Caesar Cipher Research Articles

A Review on Ancient Cryptographic, Modern Cryptographic and Quantum Cryptographic Techniques

Cryptography has a long and fascinating history, evolving from ancient techniques to modern methods and now exploring the potential of quantum mechanics. This review paper provides a comprehensive overview of cryptographic techniques from past to present. We begin by examining ancient cryptographic techniques, tracing their origins back to 2000 B.C. when the ancient Egyptians used "secret" hieroglyphics. We also discuss evidence from ancient Greece and Rome, such as secret writings and the famous Caesar cipher [1]. These early methods laid the foundation for the field of cryptography. Next, we delve into modern cryptographic techniques that have become increasingly complex and diverse in their applications. We explore how cryptography now makes extensive use of mathematical concepts from fields like information theory, computational complexity, statistics, combinatorics, abstract algebra, number theory, and finite mathematics. We also discuss how the development of digital computers and electronics has revolutionized cryptography, allowing for the encryption of any kind of binary data and the design of much more intricate ciphers [2]. Finally, we examine the emerging field of quantum cryptography, which aims to harness the principles of quantum mechanics to achieve new cryptographic functionalities beyond classical information alone. We survey some of the most remarkable theoretical uses of quantum information for cryptography, as well as the limitations and challenges faced by cryptographers in this new paradigm [3]. By tracing the evolution of cryptography from ancient times to the present day and beyond, this review paper provides valuable insights into the rich history and promising future of this critical field of study.

Disguising Text Using Caesar Cipher, Reverse Cipher and Least Significant Bit (LSB) Algorithms in Video

In communication, there is a process of transferring information from the sender to the recipient. The information sent must be the same as the information received. If there are differences, it means that there has been a data change process carried out by irresponsible parties. One technique for changing the content of information is man in the middle. The data changer will receive information from the sender, then change it and forward it to the recipient, so that the changed information appears to have come from the sender.To protect information, this can be done by utilizing the science of cryptography and steganography which aims to protect information by changing it to another form or by inserting the information into other media. In this research, to protect information the Caesar Cipher Algorithm is used, this algorithm will change the letters in plaintext to another letter (ciphertext) by using an alphabetical shift according to the number in the form of the key used, namely > 1 and < 26, then the Reverse Cipher algorithm is carried out, namely changing the position of the letters of the plaintext from the first order to the last order and so on. The encrypted information will then be inserted into a video using the Steganography Algorithm, namely Least Significant Bit (LSB). Before being inserted, the video will first be converted into several image frames, then in one frame the information will be inserted. This can be done because the frame is a collection of RGB arrays which have values 0-255 or 0 and 1. So the insertion is done in bit form. Frames containing information will then be converted back into a video.On the receiving side, the video will be converted into a frame, next is the process of retrieving the information that was previously inserted. The information that has been taken is then reversed in order and then shifted using the Caesar chipper algorithm according to the key used by the sender, then the first letter of each word is changed to capital, so that the information sent is the same as that received. The implication of this research is that it is a way to combine cryptography with steganography as an information security technique.

Perancangan Dan Implementasi Caesar Chiper Untuk Meningkatkan Keamanan Sistem Informasi Akademik Sekolah Berbasis Android

This research focuses on the design and implementation of the Caesar Cipher method to improve the security of an Android-based School Academic Information System. In this digital era, data security is a major concern, especially in school academic information systems that manage important data. The Caesar Cipher method, as a simple and easy to implement encryption technique, is used in this research. The research results show that the implementation of Caesar Cipher has succeeded in increasing data security in the system. While this method does not provide a very high level of security, it can be part of a more complex security approach. Overall, this research shows that the design and implementation of Caesar Cipher is an effective step in improving the security of Android-based school academic information systems.

