Cadmium Cd Research Articles

The Efficiency of the Eucalyptus sp. Plant in Absorbing Pollutants Results from Vehicle Exhausts in the Baghdad City

Air pollution is one of the serious problems facing the world today because of constant changes in environmental concentration levels of some gases and heavy metals due to humans. Especially when contaminants on the soil and leaves are deposited and transferred to the remainder of the plant. The present study was carried out to assess the theory concentrations of air pollutants in some areas of the city of Baghdad and their effects on the plant (Eucalyptus sp.) by calculating the heavy metal, exposed to roadside vehicles pollution in the city of Baghdad. The gaseous air pollutants levels were measured in five sites namely Al-Doura, Al-Kadhimiya, Palestine Street, and Al-Shaab to represent the urban areas and Al-Rashidiya site to represent the rural area. Included carbon dioxide CO2, sulfur dioxide SO2, and nitrogen dioxide NO2. Also, heavy metal concentrations were measured cadmium Cd and lead Pb. Concentrations of air pollutants, for all studied sites, ranged between 281.33-702.33 ppm, 0.15-3.50 ppm, 0.004-0.532 ppm, 0.132-1.16 μg m-3, 1.75-5.75 μg m-3, for CO2, NO2, SO2, Cd, and Pb, respectively. High concentrations of Cd and Pb were recorded in Eucalyptus sp. (1.51 mg/kg and 5.31 mg kg-1, respectively).

Cryo-EM structure of cadmium-bound human ABCB6

ATP-binding cassette transporter B6 (ABCB6), a protein essential for heme biosynthesis in mitochondria, also functions as a heavy metal efflux pump. Here, we present cryo-electron microscopy structures of human ABCB6 bound to a cadmium Cd(II) ion in the presence of antioxidant thiol peptides glutathione (GSH) and phytochelatin 2 (PC2) at resolutions of 3.2 and 3.1 Å, respectively. The overall folding of the two structures resembles the inward-facing apo state but with less separation between the two halves of the transporter. Two GSH molecules are symmetrically bound to the Cd(II) ion in a bent conformation, with the central cysteine protruding towards the metal. The N-terminal glutamate and C-terminal glycine of GSH do not directly interact with Cd(II) but contribute to neutralizing positive charges of the binding cavity by forming hydrogen bonds and van der Waals interactions with nearby residues. In the presence of PC2, Cd(II) binding to ABCB6 is similar to that observed with GSH, except that two cysteine residues of each PC2 molecule participate in Cd(II) coordination to form a tetrathiolate. Structural comparison of human ABCB6 and its homologous Atm-type transporters indicate that their distinct substrate specificity might be attributed to variations in the capping residues situated at the top of the substrate-binding cavity.

Effect of pH on Trace Elements Removal from Batteries and Compact Disks by Aspergillus terreus Pellets

Background: The aim of this study is the removal of three trace elements (Nickle Ni, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb) by an environmentally friendly method from Batteries and compact discs. This study aimed to rapidly remove trace elements from E-waste (batteries) by filamentous fungi pellets. Methods: Aspergillus was the best heavy metal tolerated isolate under the following incubation parameters: pH (5), temperature (25°C), ground electronic waste powder doses (0.5, 1 and 1.5 g/L) absorbed by fungal pellets biomass 10 gm/L of wet weight. Result: The results showed the best removal percentage R% of Ni, Cd and Pb removal were (89,91and 96) observed at pH 5. Images from SEM showed accumulations of metal particles on the surface of the fungal hyphae and Fourier Transform Infra-Red Spectroscopy (FT-IR) was used to determine the effective groups in the fungal cell wall responsible of biosorption of trace elements and This study indicates that an application may be possible Aspergillus terreus as a promising candidate for biological sorption and recycling of trace elements and as an ecologically friendly and effective process in terms of time and cost.

Analysis of antioxidants in water striders (Hemiptera: Gerridae) as bioindicator of water pollution.

