Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Group Research Articles

The role of fibrinogen in neurodegeneration during a neuroinflammatory disease

AbstractBackgroundFibrinogen is not only a marker of inflammation, but also a cause of inflammatory responses. We previously showed that when elevated during traumatic brain injury (TBI), fibrinogen increased cerebrovascular permeability mainly via caveolar transcytosis and, after extravasation and deposition in vasculo‐astrocyte interface, it activated astrocytes causing neurodegeneration that was associated with memory reduction.MethodTo define the possible mechanisms of fibrinogen‐induced activation of neurons, primary mouse brain cortical neurons from C57BL/6 mice were plated in poly‐d‐lysine‐ and laminin‐coated cell culture plates. Cells were treated for 1 hour with fibrinogen (0.5 or 1 mg/mL) in the presence or absence of a nuclear factor‐κB (NF‐kB) blocker, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), or media alone (control). All groups contained hirudin to prevent the conversion of fibrinogen to fibrin. Levels of interleukin‐6 (IL‐6) and chemokine (C‐C motif) ligand 2 (CCL2) were assessed by qRT‐PCR. NF‐kB activity was measured in neuronal nuclear protein and cell extracts by the TransAMTM NF‐kB p65 protein assay and Western blot (WB). In parallel, using a cortical contusion injury (CCI), a mouse model of mild‐to‐moderate TBI was created in C576J mice. NF‐kB was detected with immunocytochemistry in cultured cells and brain samples collected 14 days after CCI. The specific association of fibrinogen with its neuronal receptors intercellular adhesion molecule‐1 (ICAM‐1) and cellular prion protein (PrPC) was assessed with a proximity ligation assay in cells.ResultFibrinogen specifically bound to neurons via its receptors ICAM‐1 and PrPC and increased NF‐kB levels. Fibrinogen caused upregulation of pro‐inflammatory cytokines IL‐6 and CCL2 mRNA. ELISA and WB NF‐kB p65 analysis demonstrated increased DNA binding by p65 and protein expression in fibrinogen‐treated neurons compared to that in control and CAPE groups. Fibrinogen caused translocation of NF‐kB p65 to the nucleus.ConclusionResults suggest that a specific interaction of fibrinogen with neurons results in neuroinflammation through activation of NF‐kB.

The protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on cadmium-induced liver toxicity: A histopathological and biochemical study

In this study, the changes caused by caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in the histopathological and biochemical parameters in the oxidant / antioxidant balance in mice with experimental cadmium toxicity were investigated. A total of 40 female Swiss albino mice were used, with 10 mice in each group. The mice were divided into four groups (Group I - Control group, Group II - CAPE group, Group III - Cadmium group, Group IV - Cadmium + CAPE group). Plasma paraoxonase (PON) activity, high-density lipoprotein (HDL), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), total sialic acid (TSA), total antioxidant capacity (TAC), total oxidant capacity (TOC), and oxidative stress index (OSI) were analyzed on mice’s blood samples. The results showed that cadmium intoxication triggered oxidative stress in the mice. It also lowered their PON activity alongside TAC and HDL levels (P<0.001, P<0.01, and P<0.01, respectively) and increased their TSA, LDL, TOC, and OSI levels (P<0.05, P<0.01, P<0.01, and P<0.01, respectively). The histopathological examination of the liver tissues revealed focal apoptotic regions, sinusoidal occlusion, and irregularity in the cadmium group and no significant change in the other groups. These results indicated that CAPE can significantly prevent biochemical and histopathological changes due to cadmium damage.

The protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester in the nephrotoxicity induced by α-cypermethrin.

