Cadmium Element Research Articles

Assessment of Environmental Contamination by Toxic Heavy Metals in Settled Dust in Al-Diwaniyah City, Iraq

Settled dust is considered one of the environmental pollutants that are dangerous to human health and other living organisms, especially in our country, Iraq, which is characterized by the frequent occurrence of dust storms and the paucity of rainfall. Therefore, this study came in order to calculate the amounts of settled dust on some areas of the Iraqi city of Diwaniyah and in various directions during summer seasons 2022, as well as to measure the concentrations of some toxic heavy metals present in this dust and to know the extent of pollution of the city’s environment through the use of some approved pollution indicators in different parts of the world. The results of the study showed that the area located near the Department of nationality in Al-Diwaniyah recorded the highest amount of settled dust, amounting to (139.419 g/m2/month) during the month of June, and that the industrial area recorded the highest rate of settled dust during the study period, with average (116.172 g/m2/month), and the general dust precipitation rate amounted to (105,12 g/m2/month), The average concentrations of heavy metals ranged between(1.113-2.695, 14.689-53.010, 16.103-42.353, 33.769-64.162) for the metals Cd, Pb, Cu, and Cr respectively. While the studied pollution indicators showed that the dust of the city of Diwaniyah was mostly containing high concentrations of these metals, which calls for taking measures that would reduce pollution rates, especially with regard to the cadmium element, whose concentrations were observed to be higher than the permissible global limits.

Accumulation of heavy metals in the soil and agricultural crops

This article presents the results of studies of the accumulation of heavy metals in irrigated soils and crops grown in fields contaminated with heavy metals in a territory that has not previously been studied and its ecological state has not been assessed. The accumulation of heavy metals in irrigated soils and crops Panicum L-millet, Solanum lycopersicum - tomato, Citrullus lanatus - watermelon, Cucumis melo - melon, Capsicum annuum - bell pepper was determined. Based on the amount of accumulated elements of heavy metals Cr, Ni, Cd, Pb, Mn, Cu, As in soil and crops, an assessment of their ecological state was carried out. The following accumulation of heavy metals in soil incisions is established: the cadmium (Cd) element accumulates in a small amount, lead (Pb) - 15.2 mg/kg, nickel (Ni) - 34.2 mg/kg, chromium (Cr) - 43.3 mg/kg. From agricultural crops in the ears of millet manganese (Mn) accumulates in the amount of 12.63 mg/kg, copper (Cu) - 9.79 mg/kg, cadmium (Cd) - 0.068 mg/kg, lead (Pb) - 0.48 mg/kg, chromium (Cr) - 0.99 mg/kg, nickel (Ni) -2.92 mg/kg, arsenic (As) - 0.98 mg/kg; from vegetable and melon crops in the fruit of bell pepper cadmium (Cd) is contained in an amount of 0.077 mg/kg, lead (Pb) - 0.35 mg/kg, nickel (Ni) - 3.26 mg/kg, arsenic (As) -5.33 mg/kg. Since the content of heavy metal elements Ni, Cr, Cd and As in the studied crops exceed the maximum allowable concentrations, it is not recommended to grow vegetables and melons in such fields.

Effect of cadmium on agrochemical and ecological status of irrigated soils

The sources of environmental pollution with heavy metals are mainly wastes of the metal production industry, combustion products of various fuels, car fumes and exhaust gases, chemicals used in agriculture, etc. The use of coal, oil, gas and a number of other fuels is increasing day by day, which pollutes the environment several times more than the metal production industry. Also, heavy metals enter the soil with biocides and mineral fertilizers, and soil contamination with heavy metals accumulates in the human body along the food chain and causes various diseases. In Uzbekistan, serious attention is being paid to the issues of ensuring ecological stability, creating the necessary conditions for the population to have a comfortable natural environment, rational and effective use of natural resources, preventing emerging environmental problems and eliminating their negative consequences. This article presents the accumulation of cadmium element in the takyr-meadow and meadow soils of Kashkadarya region, Kasbi district, exceeding the permissible standards.