The antioxidant enzyme system is an important defense mechanism to cope with Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) produced due to exposure to heavy metals. In the present study lead (Pb), chromium (Cr), arsenic (As), cadmium (Cd) and nickel (Ni) in water and the antioxidant activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) was investigated in three species (Metrocoris communis, Limnogonus fossarum fossarum, and Aquarius adelaidis) of water striders collected from the industrial triangle of Punjab, Pakistan. The results of present study revealed that Pb, Cr, As, Cd and Ni were according to the permissible amount of WHO. The antioxidant activity of SOD, CAT and POD was found significantly different among species against oxidative stress, but found the highest activity of determining parameters in A. adelaidis. This is one of the pioneer studies in Pakistan reporting the role of water striders as a bioindicator of heavy metals present in the water through antioxidants enzyme variations. The current results supported that variant level of antioxidant enzyme activities in different species of water strider were reflective of heavy metal pollution in the Industrial triangle of Punjab, Pakistan and will be a useful ecotoxicological tools to evaluate the detrimental effects of heavy metal pollutants in aquatic organisms.

Heavy metal and genetic diversity studies in three populations of Snail (Achatina achatina Linnaeus, 1758) from Southwest, Nigeria.

Environmental pollutants may often alter the genetic components of natural populations. In this study, heavy metals and genetic diversity in land snail (Achatina achatina) from three populations of south-western Nigeria were investigated, using the Atomic Absorption Spectrometry and DNA Sequencing technology respectively. Metal analysis revealed that the snails accumulated lead (Pb) and nickel (Ni) in high concentrations in two of the three states, while cadmium (Cd) was the least detected. Editing and alignment of the sequences of all snail accessions generated a range of 384bp to 419 bp. Analysis of Molecular Variance (AMOVA) in all 18 accessions was low at only 16%. The query coverage (QC) ranged between 96% and 100%, with 14 (77.8%) of the 18 accessions showing 100% identity. Pairwise comparison of the accessions studied also showed a high genetic similarity. The unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean (UPGMA) generated two main clusters. Cluster I was unique and contain one sample (AaOy06) while the other cluster are very closely related and can be further sub-divided into sub-clusters. The similarity index of between the clusters is 0.5357. The close similarity among the accessions may be due to the geographical proximity of the three states. The uniqueness of accession AaOy06 in comparison to other accessions might be due to the negative influence of heavy metal, particularly lead. The determination of evolutionary relationships among snail populations may be useful towards the breeding efforts of the species in Nigeria.

“A Study on Immobilization of Copper, Cadmium and Lead in Polluted Soil Using Nanoparticles”

Abstract: Copper Cu, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb pollution of soils is a serious environmental and agricultural issue, posing a threat to crop production, environmental quality, food safety, and human health. Therefore, immobilization of Copper Cu, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb in soils is crucial. Biochar-based materials are receiving significant attention as Copper Cu, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb immobilizers, due to their multifunctional surface properties. The remediation/immobilization mechanisms involved are, mainly, surface complexation, chemical reduction, precipitation, ion exchange, π–π interactions, hydrogen bonding, and adsorption. These mechanisms are mostly dependent on biochar surface pore size, oxygen-containing functional groups, pyrolysis temperature used in biochar preparation, biochar feedstock, and soil characteristics. So far, various pristine and modified biochar substrates have been used to remediate heavy metal-contaminated soils. Therefore, in this review paper, we briefly summarize the chemical forms, release sources, and maximum permissible limits of Copper Cu, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb in soil. We also summarize recent scientific findings on the performance of biochar substrates in Copper Cu, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb -contaminated soils to minimize Copper Cu, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb mobility, bioavailability, and potential accumulation in crops. Finally, we identify challenges associated with the use of biochar and suggest areas for future research. The review presents an overview of the knowledge of biochar as a promising amendment for the decontamination of Copper Cu, Cadmium Cd and Lead Pb -polluted soils. Sediment and soil contamination with toxic heavy metals, including cadmium (Cd2+) and lead (Pb2+), represents a major long-term remediation challenge. Resuspension of contaminated sediments into the water column, or the uptake of toxic metals from top soil, can lead to exposure of aquatic or terrestrial organisms, followed by bioconcentration, bioaccumulation and biomagnification, which may pose a threat to public health. We have developed a novel nanoscale engineered material, namely ligand-coated dense nanoparticles (Ligand DNPs), which contain a dense WO3 nanoparticle core and a shell functionalized with a metal-binding organic ligand (EDTA), to effectively sequester heavy metal ions deeper into the soil and sediments. We demonstrate that one application of Ligand DNPs can remove from 60% to almost 80% of the Cd and Pb in two different soil matrices, driving these metal ions deeper into the sediment or soil column via gravity, and making them less bioavailable. Ligand DNPs can provide a relatively fast, convenient, and efficient insitu approach for the remediation of sediments and soils contaminated with heavy metals.

