Caesar Cipher Research Articles

Multistage Encryption for Text Using Steganography and Cryptography

Recently, the movement of data between smart devices has piqued the world's curiosity because it transmits important and unimportant data via the Internet. Thus, important data must be encrypted during passing over a network so that information can only access by an intended receiver and processed by it. As a result, information security has become even more critical than before. Our proposal suggests a method to secure data in three stages using cryptography and steganography. The important message will divide into two parts a part will encrypt by Caesar Cipher and another by Vigenere Cipher. The ciphertext will process by Morse code and will then hide in a cover image using Least Significant Bits (LSB) technique. According to the value the of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) obtained in this work our proposal has an extra security level and robustness. Finally, our research provides more security because of the mixture between cryptography and steganography.

Implementasi Algoritma Advance Encryption Standard dan Caesar Cipher pada Pesan Terenkripsi

The development of information technology allows many people to communicate at any time with various media, one of which is the exchange of messages. However, many people do not realize that there are security holes that are used by irresponsible parties to commit crimes such as theft of messages, intercepting messages, and changing the contents of messages. One technique for securing messages is cryptography. Cryptography is the science and art of keeping messages secure when messages are sent from one place to another. Several cryptographic methods that can be used are Advanced Encryption Standard and Caesar Cipher, because the Advanced Encryption Standard method has high security for message security while the Caesar Cipher method has the advantage of being fast in calculations. The combination of these two algorithms in making secret messages is implemented in the form of a mobile-based application to make it easier for users to make secret messages. The results of the encrypted messages formed are difficult to decrypt because they go through 2 stages of the encryption process so that the contents of important messages can be guaranteed confidentiality.

Analysis of Cryptography in Information Technology

Cryptography is the practice of securing information through the use of codes, ciphers, and other methods of encryption. It is an essential aspect of modern communication, enabling the secure transmission of data over networks and protecting sensitive information from unauthorized access. Cryptography has been used throughout history to protect messages from interception and decipherment. In ancient times, cryptography was used by military leaders and diplomats to communicate confidential information. Over time, cryptographic techniques have become more sophisticated, and modern cryptography now employs complex algorithms and mathematical principles.Today, cryptography is used in various applications, including online banking, e-commerce, secure messaging, and government communication. Cryptography also plays a critical role in securing sensitive information such as medical records, personal data, and intellectual property.As technology continues to evolve, the importance of cryptography will only increase. Cryptography ensures the confidentiality, integrity, and authenticity of data, and it is an essential tool for protecting digital assets and maintaining trust in the online world. Literature Review: Cryptography has been a subject of interest in computer science and mathematics for decades. The literature on cryptography is vast and covers a wide range of topics, including encryption algorithms, key management, and protocols for secure communication. One of the earliest and most well-known encryption algorithms is the Caesar cipher, which was used by Julius Caesar to encode his messages. Since then, numerous encryption techniques have been developed, including symmetric-key cryptography and public-key cryptography.Symmetric-key cryptography involves the use of a single key for both encryption and decryption, while public-key cryptography uses two keys, one for encryption and one for decryption.In recent years, research on post-quantum cryptography has gained significant attention due to the potential threat quantum computers pose to current encryption methods. Post- quantum cryptography aims to develop algorithms that are resistant to quantum attacks.

Securing Critical User Information over the Internet of Medical Things Platforms Using a Hybrid Cryptography Scheme

The application of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT) in medical systems has brought much ease in discharging healthcare services by medical practitioners. However, the security and privacy preservation of critical user data remain the reason the technology has not yet been fully maximized. Undoubtedly, a secure IoMT model that preserves individual users’ privacy will enhance the wide acceptability of IoMT technology. However, existing works that have attempted to solve these privacy and insecurity problems are not space-conservative, computationally intensive, and also vulnerable to security attacks. In this paper, an IoMT-based model that conserves the privacy of the data, is less computationally intensive, and is resistant to various cryptanalysis attacks is proposed. Specifically, an efficient privacy-preserving technique where an efficient searching algorithm through encrypted data was used and a hybrid cryptography algorithm that combines the modification of the Caesar cipher with the Elliptic Curve Diffie Hellman (ECDH) and Digital Signature Algorithm (DSA) were projected to achieve user data security and privacy preservation of the patient. Furthermore, the modified algorithm can secure messages during transmission, perform key exchanges between clients and healthcare centres, and guarantee user authentication by authorized healthcare centres. The proposed IoMT model, leveraging the hybrid cryptography algorithm, was analysed and compared against different security attacks. The analysis results revealed that the model is secure, preserves the privacy of critical user information, and shows robust resistance against different cryptanalysis attacks.