Alpha cypermethrin (α-CYP) is an insecticide, a member of the group of synthetic pyrethroid pesticides. This study aims to assess the histopathological and biochemical subacute effects of α-CYP on the renal tissues of 48 male Spraque-Dawley adult rats. In this study, the rats were divided into six groups: control, α-CYP (10 mg kg-1), α-CYP (20 mg kg-1), caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) (10 µmol kg-1), α-CYP + CAPE (10 mg kg-1), and α-CYP + CAPE (20 mg kg-1) groups. The percentage of weight gain was found to be dose-dependent on α-CYP in all groups. As a result of exposure, the normal histological structure of renal tissue was also observed in the control and CAPE groups, while glomerular atrophy and haemorrhage, enlargement of Bowman capsule, glomerular lobulation, and degeneration in distal and proximal tubules were noted in the α-CYP-treated groups with an increased frequency and severity in parallel with the dose increase. Although the severity and intensity of lesions decreased in the α-CYP + CAPE groups, they were statistically insignificant (p > 0.05). A decrease in the antioxidant parameter levels and an increase in oxidant parameters were observed in parallel with the negative effects of the antioxidant system in the α-CYP-treated groups. The groups exposed to CAPE in combination with α-CYP exhibited a therapeutic trend towards normalization in biochemical parameters due to the antioxidant character of CAPE. However, considering the statistical difference between the groups treated with α-CYP alone and CAPE alone, it was observed that the therapeutic features of those chemicals were not robust.

The efficacy of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) in the protection against radiation-induced oxidative stress in the lung as a distant organ

ObjectiveThe objective of this study is to measure the parameters of oxidative stress in the lungs of rats exposed to cranial radiation and to assess the potential radioprotective effectiveness of Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE). MethodsIn this study, 32 Sprague-Dawley rats were divided into four equal groups. The sham group received only non-radiation sham irradiation, the control group received dimethyl sulfoxide for ten days (1 ml/kg/day), the radiation group received a single dose of 5 Gy total cranial radiation and saline solution (1 ml/kg/day) for ten days, and the radiation plus CAPE group received a single dose of 5 Gy total cranial radiation and CAPE at a dose of 80 mg/kg/day, dissolved in 1 ml/kg/day of dimethyl sulfoxide for ten days. Oxidative and antioxidant parameters were measured in the lung tissue of rats. ResultsThe oxidative parameters, total oxidant status, oxidative stress index, and lipid hydroperoxide in the radiation group were significantly higher compared to the radiation plus CAPE group (p < 0.0001 for all). On the other hand, the antioxidative parameter, total antioxidant status, was significantly higher in the radiation plus CAPE group than in the other groups (p < 0.0001 for all). The levels of paraoxonase were also significantly higher in the radiation plus CAPE group compared to the other groups (p < 0.0001 for all). Ceruloplasmin was found to be higher in the control group than in the radiation group (p = 0.001). Additionally, arylesterase levels were significantly lower in the radiation group than in the other groups (p = 0.014, p = 0.002, p = 0.011). Thiol levels were lower in the radiation group compared to the sham and radiation plus CAPE groups (p = 0.013 and p = 0.004, respectively). ConclusionsThis study suggests that cranial radiation induces oxidative stress in lung tissue, and CAPE provides protection against oxidative damage by reducing oxidant parameters and increasing antioxidant parameters. These findings highlight the potential radioprotective effects of CAPE and its potential use as a therapeutic agent for mitigating the harmful effects of radiation-induced oxidative stress.

Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and thymoquinone against cigarette smoke in experimental bone fracture healing.

This study investigated the protective characteristics of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and thymoquinone (TMQ) against the effects of cigarette smoke in recovery from bone fractures. Sixty Wistar albino rats were divided into six groups (n=10). The rats' femur bones were fractured and then fixed with microplates and microscrews. In the CAPE group, CAPE was given by intraperitoneal injection for 30 days at a dose of 10μmol/kg once a day. In the TMQ group, TMQ was given orogastrically for 30 days at a dose of 10mg/kg once a day. In the cigarette groups, CAPE was given by intraperitoneal injection for 30 days at a dose of 10μmol/kg once a day (CAPE-CG), TMQ was given orogastrically for 30 days at a dose of 10mg/kg once a day (TMQ-CG), and controls were exposed to cigarette smoke three times a day for 8min each time for 30 days. The controls received no postoperative treatment. The rats were sacrificed on the 30th day following surgery. According to the histopathological and immunohistochemical results, cigarette smoke had a negative impact on bone healing. TMQ and CAPE increased bone formation and reduced bone destruction. Therefore, TMQ and CAPE were found to be partially protective against the adverse effects of smoking on bone tissue.

