Cadmium Sulfide Research Articles

Construction of magnetic FeP/CdS composites as photo‐Fenton‐like catalysts to realize high‐efficiency degradation of tetracycline hydrochloride

Photocatalysis is an efficient technology for the degradation of pollutants. However, it still needs to be improved. In this study, magnetic Z‐scheme FeP/CdS composites heterojunction photocatalysts were prepared by a facile hydrothermal method, and the structure, morphology, optical and photocatalytic properties of the prepared composites were investigated in detail. The efficiency of tetracycline hydrochloride (TCH) removal by FeP/CdS composites was investigated under different reaction conditions (including different FeP and CdS ratios, catalyst dosage, hydrogen peroxide consumption, temperature, and initial pH). FeP/CdS composites exhibited better catalytic performance compared with pure components. The F1Cd1 composite (mass ratio of FeP to CdS is 1:1) achieved 92.7% removal efficiency of TCH, moreover, the F1Cd1 composite still exhibits a high stability after five consecutive cycles. The capture experiments on the active material showed that the removal of TCH by the F1Cd1 composite was mainly dominated by •OH; however, •O2−, e‐, and h+ played a minor role, and the degradation mechanism was revealed by combining various characterization techniques. The introduction of cadmium sulfide formed an effective photogenerated carrier transport channel at the interface with the iron phosphide surface, which could accelerate the transfer and separation of photo‐excited e‐/h+ pairs, thus improving the degradation performance of TCH.

Potentiostatic electrodeposition of copper, indium, and cadmium sulfides for CO2 electroreduction: A path toward sustainable hydrogen generation

This study focuses on the potentiostatic electrodeposition of copper indium and cadmium sulfide (CuS, In2S3, and CdS) thin films on copper substrates, aiming to develop efficient electrocatalysts for the electrochemical reduction of CO2 and sustainable hydrogen generation. Utilizing Cu Kα radiation for X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, the crystal structures of the electrodeposited films were confirmed, revealing well-defined crystalline phases. The films exhibited average particle sizes of 55.99 nm for CuS, 50.37 nm for In2S3, and 63.51 nm for CdS. Cyclic voltammetry and chronoamperometry were employed to optimize the deposition parameters, ensuring efficient nucleation and growth of the metal sulfide films. The electrochemical performance of the synthesized electrocatalysts was rigorously tested, demonstrating their potential for CO2 reduction under optimized conditions with the highest efficiency for CdS electrodes. Additionally, the electrodeposited CuS and CdS are of the p-type, and In2S3 is of the n-type semiconductor were studied and verified by the Mott–Schottky test. CuS, In2S3, and CdS were found to have donor and acceptor concentrations (ND) of 1.68 × 106, 1.44 × 105, and 8.9 × 105 cm3, respectively. The photoelectrochemical measurements of the electrodeposited metal sulfides were studied at ambient temperature and under illumination, providing higher photocurrent responses for CdS and demonstrating its strong potential as a photoelectrode material for CO2 reduction. This work underscores the significance of facile electrochemical synthesis methods in developing cost-effective and scalable electrocatalysts, paving the way for their integration into photoelectrochemical systems for green energy applications.

Emerging Trends in CdS-Based Nanoheterostructures: From Type-II and Z-Scheme toward S-Scheme Photocatalytic H2 Production.

Cadmium sulfide (CdS) based heterojunctions, including type-II, Z-scheme, and S-scheme systems emerged as promising materials for augmenting photocatalytic hydrogen (H2) generation from water splitting. This review offers an exclusive highlight of their fundamental principles, synthesis routes, charge transfer mechanisms, and performance properties in improving H2 production. We overview the crucial roles of Type-II heterojunctions in enhancing charge separation, Z-scheme heterojunctions in promoting redox potentials to reduce electron-hole (e-/h+) pairs recombination, and S-scheme heterojunctions in combining the merits of both type-II and Z-scheme frameworks to obtain highly efficient H2 production. The importance of this review is demonstrated by its thorough comparison of these three configurations, presenting valuable insights into their special contributions and capability for augmenting photocatalytic H2 activity. Additionally, key challenges and prospects in the practical applications of CdS-based heterojunctions are addressed, which provides a comprehensive route for emerging research in achieving sustainable energy goals.