Implementation of Cryptography with the Caesar Cipher Method to Secure Data Files in Java NetBeans

Pesatnya perkembangan teknologi informasi dan telekomunikasi yang memudahkan kita untuk melaksanakan aktifitas data dalam bentuk file ataupun data yang bersifat rahasia. Sehingga teknik diperlukan pengamanan data untuk mengamankan file yang bersifat rahasia. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan untuk membuat implementasi kriptografi Caesar Cipher. Dimana Kriptografi hanya dapat dilakukan oleh orang-orang tertentu yang paham akan penggunaannya sehingga Kriptografi dapat dikategorikan sebagai tempat yang aman untuk menyimpan data yang bersifat rahasia. Sistem ini mengaplikasikan algoritma Caesar Cipher yang diproses dengan program Java NetBeans sehingga menghasilkan ciphertext. Dimana file yang bisa diproses enskripsi adalah file dokumen berbentuk teks berekstensi .txt. Data txt yaitu jenis data Domain Name Service (DNS) yang berisi sumber informasi teks untuk sumber yang berada dalam domain, dengan menambahkan ke dalam domain file yang berekstensi .txt dapat digunakan untuk berbagai keperluan penting. Hasil dari penelitian ini adalah sebuah implementasi kriptografi metode Caesar Cipher untuk mengamankan data file di Java NetBeans. Maka dapat disimpulkan bahwa Pengamanan data menggunakan Metode Caesar Cipher terbukti dapat dilakukan pada Java Netbeans

Algoritma Caesar Cipher atau Vigenere Cipher pada Pengenkripsian Pesan Teks

Cryptography is a science that studies information security on data with the aim of preventing other people from wanting to know its contents, by using certain codes and rules and other methods so that only authorized people can see the contents of the code. By creating an application which uses the Java programming language with NetBeans to maintain the security of text input information sent by someone so that it is not easy to read, confidential text. The caesar algorithm is a classic substitution-based cipher system that is simple in encryption and decryption of a caesar cipher system using shift operations. The Vigenere Cipher algorithm is a classic cryptographic algorithm that utilizes the vigenere square principle to perform encryption.

Secure Communication in Complex Dynamical Networks via Time-Delayed Feedback Control

In this article, a synchronization method of complex dynamical networks (CDNs) with time-varying delay feedback control is proposed to secure communication between the command system and each node of CDNs. To advance the security of the communication between the command system and each node of CDNs, the original information signal transmitted from the command system is encrypted with the techniques of <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$\mathcal {N}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> -shift cipher and public key. Based on the Lyapunov stability sense and linear matrix inequality (LMI) framework, a new delay-dependent synchronization criterion is established to restore the original information signal on each node of the CDN as well as to ensure stable synchronization for secure communication of all nodes of the command system and CDN. With the support of numerical simulation, the validity of the proposed method is verified.

PENERAPAN CAESAR CHIPER DAN LEAST SIGNIFICANT BIT UNTUK MENGAMANKAN DATA REKAM MEDIS

Technological developments in data security systems in maintaining information security have grown rapidly. Medical record is a document that contains personal data and medical history and medical treatment history of a patient at a hospital. Medical records are sensitive and confidential so that not just anyone can read the information in the patient's medical record. This study aims to secure patient medical record information by encrypting it with caesar cipher cryptography, the name of the patient's disease, then from the results of the encryption, the process of inserting the encrypted information into a digital image uses the least significant bit (LSB) steganography, namely replacing 1 digit behind the binary number in every 1 bit. The results of the study show that the application created is capable of encrypting and encoding patient medical record data information and embedding this information into digital images.