An Inhibitor of Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Pathway Attenuates the Release of TGF-β1 and Inhibits the Fibrogenic Progress in a Model of Airway Remodeling Induced by Acrolein.

Airway inflammation, airway hypersecretion, and airway remodeling are believed to be involved in the process of lung fibrosis. Nowadays, acrolein is widely used to establish the model of airway remodeling. An active component of propolis, named caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), is recognized as an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway and shows anti-inflammatory effect. The purpose of this study was to investigate the protective effect of CAPE on acrolein-induced airway remodeling. 24 mice were divided into 4 groups: control group; acrolein group, mice received acrolein (inhalation of acrolein for 20 days); CAPE group, mice received CAPE (30 mg/kg); and acrolein+CAPE group, mice received acrolein and CAPE. After 20 days, lung tissue was removed for histopathology and immunohistochemical evaluations. TGF-β1 and Muc5ac levels were measured at the protein and molecular levels. Additionally, the phospho-P65/P65 values in the airway smooth muscle cells treated with TGF-β1 or CAPE were detected by Western blot. The results showed that compared with the control, subepithelial collagen deposition, airway inflammation, and peribronchus fibrosis were inhibited in the group treated with CAPE. Furthermore, TGF-β1 was significantly decreased in the acrolein+CAPE group compared with the acrolein group. Additionally, we identified CAPE inhibited P65 phosphorylation. However, CAPE did not inhibit the Muc5ac overproduction and hypersecretion induced by acrolein. In conclusion, as an inhibitor of the NF-κB pathway, CAPE attenuated the release of TGF-β1, which inhibited the fibrogenic progress induced by acrolein in mice and took no effect on inhibiting airway mucus hypersecretion.

Sıçan beyninin deneysel periodontitis modelinde DDD ve KAFE uygulamasının toplam antioksidan ve toplam oksidan düzeyleri üzerine etkileri

Aim: Observing the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and/or low dose doxycycline (LDD) on total antioxidant and oxidant status of brain in experimental periodontitis is the purpose of the study.Methods: 48 male Wistar albino rats were designed as the following: control group (C, n=8), periodontitis + CAPE group (PC, n=10), periodontitis + LDD (PD, n=10), periodontitis + LDD + CAPE group (PCD, n=10), and periodontitis group (P, n=10). The time period for the experiment was 14 days. 10µmol/kg/day of CAPE was administered using an intraperitoneal injection (IP). 10 mg/kg/day of LDD was administered using an oral gavage method. Histopathological changes were evaluated.Results: Beneficial results were seen in all of the groups after LDD and/or CAPE administration on decreasing the alveolar bone loss level and oxidative stress. All of the experimental groups showed signs of periodontitis with alveolar bone loss. The P group leads with the most alveolar bone loss compared to the other periodontitis groups and the lowest group was the PC group in the periodontitis groups. The evolution of alveolar bone loss from high to low was that group P, group PD, group PCD, group PC, and group C (P &amp;lt; 0.05). However, there is no statistical difference between brain total antioxidant status and brain total oxidant status average values according to brain groups (p &amp;gt; 0.05).Conclusion: The combination of LDD and CAPE are not significantly different when applied alone or together on oxidative status. But both of the agents have beneficial effects on reducing the oxidative stress and tissue damages.