Damage of soil cover due to the impact of tourism in the Altai mountains

This article presents the results of a study on soil cover damage caused by uncontrolled tourism in the Kazakhstan Altai and Mongolian Altai ranges. According to the expedition and laboratory work, it was determined that the soil cover of 182,7 km long territory in the Mongolian Altay range was damaged due to the ruts of vehicles and the trampling of tourists. More than 56,9% of these measured areas were completely destroyed, and 35,4% became rocky or desert. In the Altai ridge of Kazakhstan, the soil cover was damaged due to the formation of branch roads on an area of ​​705,7 ha, which was 55,3 km long. Approximately 84,4% of the total recorded area is moderately damaged and the growth of plants and grasses has decreased. During the determination of soil contamination with heavy metals, a total of 40 samples were taken from 8 coordinates and analyzed. The amount of lead and nickel in the soil has increased by 2-4 times due to the influence of tourism in both the Mongolian Altai Range and the Kazakh Altai Range. Cadmium element was not found at all. The content of other heavy metals such as chromium, copper, and zinc is slightly increased and accumulated at the bottom of the road. In both Kazakhstan and Mongolia, it was determined that the soil is polluted with heavy metals only by tourists' cars, as there is no mining, metallurgical plants, or resorts within 300 km.   Keywords:  Kazakhstan Altai Ridge, Mongolian Altai Ridge, soil cover, soil pollution.

Inversion study of cadmium content in soil based on reflection spectroscopy and MSC-ELM model

Heavy metal pollution in saline-alkali land has a significant impact on the ecological environment and human health. Rapid and accurate inversion of cadmium (Cd) element content in the saline-alkali land is important for environmental protection, saline-alkali soil improvement and conversion of saline-alkali land to cultivated land. Using traditional chemical detection methods to detect the content of heavy metal elements requires a long testing time and has the drawback of high prices. In this paper, we select the saline-alkali land of Zhenlai County as the study area and combine visible-NIR spectroscopy with machine learning models to invert the Cd content in the saline-alkali land. We preprocess the original reflection spectra using fractional order derivatives (FOD), then construct six three-band spectral indices (TBIs) and obtain the corresponding optimal band combination parameters by the optimal band combination (OBC) algorithm. To address the shortcomings of two-hidden-layer extreme learning machine (TELM), this paper introduces new weight parameters among the nodes of the first hidden layer, further extends it to multiple layers on this basis, and proposes the MSC-ELM model. The improved model is compared with several models, such as random forest (RF), partial least squares (PLS) and extreme learning machine (ELM). And the model performance is analyzed and compared by introducing several performance indicators, such as root mean square error (RMSE) and the ratio of the performance to interquartile (RPIQ). The experimental results show that the FOD transformation can eliminate the baseline drift and reduce the spectral noise. The constructed TBIs can effectively enhance the correlation with Cd content relative to the original single band, reduce redundant information and enhance the spectral features. The MSC-ELM model achieves better performance metrics compared to the other models and obtains the optimal prediction performance. This study provides an accurate and rapid method for the detection of Cd content in saline soil, which is important for the improvement and ecological recovery of saline soil.

Evaluation of Some Heavy Metals, Their Fate and Transportation in Water, Sediment, and Some Biota within AL-Musayyib River, Babylon Governorate, Iraq