An encryption technique using the adjacency matrices of certain graphs with a self-invertible key matrix

The most important approaches for safeguarding our communications and data nowadays are message encryption techniques. The use of the internet and network communications has increased the pace of message encryption technology development. Sharing sensitive, private messages through unsecured networks makes it possible for an attack, theft, or hacking of the messages. In order to reduce this term, cryptographic methods have been found essential. There are several symmetric enciphering methods; a few examples are the Caesar Cipher, Hill Cipher, and others. In order to generate a complex cipher text, the enciphering method described in this article encrypts and decrypts the messages given to it using a selfinvertible key matrix and an adjacency matrix of certain graphs like A graph, Centipede C2, Domino graph. Since we are using the self-invertible matrix as a key matrix, whose inverse always exists, thus we can decode the ciphertext without computing the inverse of the key matrix. The lessening in computational complexity facilitates our ability to determine the inverse of a key matrix.

Text Encryption Analysis of Modified Symmetric Keys using Genetic Algorithm on Caesar Cipher and One Time Pad

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;The problem of data security is essential because data must be maintained securely and in its integrity, starting with the sending procedure and ending with the intended recipient. One way to maintain data security is to use cryptographic techniques, which use data encryption characteristics to transmit messages in secret (information encoding). Information can be encrypted using the Caesar Cipher and One Time Pad, symmetric key cryptographic algorithms. The key must be changed as a critical component of the cryptographic procedure to enhance the data or text's security. This study aims to analyse text encryption on the Caesar Cipher and One Time Pad (OTP) algorithms using a modified symmetric key by implementing a Genetic Algorithm, an optimisation algorithm. The research phase begins by adjusting the key using two types of Genetic Algorithm crossover operators, one-point crossover and two-point crossover, applied to the Caesar Cipher and OTP algorithms. Then testing and analysis of the ciphertext strength are carried out by comparing the frequency of character repetition with the results of implementing the two modification keys to determine which encoding model provides a better data security strength.&lt;/span&gt;

Development of Security Rules and Mechanisms to Protect Data from Assaults

Cloud cryptography is the art of converting plain text into an unreadable format, which protects data and prevents the data from being misused by the attacker. Different researchers designed various Caesar cipher algorithms for data security. With the help of these algorithms, the data can be converted into a nonreadable format, but the data cannot be completely secured. In this paper, data security is provided in different phases. Firstly, data are secured through a bit-reversing mechanism in which those replace the actual values with no relation to the original data. Then the four-bit values are added at the beginning and end of bits using a salting mechanism to interlink the salting and existing bit-values and hide the original data. A Caesar cipher value is obtained by applying the Caesar cipher algorithm to the resulting bits. The Caesar cipher algorithm is used to implement number-of-shifting on the obtained values. An efficient cipher matrix algorithm is then developed in which different rules are designed to encrypt the data. Afterward, a secure cipher value is obtained by implementing Cipher XORation rules on the result obtained and the user-defined key. In the end, the proposed algorithm is compared with various papers. It identifies how much better the proposed algorithm performs than all the previous algorithms and how much the attack rate can be reduced if this algorithm is used for data security.

The Scope of Application of Letter Frequency Analysis in Substitution Cipher

Since its inception, substitution ciphers have been a popular type of cipher, and over time, academics have studied them in an effort to discover patterns that will allow them to be broken. They created it because substitution ciphers are a reasonably simple type of cipher. Through a survey of the literature, this paper investigates the encryption and decryption of three sub-types of monoalphabetic ciphers: shift cipher, affine cipher, and random substitution cipher. Letter frequency analysis is the foundation of the primary decryption technique. After that, two sub-kinds of monoalphabetic ciphers, Hill cipher and Playfair cipher, which are resistant to this decryption method because the letters encrypted hardly keep the original frequency, will be introduced. The paper shows that statistical analysis of letter frequency is only useful for deciphering single-table substitution ciphers.