Effects of low dose doxycycline and caffeic acid phenethyl ester on sclerostin and bone morphogenic protein-2 expressions in experimental periodontitis

ABSTRACT We investigated the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and low-dose doxycycline (LDD) on sclerostin and bone morphogenic protein (BMP)-2 expression in experimental periodontitis. We used male rats in groups as follows: control group (C), periodontitis + CAPE group (PC), periodontitis + LDD group (PD), periodontitis + LDD + CAPE group (PCD) and periodontitis group (P). We administered 10 µmol/kg/day CAPE by an intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection and 10 mg/kg/day LDD by oral gavage. Histopathological changes among groups were evaluated and compared. Sclerostin and BMP-2 expression was analyzed using immunohistochemistry. LDD and/or CAPE treatment ameliorated pathology. The highest sclerostin and lowest BMP-2 expressions were found in P group. Group PC exhibited the highest BMP-2 expression scores and the most significant improvement among the treatment groups. The lowest sclerostin expression was observed in the PD group. We found that preventing sclerostin activity may be a useful treatment alternative for bone resorption, especially in cases of periodontitis and peri-implantitis. We found that CAPE and/or LDD may act as anti-sclerostin agents.

Deneysel Periodontitiste Kafeik Asit Fenetil Esterin Diş Eti Doku İnflamasyonuna Etkisi: Deneysel Çalışma

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the anti-inflammatory effect of two different dosages of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on lipopolysaccharide-induced experimental periodontitis (EP). Material and Methods: Forty Sprague Dawley rats were randomly divided into four groups: control, EP, EP treated with 5 μmol/kg/day of CAPE (EP+CAPE 5), and EP treated with 10 μmol/kg/day of CAPE (EP+CAPE 10). Followed by the EP, CAPE was administered intraperitoneally to the EP+CAPE groups for 28 days. Samples were investigated biochemically using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay kit and alveolar bone loss was measured morphometrically. Results: In both of the CAPE groups, the levels of interleukin-1 beta and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) in the gingiva were significantly lower than those in the EP group (p<0.001). The decrease in tissue levels of TNF-α was greater in the EP+CAPE 10 group than in the EP+CAPE 5 group in a dose-dependent manner. Serum analysis of the cytokines showed no significant difference between the groups. Conclusion: Within the limits of this study, CAPE showed an anti-inflammatory effect and is claimed to be a novel agent in improving the results of periodontal therapy. CAPE may be valuable as an alternative host modulating agent for the treatment of periodontal disease.

Protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on the heart in experimental periodontitis against oxidative stress in rats.

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) may be considered as alternative treatment for periodontitis and benefit the heart by way of its ameliorative effects. The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of CAPE on cytokine levels and the oxidative status in the serum and heart tissue in a rat model of periodontitis. Experimental animals were randomly assigned to 3 groups: control group (C; n = 8); periodontitis group (P; n = 10); and periodontitis + CAPE group (PC; n = 10). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester, at a dose of 10 μmol/kg/day, was administered by intraperitoneal injection over a 14-day period. Interleukin (IL)-1β, IL‑10 and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) were assessed in the serum. Glutathione (GSH), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were assessed in both the serum and the heart tissue homogenate. Increased IL‑1β, IL‑10 and TNF-α serum levels were observed in the P group (p < 0.05). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester significantly decreased alveolar bone loss (ABL) and cytokine levels in the PC group (p < 0.05). Malondialdehyde, one of the strongest oxidants, was significantly decreased in the PC group as compared to the P group (p < 0.05). In both the serum and the heart tissue homogenate there were no differences in MDA levels between the PC and C groups. Furthermore, CAPE significantly increased GSH and GSH-Px levels in the serum and heart tissue (p < 0.05). Caffeic acid phenethyl ester has beneficial effects on the tissues affected by periodontitis.

Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Alleviates Cryodamage To Lung Cancer Cells During Cryopreservation

Cryopreservation is widely used technique for long-term preservation of viable cells at low temperature. In this process, considering the effects of cryodamage on cells, the application of safe and efficient cryoprotective agents is very important. Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) is a natural biological compound which is found in propolis extract and possess beneficial effects such as anti-oxidant, antimicrobial, anti-inflammatory. In the current study was to investigate the cryoprotective effects of CAPE on human lung cancer cell line, A549. Firstly, cells were cryopreserved in freezing medium with/without different concentrations of CAPE (5, 10, and 20 μM). The cells were frozen slowly and kept in liquid nitrogen for one month. After thawing, the cryoprotective effects of CAPE were determined by cell viability, proliferation, colony formation, and gene expression levels. The results showed that 5μM CAPE supplemented freezing medium significantly increased the viability of post thaw A549 cells. 5μM CAPE treatment significantly increased cell proliferation after 24, 48 and 72h since thawing compared to control. 10 μM CAPE did not significantly affect cell viability compared to control group. Also, 5μM CAPE increased the number of A549 colonies compared to 10μM CAPE and control groups. Furthermore, markedly larger colonies were noticed in 5μM CAPE group. In addition, 5μM CAPE significantly increased apoptosis and proliferation-related genes, Akt, NFκB and Bcl-2, expression levels compared to 10μM CAPE and control groups. CAPE may be a potential cryoprotective agent for relieving cryodamage during cryopreservation.

The effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on retina in a diabetic rat model

Purpose We aimed to investigate the effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on retinal apoptosis and oxidative stress parameters in streptozotocin (STZ) induced diabetic rat model. Methods This study included 3 groups; control, STZ, and STZ + CAPE. The rats in STZ, and STZ + CAPE groups were injected with STZ (35 mg/kg, i.p.) for induction of diabetes. In the STZ + CAPE group, 10 µmol/kg of CAPE were intraperitoneally injected for 4 weeks. Control and STZ groups were given only intraperitoneal vehicle (saline). Rats were anaesthetized and sacrificed on the 4th week of the experiment. Total anti-oxidant status (TAS), and total oxidant status (TOS) were measured on the dissected retinal tissues. Oxidative stress index (OSI) was also calculated. Fellow eyes were used for histopathologic evaluation with caspase-3 and matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) and MMP-9 evaluation. Results TAS levels were similar between groups (p = 0.71). However, CAPE treatment prevented the elevation of the TOS in the STZ + CAPE group compared to the STZ group (30.93 ± 9.97 vs 61.53 ± 24.7 nmol H2O2 Eq/mg protein, p = 0.007). OSI was also significantly lower in the STZ + CAPE group than that of the STZ group (20.01 ± 5.87 vs. 37.90 ± 14.32, respectively, p = 0.007). Retinal caspase-3 staining, MMP-2 and MMP-9 scores were not different between groups (p > 0.05 for all). Conclusion The present study demonstrated that CAPE treatment may decrease the oxidative stress in the retina in STZ induced diabetic rat model. However, apoptosis was not observed in the retina. The retinal apoptosis cannot be shown probably due to a shorter period of diabetes.

Investigation of the Protective Effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester against Cisplatin-induced Liver Damage in Rats

Cisplatin (CP) is used as an effective chemotherapeutic drug in the treatment of various solid tumors. However, side effects such as hepatotoxicity limit the use of the drug. We investigated the protective effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), one of the active ingredients of propolis, against hepatotoxicity caused by CP treatment in the liver. 38 Wistar albino rats were divided into 4 groups. Control group was given physiological saline solution for 12 day. CP group was given a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) on the day 7. CP+CAPE group, was given CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day) for 12 days and a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) on day 7. CAPE group was given CAPE (10 μmol/kg/day for 12 days. Livers of rats sacrificed on the 14th day were stained with hematoxylin-eosin after histological tissue follow-up. The preparations were evaluated histopathologically and scored. Rat weights were measured and recorded at the beginning and end of the experiment. CP caused significant histopathological changes in the liver. CP also prevented the increase in rat weight. CAPE played an effective role as a protective agent against the histopathological changes caused by CP and showed signs of tissue healing. Our results show that CAPE can be protective against hepatotoxicity associated with CP.