Integration of cadmium sulfide quantum dots with calcium alginate microbeads for dual-functional mercury (II) ion sensing and removal

Mercury contamination poses human health as well as ecosystem at significant risks. This study introduces a novel approach for the selective detection with removal of Hg2+ ions from aqueous media by developing a dual functional adsorbent that combines calcium alginate microbeads (FMCAB) with capped cadmium sulfide quantum dots (CdS QDs). CdS QDs immobilized on calcium alginate microbeads in magnetite facilitated efficient separation from the adsorption system under an external magnetic field. The fluorescence properties of CdS QDs remain largely unaffected before and after adsorption of Hg2+ ions on FMCAB, enabling selective monitoring of these ions. The adsorbent demonstrated a high adsorption capacity of around 160 μg/g and exhibited a quick and effective process. FMCAB evidenced selectivity over the other metal ions with limits of detection 12.9 μM. The results from this research pave the way for novel applications of FMCAB for heavy metal ions sensing probes and its removal.

Study of structural, morphological and optical properties of flash evaporated cadmium sulphide thin films

Cadmium sulphide thin films were successfully synthesized by the flash evaporation method under vacuum, then annealed at various temperatures. X-Ray Diffraction patterns showed the formation of the hexagonal wurtzite phase. Structural properties of this most stable phase remain approximately the same at all investigated temperatures. Scanning Electronic Microscopy showed the formation of granular films. The Energy Dispersive X-ray spectra revealed the possible formation of stoichiometric compounds. The obtained UV–Vis spectra revealed that the prepared films exhibit a moderate direct band gap with high transmittance in the visible range. Detailed interpretation of the structural, optical, and optoelectronic findings revealed that annealed CdS thin films hold promising potential for the fabrication of the next generation of the modern optoelectronic devices. Cadmium sulphide thin films were successfully synthesized by the flash evaporation method under vacuum, then annealed at various temperatures. X-Ray Diffraction patterns showed the formation of the hexagonal wurtzite phase for all temperatures with almost the same structural properties. UV–vis spectra revealed that the prepared films exhibit a moderate direct band gap with high transmittance in the visible range, which reinforces the usefulness of these films for photovoltaic and photocatalytique applications. Scanning Electronic Microscopy shows the formation of granular films, while the Energy Dispersive X-ray spectra revealed the possible formation of stoichiometric compounds.

In-Situ Anchoring of Co Single-Atom Synergistically with Cd Vacancy of Cadmium Sulfide for Boosting Asymmetric Charge Distribution and Photocatalytic Hydrogen Evolution.

In the context of reshaping the energy pattern, designing and synthesizing high-performance noble metal-free photocatalysts with ultra-high atomic utilization for hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) still remains achallenge. In a streamlined synthesis process, in-situ single atom anchoring is performed in parallel with HER by irradiating a precursory defect-state CdS/Co suspension (Co-DCdS-Ss) system under simulated sunlight and the in-situ synthesizing single-atom Co photocatalyst (Co5:DCdS) exhibits further improved catalytic performance (60.10 mmolg-1h-1) compared with Co-DCdS-Ss (18.09 mmolg-1h-1), reaching an apparent quantum yield of 57.6% at 500nm and a solar-chemical energy conversion efficiency (SCC) of 6.26% at AM 1.5G. In-depth characterization tests and density functional theory (DFT) calculations prove that the anchoring of Co single atom deepens the asymmetric charge distribution of the two-coordination S atom adjacent to the cadmium vacancy (VCd). The synergy between electron delocalization VCd and Co single atom on the catalyst surface is constructed, which bifunctional sites responsible for boosting water adsorption-dissociation and hydrogen evolution. This study advances the understanding of the underlying mechanisms of synergy between surface defects and metal single atoms and opens a new horizon for the development of advanced materials in the field of photocatalysis.