A Hamiltonian Path-Based Enciphering Technique with the use of a Self-Invertible Key Matrix

Objective: The symmetric encryption technique is one of the most important fields for securing communications between people. In order to produce complex ciphertext, we are introducing the new enciphering technique with the help of the Hamiltonian path, a self-invertible key matrix for encryption and decryption. Methods: There are many kinds of symmetric enciphering methods, like the Caesar Cipher, Atbash Cipher, Hill Cipher, etc. All these methods use a common key for encryption, and while decrypting the inverse of that matrix should be found, it is also too hard to share the common key. To reduce this terminology, we proposed the novel enciphering method with the help of a self-invertible key matrix. Findings: We are using the generated selfinvertible key matrix as a key matrix; the degree of the self-invertible matrix is even. If our graph does not form an even-degree adjacency matrix, then we have to make it into an even-degree adjacency matrix by adding dummy edges. Novelty: As we are using a self-invertible matrix as a key matrix, we do not need to compute the inverse of the key matrix for the process of decryption. This helps us to reduce the complexity of finding the inverse while decrypting the original message. Keywords: Graph Theory Encryption; Hill Cipher; Hamiltonian Path; Adjacency Matrix; Self Invertible Matrix

An efficient hybrid technique for message encryption using caesar cipher and deoxyribonucleic acid steganography

&lt;span lang="EN-US"&gt;Due to security threats on data transmission, a combination of cryptography and steganography techniques are becoming increasingly popular and widely adopted. Correspondingly we have also witnessed most of the literature uses steganography systems development that depends on deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). However, they are not sufficient to accommodate data security needs nowadays. Therefore, we propose a new cryptographic technique that combines Caesar cipher and DNA cryptography without affecting its functionality or type. In the beginning, a cryptography method encodes the original message and then conceals it into any cover medium by steganography methods. Comparison experiments have been conducted to verify the effectiveness of our proposal. The results demonstrate that our technique outperforms its counterpart in terms of time and complexity.&lt;/span&gt;

Watermarking Using Energy-LSB Embedded Method

Digital watermarking technology is increasingly used to protect copyright and demonstrate ownership of digital multimedia (such as text, music, photos, and videos). In order to safeguard intellectual property rights and rules of ownership for multimedia, this project suggests a text watermark algorithm. The process of hiding little text or grayscale images is the main focus, though. The masking of a watermark text in a high-color or high-density area of the block picture has been proposed using an embedding technique based on an energy function and the Least Significant Bits (LSB) method. Even with various format types and picture sizes chosen to conceal and cover a changing message size, the quality results demonstrate that the watermark image suffers from less distortion than the cover image, and the suggested algorithm is powerful to conceal a random watermark text even with smaller block sizes. An additional optional choice to encrypt the text watermark before embedding is also recommended because doing so would make it harder for hackers to read the text. This text can be encrypted using the Caesar cipher method before embedding is implemented in images.The experimental results of using the suggested algorithm for embedding and extracting watermark text for various sizes in a large number of images were satisfactory, giving a level of peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and Signal to Noise Ratio (SNR) with low mean square error (MSE) values. However, PSNR degrades more quickly than LBS as the watermark text size increases, so it was determined that it is more suitable for applying a watermark rather than a stego It is employed in order to share information securely

Implementation of the data encryption using caesar cipher and vernam cipher methods based on CrypTool2

Information has become precious and essential for all fields, so it is crucial to carry out information security. The principle of information security is to protect and safeguard information with the aim that the information is not entitled to be read, modified, or deleted by anyone who does not have rights to it. The purpose of our research is to analyze how the caesar cipher and vernam cipher methods are jointly used in the cryptographic process and are expected to produce a high level of data encryption so that it can increase the security of data or messages. The research applies the combination of the caesar cipher and vernam cipher methods to encrypt text data or messages. Using the secret key value will convert the input message into an encrypted message that is difficult to crack and cannot be decrypted again. The input text and the encrypted data have no resemblance to maintain the confidentiality of the information or data contents.