This study estimated seven heavy metals (Fe, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Cr) in water (dissolved and particulate phase), sediments and some aquatic organisms including two species from aquatic plants (Ceratophyllum demersum&Phragmites australis); one species of clam (Psedontopeses euphratics) and two species from fish (Oreochromis aureus& Leuciscus vorax)in four sites within Mashroo AL- Musayyib channel project/ branch of Euphrates river, Babylon , medial of Iraq . This aims to show the concentration of these elements, their fate and the mechanisms of their transmission through the food chain in this lotic aquatic system ; also in addition to examining some physicochemical properties of river water such as water temperature (WT),air temperature (AT),pH , electrical conductivity ( EC) , salinity ,total dissolved solid ( TDS), total solid suspended (TSS) , dissolved oxygen (DO) and biological oxygen demand ( BOD5) .The occurrence in heavy metals in water was found in the order in the Dissolved phase :- Zn> Fe > Cu> Ni>Pb> Cr > Cd, the zinc element recorded the highest rate in site two for spring season while the cadmium element recorded the lowest rate in site one for spring season. In the particulate phase:- Zn> Cu >Fe > Ni>Pb> Cr > Cd, the zinc element recorded the highest rate in site two for spring season while the cadmium element recorded the lowest rate in site four for spring season. The sediment order was Zn> Cu >Fe >Pb> Ni > Cd > Cr where the zinc element recorded the highest rate in site two for spring season where as the chromium element recorded the lowest rate in site two for spring. In aquatic plant the order was in C. demersum :Zn> Fe > Cu>Pb> Cr > Ni > Cd, the zinc element recorded the highest rate in site four for winter season while the cadmium element recorded the lowest rate in site one for autumn season. In P. australis: Zn> Fe > Cu>Pb> Cd > Ni > Cr , the zinc element recorded the highest rate in site two for spring season while the chromium element recorded the lowest rate in site two for spring season. In clam the order was: Zn> Fe > Cu> Ni >Pb> Cd > Cr where the zinc element recorded the highest rate in site two for spring season while the chromium recorded the lowest value in site 3 through winter 2021.In fish species (O. aureas) the order was Fe > Zn > Cu>Pb> Cr > Cd > Ni. The iron element recorded as the highest rate in site 2 in spring 2021 whilethe element that recorded the lowest rate was Ni in site 2for spring in L. vorax. The iron element recorded the highest rate in site one for summer season where as the Nickel was recorded a lower value in site four in spring2021.

Using some Natural Minerals to Remove Cadmium from Polluted Water

Water scarcity is one of the most important problems facing humanity in various fields such as economics, industry, agriculture, and tourism. This may push people to use low-quality water like industrial-wastewater. The application of some chemical compounds to get rid of heavy metals such as cadmium is an environmentally harmful approach. It is well-known that heavy metals as cadmium may induce harmful problems when present in water and invade to soil, plants and food chain of a human being. In this case, man will be forced to use the low quality water in irrigation. Application of natural materials instead of chemicals to remove cadmium from polluted water is an environmental friendly approach. Attention was drawn in this research work to use some natural minerals as zeolite, bentonite and montmorillonite to adsorb cadmium element from polluted water. Various concentrations of cadmium in solutions 10, 30 and 50 ppm were treated with three different ratios of each mineral; 1, 3 and 5% (W/V). The obtained results proved that increasing the ratio of amendments to 5% increased Cd adsorption from solution particularly at 50ppm Cd. Zeolite obtained the highest ratio of adsorption (47.90 ppm), followed by montmorillonite (44.99 ppm) and the lowest was bentonite (38.97 ppm). Therefore, it can be recommended that addition of zeolite is the most favorable material to remove Cd element from polluted water.

Removal of Cadmium(II) ion from aqueous solutions by the outer layer of Onion

Cadmium element is one of the group IIB and classified as heavy metal and effects on human health and environment. The present work concerns with the biosorption of Cd(II) ions from aqueous solution using the outer layer of onions. Adsorption of the used ions was found to be pH dependent and maximum removal of the ions by outer layer of onions and was found to be 99.7%.

Quantitative Relationship Between Paddy Soil Properties and Cadmium Content in Tobacco leaves.