Insights into the Effect of Crystal Facets and Sulfur Defects on the Product Selectivity of Various CdS Configurations for CO2 Photoreduction: A DFT Study

CO2 photoreduction into valuable hydrocarbons, such as CO, CH4, and C2H4, delivers a promising approach to address both environmental and energy challenges. Transition metal chalcogenides, particularly cadmium sulfide (CdS), have emerged as prominent candidates due to their tunable electronic properties and availability. This study delves into a comprehensive investigation of how CdS crystalline facets and sulfur-deficient surfaces modulate the product selectivity. Through employing density functional theory (DFT), we unravel the catalytic performance of various CdS crystal orientations and sulfur vacancy configurations. The results have shown that different CdS facets exhibit unique electronic characteristics and surface energetics, which influence the adsorption dynamics and reaction pathways. The introduction of sulfur vacancies further modulates the nature of active sites, leading to substantial shifts in product selectivity. A detailed investigation on the reaction mechanisms unveils that specific facets preferentially facilitate the formation of CO, while others are more conducive to the generation of hydrocarbons such as CH4 and C2H4, due to the variations in activation barriers and intermediate stabilities. These findings underscore the importance of crystal facet engineering and defect manipulation in tailoring catalyst performance thus providing valuable insights for the rational design of efficient and selective CO2 reduction metal catalysts.

Effect of magnetic field on the structural, optical, and electrical properties of CdS nanoparticles in distilled water by using pulsed laser ablation

In this study, we investigated the impact that the incorporation of a magnetic field has on the properties of cadmium sulfide CdS nanoparticles as well as the performance of an n-CdS/p-Si heterojunction photodetector that was developed by the use of the pulsed laser ablation in a liquid method. Nd:YAG laser pulses (1.064 μm, 550 mJ) were utilized to ablate cadmium sulfide CdS nanoparticles in water. The synthesized nanoparticles were shown to have a polycrystalline hexagonal structure, as evidenced by the findings of the X-ray diffraction experiment, the crystallite size for cadmium sulfide CdS decreased from 4.611 nm to 4.518 nm. The lattice constants of cadmium sulfide CdS nanostructures were determined to be a = 4.1302, c = 6.702, and c/a=1.622. The strain and dislocation density of cadmium sulfide CdS exhibited an increase. Images taken from a field emission scanning electron microscope demonstrated the formation of spherical nanoparticles on the surface. A magnetic field was applied, increasing the CdS film's crystallinity. As a consequence of this enhancement, the particle size of the CdS decreased from 25.18 nm to 12.17 nm. A comparison was made between this and the size of the crystallites that appeared when no magnetic field was present. The EDS spectrum of magnetically prepared cadmium sulfide CdS films indicates the presence of Cd and S, and the weight percentage ratios [Cd]/[S], increase from 3.72 to 3.80. The transmission electron microscopy (TEM) pictures of CdS samples that were generated using a magnetic field contained particles of small size with a mean of 10.10 nanometers. From the FT-IR spectra of cadmium sulfide CdS prepared using a magnetic field within 400–4000 cm−1, the peaks (bands) of cadmium sulfide CdS at 617 cm−1 represent the bending vibration of Cd-S. As a result of the influence of a magnetic field, the optical energy gap of CdS nanoparticles increased from 2.30 eV to 2.72 eV, as indicated by the UV-Vis study. From PL emission spectra the values of the energy band gap of cadmium sulfide CdS increased from 2.45 eV at 505.7 to 2.47 eV when a magnetic field was applied. CdS NP films produced under the influence of a magnetic field were identified as having n-type characteristics by Hall effect assessments, Particle mobility was influenced by particle size. The effect of applying a magnetic field on the efficiency of the n-CdS/p-Si photodetector was investigated and analyzed. When a magnetic field was applied during ablation, the responsivity of n-CdS/p-Si heterojunction photodetectors increased from 0.498 A/W to 0.830 A/W at 510 nm. This was the result of the application of the magnetic field.

Fluorescent Nanocomposites of Cadmium Sulfide Quantum Dots and Polymer Matrices: Synthesis, Characterization, and Sensing Application

Fluorescent materials for sensing have gained attention for the visual detection of different substances as metals and pesticides for environmental monitoring. This work presents fluorescent nanocomposites in solution, film, and paper obtained without capping and stabilizing agents, coming from quantum dots of cadmium sulfide (CdS QDs) and anionic–cationic polymer matrices. Fluorescent films were formed by casting and fluorescent paper by impregnation from the solutions. The optical properties of CdS QDs in solution showed absorption between 418 and 430 nm and a maximum emission at 460 nm. TEM analysis evidenced particle size between 3 and 6 nm and diffraction patterns characteristic of CdS nanocrystals. Infrared spectra evidenced changes in the wavenumber in the fluorescent films. The band gap values (2.95–2.82 eV) suggested an application for visible transmitting film. Fluorescent solutions by UV-vis and fluorescence evidenced a chemical interaction with glyphosate standard between 1 and 100 µg/mL concentrations. The analysis of red, green, and blue color codes (RGB) evidenced a color response of the fluorescent paper at 10 and 100 µg/mL, but the fluorescent films did not show change. Nanocomposites of chitosan and pectin, in solution and on paper, exhibited a behavior “turn-on” sensor, while carboxymethylcellulose had a “turn-off” sensor. This methodology presents three fluorescent materials with potential applications in visual sensing.