Who Stole the Book of Kells? Description and Player Evaluation of a Cryptography Game for Primary School Students

Several studies suggest the need to develop technology skills from a young age. The development of computational thinking enhances multidisciplinary abilities, such as abstracting and decomposing a problem into smaller parts to find a solution. Among various tools, educational games can be implemented to efficiently stimulate the development of technology skills in primary school students. The current paper describes an educational game designed to motivate players to learn and reflect on cryptography, a collection of computer science techniques adopted for data protection. The Code of Kells is a mystery game that aims to support the development of computational thinking and maths abilities for primary school students. In this collaborative game, 10-12 years old players use cryptography techniques to discover who stole the Book of Kells – an ancient manuscript kept in the Trinity College Library in Ireland. To identify the criminal's identity, the players should work on teams and follow a map of Dublin city to collect encrypted clues hidden in popular locations, such as Phoenix Park and Dublin Castle. The participants should follow guidelines provided by a cipher sheet that illustrates cryptography techniques such as Caesar's Cipher, Polybius Cipher, Pigpen Cipher and the Morse Code. Each clue leads the player closer to the revelation of who stole the book of Kells. In this study, 80 primary school children (10-11 years old) evaluated The Code of Kells by sharing their experience through an adapted version of the Game Experience Questionnaire (GEQ). Nine dimensions of the questionnaire were assessed considering children’s previous mathematics and literacy scores, besides their levels of maths anxiety. Results suggest that children with higher mathematics performance positively perceived the game and found it challenging. However, results also indicate that maths high achievers students also felt tense while playing. Students with high levels of maths anxiety perceived the game as a sensory and imaginative immersive activity.

Revisiting Shift Cipher Technique for Amplified Data Security

Ever since manual work is overtaken by technology and the rapid advancement in the technologies for performing all kinds of work online has created new possibilities for the organizations and institutions of all types. But this has also created opportunities for attackers and opponents by reducing the powers of existing controls over data sharing. All private, public and any other sectors are using the internet for sharing their data. Transmission of unencrypted data over the internet is not secure as it poses many privacy concerns as they can be easily hacked and misused by any unintended person. So, everyone is concerned about safe and secure ways of data transmission in order to avoid leak of private data, as hackers always try to chase the transmitted data and to recover it and therefore various different techniques are developed in order to make data transmission more secure. Encryption is essential to protect and prevent such lapses in the transmission of sensitive information over the internet and any other networks. In this paper, the author has worked on a better version of Caesar cipher and invented a method in which modular arithmetic is used to convert plaintext into ciphertext in order to amplify and to bolster up the security of the sensitive data or information, the author composed the decryption method in such a way that it is no way related to encryption by involving the divisibility tests and arithmetic modulo.

Implementation of combined steganography and cryptography vigenere cipher, caesar cipher and converting periodic tables for securing secret message

The development of the communication technology era has made it easier in the process of exchanging information from various parties. However, not all of the information provided can be used by many parties. Sometimes the information is intended for partial purposes only or is confidential. So, it is necessary to process information security. Several ways can be used such as cryptography. This method is used to encrypt messages or information. Methods that can be used in cryptography include vigenere cipher and caesar cipher methods. Both of these methods use the technique of replacing each original character with a character or letter. Substitution is based on keywords or character position shift command. However, this method is quite easy to solve by using the Brute Force method and the frequency of letters that often appear. Based on this problem, it is necessary to modify or combine it so that it is more difficult to crack. This research describes the combination of the vigenere cipher and the caesar cipher methods. The two methods were then converted to the names of the chemical elements in the periodic table. Furthermore, the steganography process is carried out as a place to insert messages or information. From this process, it is expected that the encryption results will be more difficult to crack

University of Library Studies and Information Technologies

This paper provides implementations of three well-known ciphers – Caesar Cipher, Vigenere Cipher and Hill Cipher in Microsoft Excel. It is shown how the ciphers can be broken by using Brute-force Attack, Frequency Analysis Attack and Known-plaintext Attack. For the purpose of the cryptanalysis the relative occurrence frequencies of the letters and the index of coincidence (κ ) in Bulgarian language are determined. The classical Frequency Analysis Attack is modified using the cross-correlation between frequencies of letters in the natural language and the cipher text. Modular matrix operations in MS Excel are shown.