Implementation of Caesar Cipher Encryption Using Python Programming Language

Information security is a vital aspect of data communication that is of great concern while using computing devices. It is therefore not out of place in introducing cryptography at the early stage of the study of computer security. Many modern cryptographic methods are deeply rooted in mathematical principles and this makes it a little difficult to comprehend by some students who are deficient in mathematics in learning cryptography. An example of a simple and foremost technique used in cryptography is the Caesar cipher substitution method. This method is considered very weak in this modern day of quantum computing whereby the cipher text could be easily be deciphered. However, introducing cryptography principles using the Caesar cipher method would likely spur the interest of learners interested in computer security because of its simplicity. This paper was aimed at providing an easy approach to learning cryptographic principles at the introductory stage using the Caesar cipher encryption technique. An easy to comprehend algorithm was developed and implemented in Python programming language. The result produced the cipher text of the plain text encrypted. Also, a brute force attack was used to decipher the cipher text to expose the weakness of the method. This result would make learners to have an increased interest in modern cryptographic techniques.

A Comparative Study of a Hybrid Approach Combining Caesar Cipher with Triple Pass Protocol and Krill Herd Optimization Algorithm (KHO)-Based Hybridization

A Comparative Study of a Hybrid Approach Combining Caesar Cipher with Triple Pass Protocol and Krill Herd Optimization Algorithm (KHO)-Based Hybridization

Software implementation of image steganography based on LSB algorithm with Caesar’s cipher

The purpose of this work is to conduct a study of computer steganography methods and the implementation of image steganography using the LSD algorithm and the Caesar cipher. The development of global computer networks allows fast and efficient transfer of electronic documents, but at the same time there is a risk of illegal copying and distribution of materials. Confidentiality of important information is an extremely responsible matter. Therefore, there is a need to develop methods and software tools for hiding information in various types of files, in particular images. Steganography is a mechanism for hiding messages in cloaking objects such as images, audio, text, video, and network protocol so that the hidden message cannot be detected by the naked eye or attackers

Analysis and Utilization of the Base64 Algorithm for Image Encryption and Decryption Security in Web-Based Images

Data is often the target of irresponsible people for misuse. The theft is done is to benefit from the person who has the data. In addition to theft of work files, theft is also carried out on image files. The purpose of this file theft is to find out what the image contains. Someone has a private image that cannot be known by others. Misuse of image files will be fatal for the owner of the image. Cryptographic techniques are needed in securing images and one of the methods used to secure these images is using the base64 algorithm. The Caesar Cipher algorithm can help users secure the image file. The Base64 algorithm can be used to change the ASCII 256 format to Base64 so that it is easy to send or store on a storage medium. By applying the Base64 algorithm to image files, the security and confidentiality of these files will protect data from irresponsible people.

Hiding algorithm based fused images and Caesar cipher with intelligent security enhancement

<span lang="EN-US">The process of sending confidential data through the communication media and in complete secrecy is now necessary, whether the data is related to patients, a particular military operation, or a specified office. On the other hand, with the development of various ciphering algorithms, and information hiding algorithms, there is a need to obtain ciphered and hidden data securely without the need to exchange secret keys between the two ends of the communication. In this paper, a hiding algorithm based on fused images and Caesar cipher with intelligent methods to strengthen the security of confidential information is proposed. Firstly, fused image scattering is obtained using 1’s complement and circularly shifting the bits of fused pixels by specified positions before the hiding process. Secondly, the keys for the Caesar cipher are derived from the length of secret information according to the mathematical equation. Thirdly, strengthen the security of Caesar’s cipher by taking a 1’s complement of each letter in the cipher data. The results guarantee the security of the presented algorithm.</span>

Encryption of Information on Brain Tumor Images Using Vigenere Cipher Algorithm and Least Significant Bits

Cryptography is a branch of existing methods in mathematics which has the goal of being able to maintain the confidentiality of the information contained in the data so that the information is not known by parties who have no interest. Confidentiality of this information is important so that the information sent is not misused irresponsibly. Vigenere Cipher is a method used for cryptography. Vigenere Cipher works by using a tabula recta table where the table contains an alphabet arranged based on the Caesar Cipher shift. In this study, the Vigenere Chiper algorithm will be used to encrypt information into 25 brain tumor images. In the tests carried out on 25 images, the best MSE obtained was 1.541e-05, while the best PSNR was 48.1219, for the best SSIM it was 0.99995, then for the BER value, all images obtained a BER value of 0 and also for the entropy of the best steganography image, which was 6.8204.