Recent advances in cadmium sulfide (CdS)-based photocatalysts

Organic compounds from different industries produce a range of problematic pollutants in wastewater. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) based photocatalyst as a typical photocatalytic material, due to its high efficiency and stability, shows great potential in the field of environmental restoration, which has strong visible light absorption, suitable band energy level and excellent electron charge transport performance. Research on degradation of organic pollutants using cadmium sulfide (CdS) based photocatalyst has made significant progress. In order to improve the rate and ability of cadmium sulfide (CdS) based photocatalyst to degrade pollutants, this paper introduces various strategies to modify the shape and structure of photocatalyst to improve its performance. In addition, the reaction conditions were optimized, and the mechanism of photocatalytic degradation was discussed. In conclusion, the research of cadmium sulfide based photocatalysts provides valuable insights for the degradation of organic pollutants and offers hope for future application in ecological environmental protection.

Optical Study on Co-Sensitization of Betanin Dye with Cadmium Sulfide to Fabricate Dye Sensitized Solar Cell

Natural dyes are low-cost, eco-friendly, readily available and have optical characteristics which render them useful in energy research. The titanium tetra isopropoxide precursor can be employed using sol-gel synthesis to get titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO2 NPs). The FESEM analysis confirmed the deposition of TiO2 NPs on Indium Tin Oxide (ITO) substrate, which is necessary for the photo-conversion mechanism to produce electricity. One of the natural dyes that is extracted from red beets is known as betanin dye (Bd). Due to their aligned energy levels, Bd and cadmium sulfide (CdS) are used together to provide effective optical characteristics, making them suitable as dye sensitizers. The presence of Cd-S, C-N and hydroxyl groups assigned to 500, 1633, and 3300 cm-1 respectively, was demonstrated by the FTIR analysis. The energy gap of 2.16, 2.13 and 2.2 eV for Bd, CdS and Bd-CdS composite was estimated using Tauc's plot and UV-visible spectra demonstrated maximum absorbance at 485, 510 and 528 nm, respectively. The Bd absorbs broad light in visible region due to the addition of CdS. The major charge-transport phenomenon in dye-sensitized solar cells (DSSC) involves an increase in photo-current density, due to its luminous nature. However, the recombination of charge carriers prevents the overall performance of the DSSCs. The power conversion efficiency of the DSSC constructed from Bd dye and Bd-CdS composite was 0.234% and 0.367%, respectively. This optical investigation suggests co-sensitization as a sure-fire method to improve the efficiency of DSSCs extracted from natural dyes, making them reliable for future indoor applications.

Batch and column studies for the removal of basic red-46 dye and textile by using magnesium oxide (MgO), strontium titanium trioxide (SrTiO3), cobalt- and iron-doped lanthanum chromium trioxide (Co.Fe.LaCrO3), and cadmium sulfide (CdS)-doped graphene oxide nanocomposites.

