposable gold-film plastic electrode was modified with the caffeine-specific aptamer to serve on the working electrode. It was then equipped in a detachable three-electrode test system to perform the electrochemical measurements. The whole device is robust, cost-effective, easy to fabricate, and convenient to maintenance. The preparation of the proposed device was carefully characterized and optimized. Under optimal analytical conditions, the concentration of caffeine in the range of 0.1 − 50 nM showed a good linear relationship, and the detection limit was as low as 0.079 nM. The developed method also exhibited good stability and selectivity. The practicality of this device was certified by testing the caffeine concentration in beverages on the market and comparing the results with the method based on UPLC-HRMS.

Rural and urban differences in the prevalence and determinants of Type-2 diabetes in Bangladesh.

To estimate the prevalence of Type 2 Diabetes (T2D) in urban and rural settings and identify the specific risk factors for each location. We conducted this study using data from the 2017-18 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey (BDHS), sourced from the DHS website. The survey employed a stratified two-stage sampling method, which included 7,658 women and 7,048 men aged 18 and older who had their blood glucose levels measured. We utilized chi-square tests and ordinal logistic regression to analyze the association between various selected variables in both urban and rural settings and their relationship with diabetes and prediabetes. The prevalence of T2D was 10.8% in urban areas and 7.4% in rural areas, while pre-diabetes affected 31.4% and 27% of the populations in these respective settings. The study found significant factors influencing diabetes in both urban and rural regions, particularly in the 55-64 age group (Urban: AOR = 1.88, 95% CI [1.46, 2.42]; Rural: AOR = 1.87, 95% CI [1.54, 2.27]). Highly educated individuals had lower odds of T2D, while wealthier and overweight participants had higher odds in both areas. In rural regions, T2D risk was higher among caffeinated drink consumers and those not engaged in occupation-related physical activity, while these factors did not show significant influence in urban areas. Furthermore, urban participants displayed a significant association between T2D and hypertension. Our study outlines a comprehensive strategy to combat the increasing prevalence of T2D in both urban and rural areas. It includes promoting healthier diets to control BMI level, encouraging regular physical activity, early detection through health check-ups, tailored awareness campaigns, improving healthcare access in rural regions, stress management in urban areas, community involvement, healthcare professional training, policy advocacy like sugary drink taxation, research, and monitoring interventions. These measures collectively address the T2D challenge while accommodating the distinct features of urban and rural settings.

The Association Between Caffeine Consumption and Academic Success in Makkah Region, Saudi Arabia.

Theconsumption ofcaffeinated beverages has increased significantly, particularly, among young adults. They usecaffeinated drinks foravariety of reasons. The most popularreason is to enhancemental alertness by improving brain function, wakefulness, and productivity. Thehigh prevalence rate of caffeinated drinks among young adults may affect theiracademic performance level. Adescriptive cross-sectional study based on an electronic questionnaire via Google Forms, conducted in February 2022 after the biomedical ethics committee obtained the ethical approval at Umm Al-QuraUniversity (UQU), College of Medicine, Makkah, Saudi Arabia,the sample size was593 medical students inMakkah region. Atotal number of 593 medical students participated in this study, most of the medical students who participated (47.20%) had average GPA of 85%-95%. The largest number of medical students (45.30%) consume only one cup of caffeinated beverages per day. We reported no association between caffeinated beverages consumption and academic performance. Our studydemonstrates thatcaffeinated beverages are a popular practice among medical college students. Majorityof the medical students in Makkah region consume coffee as the most popular drink, while energy drinks are considered to be the least consumed drink,but energy drinks are easilyaffordable and available. Therefore, primary prevention of excessive consumption of caffeine is essential.

Correlation between antenatal care (ANC) visits and caffeine beverage consumption habits with the incidence of anemia in third trimester pregnant women in Health Centers, Bantul Region

&lt;p&gt;&lt;em&gt;mother and baby. Efforts made by health workers to reduce the occurrence of anemia by conducting Antenatal Care (ANC) visits, and providing Communication, Information, and Motivation (KIM) and administering Fe tablets. Consumption of Fe tablets is better consumed using plain water because if Fe tablets are taken together with tea and coffee it can inhibit iron absorption.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Objectives: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Determine the relationship between Antenatal Care (ANC) visits and consumption habits of caffeinated drinks with the incidence of anemia in third trimester pregnant women at the Health Center in Bantul.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Methods: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;This type of research uses quantitative research with a cross sectional approach. Sampling using simple random sampling and quota sampling with the number of respondents 180 pregnant women using predetermined characteristics. The research instrument used a questionnaire on the variable ANC visits and consumption habits of caffeinated drinks and used the KIA handbook on the variable incidence of anemia in pregnant women. The bivariate analysis technique uses the Kendal Tau test.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Results: &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;In the ANC visit variable, a p value = 0.029 (p &amp;lt;0.05) was obtained, indicating that there is a relationship between Antenatal Care (ANC) visits and the incidence of anemia in third trimester pregnant women. In the habitual variable of caffeine consumption, the p-value = 0.004 (p &amp;lt;0.05), indicating that there is a relationship between the habit of consuming caffeinated drinks and the incidence of anemia in third trimester pregnant women.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;Conclusions : &lt;/em&gt;&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;em&gt;There is a relationship between Antenatal Care (ANC) visits and the incidence of anemia and there is a relationship between the habit of consuming caffeinated drinks and the incidence of anemia in third trimester pregnant women at the Health Center in Bantul.&lt;/em&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

Mid-Infrared Photothermal Spectroscopy for the Detection of Caffeine in Beverages.

Caffeine is the most widely consumed stimulant and is the subject of significant ongoing research and discussions due to its impact on human health. The industry's need to comply with country-specific food and beverage regulations underscores the importance of monitoring caffeine levels in commercial products. In this study, we propose an alternative technique for caffeine analysis that relies on mid-infrared laser-based photothermal spectroscopy (PTS). PTS exploits the high-power output of the quantum cascade laser (QCL) sources to enhance the sensitivity of the mid-IR measurement. The laser-induced thermal gradient in the sample scales with the analytes' absorption coefficient and concentration, thus allowing for both qualitative and quantitative assessment. We evaluated the performance of our experimental PTS spectrometer, incorporating a tunable QCL and a Mach-Zehnder interferometer, for detecting caffeine in coffee, black tea, and an energy drink. We calibrated the setup with caffeine standards (0.1-2.5 mg mL-1) and we benchmarked the setup's capabilities against gas chromatography (GC) and Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy. Quantitative results aligned with GC analysis, and limits of detection matched the research-grade FTIR spectrometer, indicating an excellent performance of our custom-made instrument. This method offers an alternative to established techniques, providing a platform for fast, sensitive, and non-destructive analysis without consumables as well as with high potential for miniaturization.