Research on the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester on testicular damage caused by cisplatin

Background/aimCisplatin (CP), a chemotherapeutic drug, causes damage to spermatogenic serial cells, Sertoli cells, and Leydig cells in rat testicles. It was aimed to investigate the protective effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), one of the active ingredients of propolis, in eliminating CP-induced testicular damage.Materials and methodsGroup 1 (control group) was given physiological saline solution intraperitoneally (IP) throughout the experiment. Group 2 (CP group) was given a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) IP on the day 7. Group 3 (CP + CAPE group), was given CAPE (10 µmol/kg/day) IP for 12 days and a single dose of CP (7 mg/kg) IP on day 7. Group 4 (CAPE group) was given CAPE (10 µmol/kg/day) IP for 12 days. On day 14 of the experiment, the rats were decapitated under xylazine and ketamine anesthesia and their testicles were removed. The sections obtained from the testicles were stained with hematoxylin-eosin and histopathological damage was evaluated. Malondialdehyde (MDA) levels, and superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymatic activities were measured in the testicular tissue samples. Testosterone (TES) levels were measured in the blood serum. The Johnsen testicular biopsy score (JTBS) was used to evaluate testicular tubules. DNA damage was evaluated in sperm samples taken from the ductus epididymis using the comet assay technique.ResultsIn Group 2, which was given CP, the testicles were severely damaged. It was observed that histological damage was reduced in the testes by administering CAPE in Group 3. Moreover, according to the JTBS, the value was significantly higher in the testicular tubules (P < 0.05). Moreover, the MDA level decreased in Group 3. However, the SOD, CAT, and TES levels increased in Group 3. DNA damage also decreased significantly in Group 3 when compared to Group 2 (P < 0.05).ConclusionThe results showed that CAPE may be protective against damage caused by CP in the testicles of rats.

The investigation of antioxidant and anti-inflammatory potentials of apitherapeutic agents on heart tissues in nitric oxide synthase inhibited rats via Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester

ABSTRACT Background High blood pressure effects heart and vessels. Development of pathogenesis is the result of oxidative stress. We aimed to investigate the antioxidant effects of propolis, caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), and pollen on the hearts of rats which chronic nitric oxide synthase (NOS) inhibited through Nω-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). Paraoxonase 1 (PON1), total antioxidant status (TAS), total oxidant status (TOS), oxidative stress index (OSI), asymmetric dimethylarginine (ADMA), and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) were analyzed on the heart. Material and Methods Sprague-Dawley rats were divided five groups of seven rats in every group; Group I: Control, Group II: L-NAME, Group III: L-NAME+propolis, Group IV: L-NAME+CAPE and Group V: L-NAME+pollen. L-NAME become dissolved in regular saline (0.9% NaCl w/v). The ethanolic extract of propolis (200 mg/kg/days, gavage), pollen (100 mg/kg/days, by gavage), CAPE (50 µM/kg/days, intraperitoneally), and the NOS inhibitor L-NAME (40 mg/kg, intraperitoneally) had been administered. Results Blood pressure (BP) of rats treated with propolis, CAP,E and pollen statistically significant decreased. Decreasing in BP of the rats of pollen group was more than CAPE and propolis groups (P < .05). PON1 and TAS levels decreased in L-NAME-treated groups (P < .05), but ranges have been better in propolis, CAPE and pollen groups. TOS, ADMA and NF-κB levels increased (P < .05) in L-NAME group; however, these parameters were lower (P < .05) in propolis and CAPE groups (P < .05). Conclusions Vasorelaxant properties and free radical scavenging actions of propolis, CAPE, and pollen may reduce the oxidative stress and blood pressure in the rats chronic NOS inhibited through L-NAME.