Despite efforts to reduce the risk of toxic chemicals, colors, and dyes being released into the environment from urban and industrial areas, there is still cause for concern. Colored water must be filtered and sterilized before it can be used for irrigation. The utilization of metal oxide and nanocomposite materials in wastewater treatment procedures appears to be a viable option for the future. Therefore, different compounds were doped with graphene oxide to identify the best material for dye removal by the adsorption process. According to recent studies, the ideal conditions for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) are as follows: pH 10 showed the highest adsorption capacity (qe) at 49.4mg/g; an adsorbent dosage of 0.01g/50mL showed 48.3mg/g qe; a shaking time of 30min resulted in 44.2mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 100mg/L yielded 53.6mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35°C gave 49.5mg/g qe. For graphene oxide-doped strontium titanate (GO/SrTiO3), the optimum conditions were as follows: pH 10 with 45.8mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01g/50mL with 40.5mg/g qe; a shaking time of 30min with 75mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35°C with 44.7mg/g qe. Graphene oxide-doped cobalt and iron-doped lanthanum chromium titanate (GO/Co.Fe.LaCrO3) showed optimum conditions of pH 9 with 34.2mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01g/50mL with 27.5mg/g qe; a shaking time of 45min with 33.2mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 100mg/L with 37.6mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35°C with 42.5mg/g qe. Graphene oxide-doped cadmium sulfide (GO/CdS) showed the following optimum conditions: pH 8 with 23.1mg/g qe; an adsorbent dose of 0.01g/50mL with 25.5mg/g qe; an initial dye concentration of 75mg/L with 28.3mg/g qe; and a temperature of 35°C with 33.5mg/g qe. The pseudo-first-order model was the best fit only for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) with an R2 value of 0.966, while the pseudo-second-order adsorption isotherm was the best fit for all four products, with R2 values ranging from 0.991 to 0.998. Additionally, the Langmuir adsorption isotherms provided good results for all four products, with R2 values ranging from 0.957 to 0.985. The Freundlich adsorption kinetics showed satisfactory fit only for graphene oxide-doped magnesium oxide (GO/MgO) and graphene oxide-doped cadmium sulfide (GO/CdS), with R2 values of 0.951 and 0.982, respectively. To examine the characteristics and practicality of the adsorption process, certain thermodynamic variables were calculated. The adsorption capability of the most efficient nanocomposites for the degradation of basic red-46 was significantly affected by various concentrations of heavy metal ions and electrolytes. In dye solutions containing surfactants/detergents, the adsorption efficiency of several effective photocatalysts for basic dyes was significantly reduced. A 0.5M HCl solution was found to be the most effective for desorption. In column investigations, the optimal bed height, flow velocity, and dye intake levels were determined to be 3cm, 1.8mL/min, and 70mg/L, respectively, for maximal adsorption of basic red-46. The adsorption investigation of genuine textile waste products has also been carried out to facilitate the practical deployment of this approach. The methods used in this study were cost-effective, easy to handle, and eco-friendly and involved no hazardous materials in the synthesis, making the resulting materials non-hazardous. All these methods were part of green chemistry.

Micellar mediated preparation of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles: Influence of cleavable spacer based cationic gemini surfactant

Cleavable spacer (s = diamido) based cationic gemini surfactant (with different alkyl tail lengths (m) abbreviated as g1; m = 12, g2; m = 14 or g3; m = 16), in aqueous micellar solution, was used to control the size and morphology of cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanoparticles (NPs), via modified chemical precipitation technique. The purity and stability of all CdS NPs were characterized by EDAX, FT-IR, TGA and zeta potential (ζ). By varying the geminis, significant size reduction (2–6 nm), enhanced capping capacity, and higher energy band gap (∼4.1 eV) have been found in CdS-g1 compared to other NPs, by using Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), TEM, XRD and UV–visible spectroscopy. Photoluminescence (PL) spectra revealed an emission at 525 and 630 nm, showing the effect of geminis m concerning surface states of NP. Additionally, antioxidant and antimicrobial (on Gram-negative (E. coli and P. aeruginosa) and Gram-positive (S. aureus and B. subtilis) strains) activities of CdS NPs were examined by DPPH radical scavenging and agar plating-spot disc inoculation method, respectively. The results recommended a significant antioxidant activity in CdS-g1 with 45.6 %, while, selective antimicrobial activity was obtained on E. coli and S. aureus in all NP systems.