A New Hybrid Diffie-Hellman and Caesar Cipher Algorithm for Cryptography

Caesar cipher algorithm is one of the ancient algorithms. However, due to advances in technology the algorithm is now much simple to breach. This is because; each letter in the message is replaced by the same letter as specified. To raise the safety, some changes can be made. So, here we are going to use another arithmetic algorithm Diffie - Hellman's mode of changing the key to find the secret key and use simple calculations to verify data encryption. After obtaining a private shared key using the Diffie-Hellman method, depending on the operating mode with 26 keys to get the value of 26 or less, then the current character is taken with the key when the additional value of the new character. In any letter in the position of an 'x', the key first increases with an 'x' and is adjusted to get the encrypted letter. Therefore, 2 messages are repeated 2 times and the third letter has 3. This increases safety. This technology can be

A Comprehensive Overview of the Unequivocal Influence and Evolution of Cryptography on Security

Abstract: As this society unfolds into a conundrum of new possibilities and technical advancements, it simultaneously sets ground to several unprecedented challenges for its users. What today’s digitally ensnared society doesn’t understand is its vulnerability to malicious software, cyber attacks, and innumerable privacy violations that come their way as they mold themselves into this digital realm. For a country like India, that well adapts to the newer technologies invented across the globe, it is astonishing to see almost 1.3 million cybersecurity breaches being recorded in 2022, a hideous spike from 2019. Current internet users feel the need to be active on such delusional platforms every minute of their day, exposing themselves at every stage. This empowers unethical practices and practitioners to lure unsuspecting candidates into their traps and obtain private information linked to several sensitive, especially monetary affairs of the individual, consequently resulting in severe financial losses. Ironically, the very technological influence that facilitates security breaches is one that helps in its deterrence and prevention. One of the most predominant and recent technologies that have empowered its influence over such prevention is cryptography and encryption. Traditionally, prior to the widespread awareness about cryptography, companies and individuals used Access Control Lists(ACLs) that work on the basic principle of restricting or revoking access on certain administrative grounds offering data confidentiality and security on the internet. Apart from these companies, in the ancient times, there was significant use of Caesar Cipher, a way of encryption that works on the principle of substitution by a shift of some number down the alphabet. These traditional methods lacked transparency, had increased complexity, were insufficient for rapidly growing networks such as online social media, and also lacked scalability. In order to compensate for these challenges, a newer technology concatenated with cryptography is to be made prevalent in society so that it can offer more scalable and trustworthy encryption and security prevention from online security breaches across the globe. With this ideology, prevention and awareness both can be obtained and a better and safer society can be established in this generation.

Modified Caesar Cipher and Card Deck Shuffle Rearrangement Algorithm for Image Encryption

ABSTRACT In today's social networking era, information security breaches are at an all-time high, especially when it comes to texts and images, which should come as no surprise. Integrity is therefore crucial for information sharing over an unprotected connection. As a result, image/text encryption is a crucial preprocessing step in today's information transmission. Sensitive information may be sent via image encryption, which facilitates a variety of procedures. Here the proposed method is a combination of the Modified Caesar Cipher and the Card Deck Shuffle Algorithm for image encryption. The Card Deck Shuffle Algorithm rearranges the pixels from the result of the Modified Caesar approach, which encrypts the pixel value of each image. The method employs an n + 8 variable bit key (n is frequently more than 18 in real-world applications), which needs more than 2 26 brute force attacks to be successful. The method described here may be used to secure images in a variety of multimedia applications.