The Impact of Propolis Factor Caffeic Acid Phenethyl-Ester on the Cerebral Vasospasm and Early Brain Damage in the Experimentally Induced Subarachnoid Hemorrhage on Rats

Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE), a phenolic compound, besides being 1 of the biologically active components of propolis, is a compound with antioxidant, antiinflammatory, antiviral, reperfusion damage prevention, immune stimulant, and carcinostatic, anticancer properties. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible effects of CAPE on cerebral vasospasm and early brain injury, which were experimentally administered intraperitoneally in rats with subarachnoid hemorrhage. Thirty-two Wistar Albino rats weighing 200 to 300 g were used in our study. The rats divided into 3 groups: the control group (n= 10), subarachnoid hemorrhage group (n= 11), and subarachnoid hemorrhage+ CAPE group (n= 11). These groups were evaluated according to the Ischemia index in hippocampal CA3 regions and the morphometric analysis of basilar artery diameter after being sacrificed at the end of 72nd hour. A significant difference was found between group 1 and group 2 for the CA-3 region, it was concluded that early brain damage occurred after subarachnoid hemorrhage. When the neuronal damage in CA-3 region was evaluated between group 2 and group 3, a statistically significant difference was found between the groups. There was a statistically significant difference between group 1 and group 3 in terms of ischemia detection. It was shown that CAPE has a preventive effect on early brain injury after subarachnoid hemorrhage and has a positive effect on reducing cerebral vasospasm. Our study is the first study in the literature showing that CAPE inhibits ischemic brain injury following subarachnoid hemorrhage.

Investigation of the preventive effects of dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on cisplatin-induced ovarian damage in rats

ABSTRACT To investigate whether Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) and Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) had any preventive effect against the ovarian damage caused by cisplatin (CP) (cis-diamminedichloroplatinum) in rats. On the first day ovaries were removed, Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) was measured (Group1, n:6), in the other groups 7.5 mg/kg cisplatin was administered intraperitoneally. In Group 2 (n = 6), 0.1 ml saline, in Group 3 (n = 5), 20 umol/kg CAPE, in Group 4 (n = 7), DHEA 6 mg/kg were administered every day. On the 10th day, ovaries were removed, AMH was measured. Ovary reserve (primordial/primary/secondary/tertiary/atretic follicles, AMH), ovarian damage scores (follicular degeneration, congestion, hemorrhage, edema, inflammation) were compared. The number of tertiary follicles were statistically high in the CAPE group (p = .015), the inflammation score in the DHEA group (p = .012), AMH level (p = .009) in the control group. The lowest number of atretic follicles (AF) was in the control group, while the highest number of AF was in the DHEA group (p = .002). Significant decreases in AF were the case in the cisplatin and DHEA groups compared to the control group (p < .008). The AMH values had the highest positive correlation with the number of primordial follicles and the highest negative correlation with the number of AF. The cut off point for AMH was 1.57 ng/ml as an indicator of low ovarian reserve. Cisplatin causes total damage and increased numbers of AF on the ovary. Depending on this, AMH levels fall. These negative effects of cisplatin are not obstructed by CAPE or DHEA, and may even be increased by DHEA.

Long-term Evaluation of Dentin Matrix Stability and Gelatinolytic Activity after Dentin Pretreatment with Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester.