Computational Optimization for CdS/CIGS/GaAs Layered Solar Cell Architecture

Multi-junction solar cells are vital in developing reliable, green, sustainable solar cells. Consequently, the computational optimization of solar cell architecture has the potential to profoundly expedite the process of discovering high-efficiency solar cells. Copper indium gallium selenide (CIGS)-based solar cells exhibit substantial performance compared to those utilizing cadmium sulfide (CdS). Likewise, CIGS-based devices are more efficient according to their device performance, environmentally benign nature, and thus, reduced cost. Therefore, the paper introduces an optimization process of three-layered n-CdS/p-CIGS/p-GaAs (NPP)) solar cell architecture based on thickness and carrier charge density. An in-depth investigation of the numerical analysis for homojunction PPN-junction with the ’GaAs’ layer structure along with n-ZnO front contact was simulated using the Solar Cells Capacitance Simulator (SCAPS-1D) software. Subsequently, various computational optimization techniques for evaluating the effect of the thickness and the carrier density on the performance of the PPN layer on solar cell architecture were examined. The electronic characteristics by adding the GaAs layer on the top of the conventional (PN) junction further led to optimized values of the power conversion efficiency (PCE), open-circuit voltage (VOC), fill factor (FF), and short-circuit current density (JSC) of the solar cell. Lastly, the paper concludes by highlighting the most promising results of our study, showcasing the impact of adding the GaAs layer. Hence, using the optimized values from the analysis, thickness of 5 (μm) and carrier density of 1×1020 (1/cm) resulted in the maximum PCE, VOC, FF, and JSC of 45.7%, 1.16 V, 89.52%, and 43.88 (mA/m2), respectively, for the proposed solar cell architecture. The outcomes of the study aim to pave the path for highly efficient, optimized, and robust multi-junction solar cells.

SILAR deposited cadmium sulphide (CdS) over graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) based photo-enhanced triboelectric nanogenerator for self-powered visible light photodetector

Self-powered visible-light photodetectors have gained prominence as sustainable solutions across multiple domains, including optical communication systems, biomedical imaging, and optical interconnections. In this study, we presented a self-powered visible-light photodetector in the form of a triboelectric nanogenerator (TENG), which comprises of g-C3N4/CdS over the indium tin oxide coated poly(ethylene terephthalate) (ITO/PET) sheet and aluminum. Firstly, the as-synthesized g-C3N4 was coated over ITO/PET and thereafter the CdS layer was deposited over g-C3N4 layer by using Successive Ionic Layer Adsorption and Reaction (SILAR) method. The formation of CdS thin layer has been confirmed through various characterization techniques, including SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy), XRD (X-ray Diffraction), and Raman spectroscopy. The as-fabricated TENG exhibits 29.6 V of open circuit voltage (Voc) and 0.55 µA short circuit current (Isc), when subjected to force through finger tapping. Furthermore, the TENG demonstrates a calculated power density of 2.16 µW/cm2 with an external load of 45 MΩ. The TENG’s output performance achieved a significant improvement, reaching 55 V Voc, when exposed to visible light. This enhancement is credited to the mutual coupling effect and enhanced interfacial interactions, fostering a charge-trapping mechanism. The exceptional efficiency of our fabricated TENG establishes itself as a highly productive hybrid system for developing self-powered system, particularly serving as a self-powered visible-light photodetector.

ZnS and CdS nano thin films – A comprehensive analysis of structural, morphology and optical properties for photovoltaic applications

The current study is on the deposition of Zinc Sulfide and Cadmium Sulfide thin films by chemical bath deposition (CBD) technique. The deposited films were annealed at 200 °C and 350 °C in vacuum system. The Structural, Surface morphology, elemental composition and Optic analysis were performed by XRD, SEM, EDX, PL and optical transmission spectra. The XRD confirmed the formation of ZnS and CdS which revealed a broad spectrum in the low 2θ region due to its amorphous behaviour. The average optical transmission spectrum of ZnS lies between 65 % and 80 % and CdS lies between 50 and 60 %. The optical band gap of both the annealed films was decreasing with increase in temperature. The higher optical transmittance observed from emission spectra of PL analysis can contribute better performance and proved that the annealed ZnS and CdS thin films are applicable for photovoltaic applications.

Developing zinc oxide-doped cadmium sulfide nanocomposites chemically for oxygen gas sensing properties via annealing effects

Here, we describe the synthesis and properties of zinc oxide (ZnO)-doped cadmium sulfide (CdS) nanocomposites tailored for gas sensing applications. The nanocomposites were prepared using a chemical synthesis method and underwent optimization through annealing processes. The optimized annealing conditions are determined to enhance the gas sensing properties. The gas detection properties of the zinc oxide doped cadmium sulfide nanocomposites are systematically evaluated under various gas atmospheres, including common industrial pollutants. The nanocomposites exhibit promising gas sensing capabilities, demonstrating sensitivity and selectivity towards specific gases. The results indicate that the annealing process significantly influences the gas sensing performance, leading to improved response and recovery times, as well as enhanced selectivity and stability.This research highlights the importance of controlled annealing in tailoring the gas detection properties of nanocomposites. Therefore, the synthesized nanocomposite can be used for a suitable materials for oxygen sensing.