Tobacco readily accumulates cadmium (Cd), an unnecessary and poisonous element. A total of 107 soil and tobacco leaf samples were collected from South China, to clarify the quantitative relationship between soil properties and Cd content in tobacco leaves. The results showed that 86.9% of the total sampling points had soil cadmium in excess of standard value, and the ratio of active Cd content to total soil Cd content was 24.0%. The enrichment factor of tobacco Cd was 3.43. There was a significant positive correlation between Cd concentration in tobacco leaves and soil Cd content. Soil pH, organic matter and cation exchange amount were negatively correlated with the Cd enrichment factor of tobacco. This present study has provided a regression model of tobacco Cd content based on soil factors, which could accurately predict Cd content in different parts of tobacco.

Isostructural coordination chains assembled with aminopyrazine: Decreasing photoluminescence yield by Cd(II) replacement for Mn(II)

A cadmium coordination polymer assembled with aminopyrazine (ampyz) and acetate (AcO) was recently found to be a high-efficiency material able to convert ultraviolet radiation into blue light, with internal and external photoluminescence quantum yields (iPLQY and ePLQY) approaching 80%. Here we were inspired to prepare a blue-light-emitter based on its structure by replacing the toxic cadmium element for Mn2+. The isostructural Mn2+ coordination polymer was obtained and its structure was elucidated by single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Its optical properties were assessed and understood based on TD-DFT calculations. Low-gap d-shaped HOMO-LUMO orbitals were found intercalating those responsible for UV absorption. Therefore, low-frequency radiative decay occurs before the target luminescence, depleting much its blue-light-emission efficiency which doesn't achieve 3%. This novel material allowed us to conclude that the cadmium d10 closed-shell is decisive to the high-efficiency brightness of the literature compound.

The Concentration of Lead and Cadmium in the Gill and Muscle of Common Carp Fish (Cyprinus carpio) in Three Fish Farms in DhiQar City–South Iraq

The present study was conducted to estimate the concentration of lead and cadmium element in gill andmuscle of fish Cyprinus carpio in three fish farms derive their water from Garraf channel, a branch ofthe Tigris River in the province of DhiQar. The results of the present study that the concentration of traceelements (cadmium and lead) in the gills was higher than delimiters standard for joining the World Healthwhere it is dangerous for human consumption, either in the muscles was lower concentration of them in thegills, we conclude from this study that fish consumption Farm at the present time does not cause markeddamage but in the future cause a problem should be avoided.

The critical role of the coordination sphere in the high-efficiency blue-light emission from aminopyrazine metal-organic polymers

A cadmium coordination polymer assembled with aminopyrazine (ampyz) and acetate is known to convert UV radiation into blue light with external brightness of 75.4%. Here we prepared a novel light-emitting material based on this coordination polymeric framework by replacing the high-toxicity cadmium element to zinc. The novel photoluminescent material presented internal and external photoluminescence quantum yields (iPLQY and ePLQY) of 16.0% and 14.4%, respectively. This emission efficiency decrease in the zinc isomorph resulted from the cleavage of one acetate coordination bond since Zn2+ is smaller than Cd2+. The lack of this coordination bond results in poor orbital overlap and lower structural rigidity and then less efficient charge transfer and higher radiativeless decay. The reaction of zinc acetate dihydrate and ampyz originated also another coordination compound, which has however a discrete motif and lower iPLQY and ePLQY values of 6.6% and 5.9%, respectively. This study therefore expands our knowledge on the reasons behinds cadmium optimizing much the UV conversion efficiency of the ampyz framework.

Bio removal of Cadmium element by use Bacillus cereus

Abstract 
 Four samples were collected from different agricultural soils, as the isolates were isolated from these samples, namely Bacillus cereus, which were identified based on phenotypic characteristics and molecular diagnosis. The bioremoval process was carried out using Bacillus cereus and cadmium at concentrations (0.5, 0.2, 0.1 mg) at a temperature of 37 ° C and pH 7 for a period (72,48,24 hours), as the results showed that the highest removal of cadmium was 86% at a concentration of 0.1 mg / ml and the lowest removal was 34% at a concentration of 0.5 mg / ml. This study included the effect of the incubation period on removing heavy element ions, and it was found that the best period was 24 hours compared to 72 and 48 hours .