Historical research on classification of Classical Cryptography

Cryptography is now being applied frequently in peoples daily lives. Their bank passcode, computer password, and digital signature all are applications of cryptography. Inside cryptography, Classical Cipher is a basic and important area as modern cryptography is developed from Classical Cryptography. By making a consummate system of Classical Cryptography, it increases peoples interest in exploring basic cryptography principles. This essay focuses mainly on the topic of classification of Classical Cipher. By reading related materials like books, journals, magazines and so on, the historical research came out the conclusion as the Classical Cipher can be classified as Substitution Cipher, Polyalphabetic Substitution Cipher, and Transposition Cipher. In each class, the essay mentioned several cipher examples, how they encrypt and decrypt the text, and how they can be broken. Caesar Cipher, Simple Substitution Cipher are examples of Substitution Cipher. Vigenere Cipher is mainly discussed inside the Polyalphabetic Substitution Cipher section. In Transposition Cipher part, Scytale and Rail Fence Cipher are listed to demonstrate traits of the Transposition Cipher.

Enhanced payload volume in the least significant bits image steganography using hash function

The art of message masking is called steganography. Steganography keeps communication from being seen by any other person. In the domain of information concealment within images, numerous steganographic techniques exist. Digital photos stand out as prime candidates due to their widespread availability. This study seeks to develop a secure, high-capacity communication system that ensures private interaction while safeguarding information from the broader context. This study used the four least significant bits for steganography to hide the message in a secure way using a hash function. Before steganography, the message is encrypted using one of the encryption techniques: Caesar cipher or Vigenère cipher. By altering only the least significant bits (LSBs), the changes between the original and stego images remain invisible to the human eye. The proposed method excels in secret data capacity, featuring a high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR) and low mean square error (MSE). This approach offers significant payload capacity and dual-layer security (encryption and steganography).

Modifikasi algoritma Hill cipher dengan matriks kunci berupa matriks ketetanggaan

Cryptography is one of the parts in mathematics, especially applied mathematics. Cryptography is the science that studies how to secure information that we don't want others to know about the information we have. Based on the development of the times, cryptography is divided into two consisting of classical cryptography and modern cryptography. In this paper, the focus of discussion is on classical cryptography. Furthermore, there are many kinds of classical cryptographic algorithms, such as the Caesar cipher algorithm, the Playfair cipher algorithm, the Vigenere cipher algorithm, and the Hill Cipher algorithm. The focus of discussion in this paper is on the Hill cipher algorithm. The modifications made to the Hill cipher algorithm lie in its key matrix. In this paper, it will be shown how to encrypt and decrypt the message we want to send using the Hill cipher algorithm with the matrix being a adjacency matrix. In which case, the adjacency matrix itself is obtained from the representation of the graph. It is hoped that this algorithm can avoid crypt attacks, especially on ciphertext only-attack.Keywords: Hill cipher algorithm, cryptography, adjacency matrix, plaintext, ciphertextMSC2020: 94A60

Enhancing Post-Quantum Cryptography: Exploring Mathematical Foundations and Comparative Analysis of Different Cryptographic Algorithm