Controlling the thiourea for optimized growth of CdS nanorod arrays for improved photoelectrochemical water splitting

Energy and the environment are very important issues to secure, preserve and improve our modern lifestyle. The conversion of sunlight into hydrogen and oxygen via photoelectrochemical (PEC) water splitting is one of the most potential routes for clean energy. Cadmium sulfide (CdS) is a promising semiconductor for utilization as a photoanode. In this work, CdS has been grown via the hydrothermal method by optimizing the thiourea concentration. The growth of CdS with equal concentration of Cd2+ and S2-demonstrates the crowded hexagonal-shaped nanorod arrays with small diameter and relatively longer length, and it exhibits the highest photocurrent density due to some factors, such as high length-to-diameter ratio, large reaction area, suitable flat band potential, slow charge recombination rate, fast charge transfer, suitable conduction and valence band edges, and surface reaction kinetics. This work will be of potential to further develop improved nanocomposites of CdS nanorods for hydrogen production and research in related fields.

Assessing the toxicity of green Agaricus bisporus-based Cadmium Sulfide nanoparticles on Musca domestica as a biological model

The common housefly, Musca domestica, known for transmitting over 100 infections, was studied using green-synthesized Cadmium Sulfide nanoparticles (CdS NPs) from Agaricus bisporus. These CdS NPs were tested on third-instar larvae under laboratory conditions using dipping and feeding methods with concentrations (75, 100, 125, 150, 175, and 200 µg/mL). The toxicity, measured by LC50, was found to be 138 µg/mL for dipping treatment and 123 µg/mL for feeding treatment. Analysis with an energy-dispersive X-ray microanalyzer confirmed Cd accumulation in the larval midgut, indicating penetration of CdS NPs into the organism, which may potentially increase their toxicity. CdS NPs caused disruptions in Heat Shock Protein 70, cell apoptosis, and various biochemical components. Scanning electron microscopy revealed morphological abnormalities in larvae, pupae, and adults exposed to CdS NPs. Ultrastructural examination showed significant midgut tissue abnormalities in larvae treated with 123 µg/mL of CdS NPs. Our study demonstrated that green-synthesized CdS NPs from A. bisporus can effectively control the development of M. domestica larvae.

Memristive behaviour of Al/rGO-CdS/FTO device at different temperatures: A MATLAB-integrated study

In the present work, a comprehensive study is carried out to investigate the memristive behaviour of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) conjugated cadmium sulphide quantum dot (CdS QD) nanocomposites (rGO-CdS), offering insights into their dynamic response under varying thermal conditions. The study integrates experimental analysis with MATLAB simulation to provide a detailed understanding of the complex interplay between different operating temperature (300K, 350K, 400K, and 450K) and memristive behavior in rGO-CdS nanocomposites. Different structural and chemical characterizations were carried out which confirms the formation of rGO-CdS nanocomposites. A sandwich structured device was fabricated with the synthesized rGO-CdS nanocomposites using Aluminum (Al) as top and Fluorine doped tin oxide (FTO) as bottom electrode. The influence of operating temperature on hysteresis behaviour of the fabricated Al/rGO-CdS/FTO device was investigated using Keithley 2450 source meter by sweeping a direct current (dc) voltage (−5 V → 5 V → −5 V). Notably, we observe a positive temperature coefficient in the device current, with maximum and minimum recorded current of |1.29mA| and |0.66mA| at 450K and 300K respectively. The current-voltage (I-V) behavior observed in the device reveals that in the low resistance state (LRS), conduction is dominated by bulk-limited mechanisms. However, in the high resistance state (HRS), conduction involves contributions from both Schottky barriers and the Pool-Frenkel effect. A MATLAB based linear drift model was used to simulate the device responses at different temperatures using the experimental data. The study provides first comprehensive analysis of temperature dependent hysteresis behaviour of Al/rGO-CdS/FTO device, integrating MATLAB simulation to glean valuable insights into its operation and possible applications as memristive material across different temperature regimes.