Assessment of Heavy Metal Cu, Pb, Cd Contamination in Dust in Zahedan City using Pollution Indices and GIS and Geo Statistics Technologies, Zahedan, Iran

Assessment of heavy metal contamination is of great importance given its hazardous impacts on humans and the environment. Atmosphere is an important path for heavy metals transportation and plays a major role in the bioaccumulation of heavy metals in the environment. The present research aims to assess soil pollution to heavy metals of lead, copper and cadmium in Zahedan using pollution indices and Geo statistics technology. For the study, 90 dust samples from the studied area were systematically collected randomly and the concentrations of lead, copper and cadmium were measured using a flame atomic absorption device. Geocoding indices, pollution index, ecological risk index and potential environmental risk index were used to determine the contamination level in the study area. The comparison of the mean concentration of the elements showed that the frequency of metals in the study area was Pb> Cu> Cd. Also, the index of contamination, ecological risk and environmental potential of the cadmium element are 14.18, 44.34 and 1333.03, respectively, then the other metals. The plot of land accumulation chart showed that the heavy metal content during the sampling period varies from moderate to severe/maximum contamination, so the concentration of heavy metals in addition to their natural origin was also related to human activities. The Pollution Index map (PI) also showed that the elements of copper, lead and cadmium are low, medium and high levels of pollution respectively.

Study on water quality of Xiamen sea area

th the rapid development of the economy, it has brought huge pollution load pressure to the marine environment quality. The land-based pollutants have increased year by year, and the marine pollution problem has become more and more serious. The governance of the marine environment has become a serious problem. This paper investigated the water quality of Xiamen. The results showed that the average concentration of heavy metals was 2.16×10-3 mg/L for copper element, 2.84×10-5 mg/L for lead element, 7.61×10-5 mg/L for cadmium element, 1.97×10-3 mg/L for arsenic element and 3.66×10-3 mg/L for zinc element. The monitoring concentration of mercury element at each monitoring point is lower than 1×10-5mg/L. The main pollutants in the general indicators are active phosphate and inorganic nitrogen. This paper can provide data support for the future management of marine environmental problems in Xiamen Government, and it has positive significance for its future governance.

Selective cadmium regulation mediated by a cooperative binding mechanism in CadR

Detoxification of the highly toxic cadmium element is essential for the survival of living organisms. Pseudomonas putida CadR, a MerR family transcriptional regulator, has been reported to exhibit an ultraspecific response to the cadmium ion. Our crystallographic and spectroscopic studies reveal that the extra cadmium selectivity of CadR is mediated by the unexpected cooperation of thiolate-rich site I and histidine-rich site II. Cadmium binding in site I mediates the reorientation of protein domains and facilitates the assembly of site II. Subsequently, site II bridge-links 2 DNA binding domains through ligands His140/His145 in the C-terminal histidine-rich tail. With dynamic transit between 2 conformational states, this bridge could stabilize the regulator into an optimal conformation that is critical for enhancing the transcriptional activity of the cadmium detoxification system. Our results provide dynamic insight into how nature utilizes the unique cooperative binding mechanism in multisite proteins to recognize cadmium ions specifically.