To investigate the long-term effect of 0.05% or 0.1% caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) on dentin matrix stability and hybrid layer stability, using an etch-and-rinse (Adper Scotchbond Multipurpose/ASB) or a self-etch adhesive (Clearfil SE Bond/CSE). Dentin matrix specimens were assigned to five groups: 0.05% or 0.1% CAPE, green tea (GT), and the controls distilled water (DW) and dimethyl sulfoxide (DMSO). Following immersion of specimens for 1 h, modulus of elasticity (ME) and dentin mass change (MG) were determined at 3 post-treatment time points: immediately afterwards and at 3 and 6 months. Collagen solubilization (CS) was estimated by hydroxyproline (HYP) quantification. Resin-dentin interfaces with both adhesives were assessed with in situ zymography tests to evaluate gelatinolytic activity (GA). The dentin pretreatments were actively applied for 60 s. The sealing ability of aged resin-bonded slices was assessed by nanoleakage tests. GT increased immediate ME, which decreased significantly after 3 months (p < 0.0001). The CAPE groups did not differ from the control groups. GT provided a significant increase in dentin matrix mass after treatment (p < 0.0001). No significant differences regarding MG were observed for CAPE 0.1%, CAPE 0.05%, DW, and DMSO groups after 3 and 6 months. Cumulative HYP release revealed that CAPE groups and GT were statistically similar to DW and DMSO; the GT group exhibited statistically significantly less HYP release than did CAPE groups (p = 0.0073). Treatment with 0.05% or 0.1% CAPE presented lower GA when applied to ASB before acid conditioning (p < 0.05), but no differences were detected when the CAPE groups were applied to CSE. CAPE at 0.1% significantly reduced nanoleakage for CSE, and 0.05% CAPE with CSE presented levels of nanoleakage similar to those of the CSE control group. CAPE at 0.05% or 0.01% did not influence ME, MG, or CS, but reduced GA when applied to ASB before acid conditioning. CAPE at 0.1% with CSE promoted adhesive layer integrity.

An evaluation of the effects of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and Ankaferd blood stopper on secondary wound healing of oral mucosal tissue

Background/aim Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and Ankaferd Blood Stopper (ABS) are considered to contribute to wound healing. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of ABS and CAPE on secondary wound healing of oral mucosal tissue. Materials and methods In total, 63 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in this study. The animals were randomly divided into three groups and anaesthetized with ketamine (8 mg/100 g, intraperitoneally): a control group, CAPE group, and ABS group. A full-thickness excisional wound was created using a 4 mm punch biopsy tool. Topical ABS and CAPE were then applied in each group for 7, 14, and 21 days (n = 7 in each group). The animals in each group were sacrificed after 7, 14, and 21 days. Palatal specimens were stained with haematoxylin-eosin. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumour necrosis factor-inducible gene 6 (TSG-6) protein expressions were determined using the Western blot method. Results Inflammation, vessel dilatation, and haemorrhages were significantly lower in the CAPE group as compared with these parameters in the other groups (P < 0.05). Fibrosis was significantly higher in the ABS group as compared with that in the other groups (P < 0.05). VEGF protein levels were elevated in the 21-day CAPE group and 7-day ABS group. The expression of TSG-6 increased in the 7-day CAPE group and 21-day ABS group. Conclusion Based on our findings, ABS and CAPE had positive effects on the oral wound healing process.

Effect of caffeic acid phenethyl ester and Ankaferd Blood Stopper® on palatal wound healing in the diabetic rats

Background/Aim: Caffeic acid phenethyl ester (CAPE) and Ankaferd Blood Stopper® (ABS) are thought to contribute to wound healing. The aim of this study is to investigate the effect of ABS and CAPE on the secondary wound healing of oral mucosal tissue. Materials and Methods: A total of 63 male Sprague-Dawley rats were used in the study. Rats were randomly divided into three groups: ABS group, CAPE group, and control group. Healthy 63 rats were intraperitoneally injected with streptozotocin (Sigma Chemical Co., St. Louis, MO) 50 mg/kg in 0.2 ml 10 m citrate solution. After a week, if the blood glucose value of the rat is ≥250 mg/dl, the rats are considered to be diabetic. General anesthesia of the rats was conducted with intramuscular ketamine (8 mg/100 g). The excisional palatal wound was formed by using a 4 mm punch biopsy tool. Topical ABS was applied to ABS groups; topical CAPE application was applied to CAPE groups. Animals were sacrificed at 7, 14, and 21 days. The palatal specimens were painted with hematoxylin and eosin. The Mann–Whitney U test was used for comparison of the two groups. Results: The results of the statistical analysis determined the vessel dilatation and hemorrhage to be significantly lower in the diabetic ABS and CAPE group than the control group at 7, 14, and 21 days (P