Abstract: This research paper surveys the landscape of cryptography, encompassing historical origins and modern applications. Beginning with foundational concepts, it explores encryption, decryption, ciphers, and keys, spanning symmetric and asymmetric cryptography. Historical context unfolds, tracing cryptography from ancient Egyptian hieroglyphs to Julius Caesar's cipher. The study then transitions to contemporary subjects. Elliptic Curves and Cryptography are investigated, showcasing their significance in secure communication, demonstrating ECC key exchange and AES-GCM encryption using python and Comparative analysis of ECC, RSA, and Diffie-Hellman sheds light on their performance. Zero-Knowledge Proofs are introduced as tools for privacy-preserving verification followed by an exploration of various Zero-Knowledge Proof (ZKP) protocols. By presenting practical implementation examples using Python, the paper illustrates how these proofs can be applied in real-world scenarios. Random Number Generation is examined and distinction between pseudorandom number generators (PRNGs) and cryptographically secure PRNGs (CSPRNGs) is emphasized conducting a thorough comparative analysis of PRNGs and CSPRNGs, considering factors like correlation, independence, periodicity, and entropy. Furthermore, the section evaluates the performance of different random number generation techniques. Fully Homomorphic Encryption emerges as a groundbreaking concept, discussing its mathematical properties, practical implementation, parameter selection, and optimization techniques enabling computation on encrypted data. Cryptographic Secret Sharing Schemes are explored for secure information distribution. The paper concludes by delving into the Chinese Remainder Theorem's applications within modern cryptographic protocols, particularly in RSA decryption and the integration factorization process of the RSA public key cryptosystem. It also provides a comprehensive overview of the theoretical foundations of primality testing, a pivotal aspect of the RSA algorithm. Overall, this research paper provides a comprehensive exploration of cryptography's historical context, core concepts, advanced techniques, and practical implementations, offering valuable insights into the realm of secure communication

Design and Improvement of Caesar Cipher

Design and Improvement of Caesar Cipher

DESIGN AND IMPLEMENTATION OF A MATHEMATICAL ENCRYPTION MODEL FOR THE CENTRAL KURDISH FONT BASED ON UNICODE

This research focuses on the development of encryption algorithms for the Kurdish language, specifically tailored to the Kurdish alphabet. With the rapid growth and digital advancements in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq, there is a pressing need for accurate encryption methods that can be applied to Kurdish texts in administration and digital governance. To address this need, a mathematical encryption model is proposed, leveraging the Kurdish central font supported by Microsoft Windows to ensure compatibility between sender and receiver. The model utilizes the Unicode representation of Kurdish letters to calculate offset and mod values accurately. The effectiveness of the proposed model is validated through its implementation using the Caesar cipher method. Computation tasks are performed using Excel, while the encryption system is designed and programmed in C#. Extensive testing of the system with diverse key values demonstrates its high accuracy, achieving a high success rate in encrypting Kurdish texts. This research contributes significantly to the field of encryption for the Kurdish language, providing a scientific framework for further advancements in this area.

Perbandingan Kriptography Klasik Caesar Cipher Dengan Kriptography Modern Aes Dalam Tingkat Keamanan Jaringan Komputer

Cryptography (cryptography) is the science and art of keeping messages safe. The sender of the message will encrypt it while the recipient of the message will decrypt it. The encryption and decryption process uses keywords that have been agreed upon by the sender and recipient of the message. To better understand the development of cryptography, this journal will introduce a comparison of classical cryptography and modern cryptography at the level of computer network security. The cryptography that will be compared is Caesar Cipher and AES. This study uses the method of literature review (library research), namely research based on expert opinion and the results of previous studies.
 

PENERAPAN KRIPTOGRAFI CAESAR CIPHER PADA FITUR PESAN TEKS

The progress of communication in the era of technological development where applications and communication support in various ways are increasingly sophisticated indicates that more and more people need access and relationships in every existing communication. Therefore, data or information security is needed to maintain confidentiality. One way to secure data or information is with Cryptology. Cryptography is the study of posting security (confidentiality), cryptographic algorithm techniques consisting of substitution and transposition techniques. Cryptographic methods or techniques can be trusted to deal with data or information security problems, because apart from using computer programming languages, cryptography also uses mathematical formulas, ranging from simple formulas to complex formulas. From the results of the study it can be concluded that with the formula used in the Caesar Cipher cryptographic method, it can be said that even though the Caesar Cipher is difficult to solve, it can be easily solved using mathematical formulas and using a programming language to obtain encryption and decryption results.