Reproductive Effects of some trace elements On Male Infertility In Thi-Qar Governorate/Iraq

    The present study was carried out on 50 infertile males whose age range between (19-49) year and 16 male, who were apparently healthy, as a control group whose age range between (18-49) year.     The studied males were classified into two groups according to their case health to infertile male and fertile male.     The parameters measured were seminal fluid levels lead, cadmium, zinc, copper, chromium, magnesium, iron and cobalt. These parameters were estimated in seminal fluid of patients and control group.     The results shown a highly significant different in levels of lead element(7.541a, 0.056b ), cadmium element(0.023a, 0.007b), zinc element(1.275a, 0.054b ), chromium element(0.408a, 0.090b), iron       element(2.172a, 0.148b), cobalt element(0.022a, 0.008b), in primary infertile males when compared with in secondary infertile males(a: primary, b:secondry).The results shown a highly significant different in levels of lead element, cadmium element, zinc element, chromium element, iron element, cobalt element, in infertile men when compared with fertile men.    The results illustrated highest level of concentrations elements in measurements was lead element levels and cadmium levels in infertile males when compared with control group.     As well as lower levels of concentration metals was cobalt element levels in infertile males when compared with control group.   &nbsp

High quantum yield and well-dispersed quantum dots luminescent composite through sodium carboxymethyl starch.

It is a challenging task to prepare well-dispersed and highly luminescent quantum dots (QDs) powder and a new strategy is reported in this article. Sodium carboxymethyl starch (CMS-Na) was employed in this work to prepare the QDs-starch composite. Ultraviolet (UV) light shows that the blank starches had no fluorescence, while the QDs-starches were highly luminescent. Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) observation shows that the QDs-starch composite has the typical particle morphology with the diameter around 200nm. Energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDX) results show that there are intensive tellurium (Te) and cadmium (Cd) element signals. Combined fluorescent lifetime and steady-state spectrometer show that the QDs-starch quantum yields (QYs) increase when the QDs loading increases from 1×10-6 mol/g to 2×10-6 mol/g, but when the loadings further increase, the QYs decrease slightly. For the red colour (λem =660nm) QDs, the QYs can reach to as high as 28.2%, and for the other colour QDs they can also have the QYs above 22%. Time-resolved photobleaching experiments show that the fluorescent QDs-starch composite has a half-decay time of 40.23s. These results indicate that the CMS-Na is a promising QDs dispersant to obtain high QY QD composites.

Evaluation of the novel nanoparticle material – CdSe quantum dots on Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus: Concentration-time-dependent responses

Quantum dots (QDs), as a kind of novel nanomaterial, have the extensive applications in various fields, inevitably leading to increasing risks for the ecological environment. The mobilization of cadmium including metal smelting and subsequent machining for multifarious applications has caused the release of cadmium element into the environment. In this study, we evaluated the potential toxicity of a novel nanoparticle material CdSe QDs, using two green algae Chlorella pyrenoidosa and Scenedesmus obliquus. The impact of CdSe QDs and cadmium ions on algae and the sensitivity of the two algae on target compounds were also considered and compared. Our results showed the algal growth rates and chlorophyll content decreased with increasing exposure concentrations and durations. Moreover, the glutathione levels were decreased while the activities of superoxide dismutase increased, exhibiting their pivotal functions in defeating toxic stress. The increment of malondialdehyde levels revealed that the stresses of CdSe QDs and cadmium ions were contributed to the occurrence of oxidative damage. Our study also indicated that the impact of CdSe QDs was stronger than that of cadmium nitrate and the algal response was also species-specific. In addition, the TEM photographs of the algal ultrastructure showed the presence of surface attachment and uptake of QDs.

Spectroscopic and structural studies of cadmium oxide thin films prepared by D.C magnetron sputtering

Cadmium oxide thin films were prepared by D.C magnetron plasma sputtering using different voltages (700, 800, 900, 1000, 1100 and 1200) Volt. The Cadmium oxide structural properties using XRD analysis for just a voltage of 1200 volt at room temperature after annealing in different temperatures (523 and 623) K were studied .The results show that the films prepared at room temperature have some peaks belong to cadmium element along the directions (002), (100), (102) and (103) while the other peaks along the directions of (111), (200) and (222) belong to cadmium oxide. Annealed samples display only cadmium oxide peaks. Also, the spectroscopic properties of plasma diagnostic for CdO thin films were determined and the results show that the electron temperature and electron density increase with increasing of sputtered voltage.