Evaluation of environmental pollution by heavy metals in the waters of Al-Ezz River north of Basra

This study was conducted on the Al-Ezz River in the Al-Qurna district, north of Basra city, seasonally from Autumn 2022 to summer 2023 at five stations along the river. The purpose of the study was to assess the river's pollution and determine the highest concentrations of certain heavy elements in its water (Cobalt Co, Cadmium Cd, Manganese Mn, Zinc Zn, Iron Fe, Chrome Cr, Lead Pb, and Copper Cu). The highest concentrations of these elements were (0.095, 0.238, 0.323, 1.461, 1.592, 2.801, 8.015, 695.423) mg/l respectively, while the lowest concentrations of heavy elements were (Co=Not Detected, Fe= Not Detected, Mn= Not Detected, Cd=0.010, Zn= 0.033,Pb= 0.062, Cr= 0.129) mg/l. The strongest correlation is between lead and iron (r=0.99). Cadmium shows a positive correlation (r=0.97) with chrome, while copper has a positive correlation (r=0.97) with cobalt. There is a strong positive correlation between iron (r=0.99) and manganese, as well as between manganese (r=0.99) and iron. Zinc also exhibits a positive correlation (r=0.99) with cobalt, and chrome (r=0.98) shows a positive correlation with cadmium and cobalt (r=0.99) with zinc.

Removal of Heavy Metal Ions from Aqueous Solution by Nano Graphene Oxide

The study's objective is to produce and evaluate Nano Graphene Oxide (GO) before using it for batch adsorption to remove heavy metals (vanadium V+5, nickel Ni+2, and cadmium Cd+2) ions from aqueous solutions polluted with these metals, which were used to imitate the contaminating elements found in the liquid industrial wastewater of the Doura oil refinery in Baghdad, Iraq. This study used a modified Hummers method to synthesize. The main constituents in preparation GO were graphite powder (40-100 micron), H2SO4 acid, and KMnO4 powder. The GO structure synthesized and optical properties were investigated by FTIR, UV-vis, XRD, Raman spectroscopy, SEM, and EDX. The effects of various parameters were investigated to obtain the most efficient removal of V+5, Ni+2, and Cd+2, where pH of the acidic function is 7–8. The agitation speed was 375 RPM, with 150 minutes of equilibrium time for all metal ions. The removal efficiency is inversely associated with the temperature, where the highest removal is at 20 °C and the lowest at 50 °C. For Cd+2 and Ni+2, the appropriate amount of GO was 0.5 g, while for V+5, it was 0.6 g.

As an Application of Sustainability: Utilizing Processed Rice Husk to Remove Cadmium Ions Cd (II) From Aqueous Phase by Adsorption

This study goals to reduce the importance of expensive commercial activated carbon while removing heavy metals from wastewater using cheap, locally available materials (rice husk). To accomplish this goal, a variety of pH values were tested, and it was found that batch studies at pH 5 had the best Cadmium ion removal effectiveness. 180 minutes was determined to be the ideal contact time for the process, and it was discovered that as contact time increased, adsorption effectiveness increased. 180 rpm is the recommended shaking speed, given studies on how agitation speed influences batch adsorption. The effectiveness of the rice husks capacity to eradicate Cadmium Cd (II) from aqueous solutions and absorb it, has assessed. The study revealed that Cd had a 98% effectiveness of removal. The recommended adsorbent's maximum Cd adsorption capability in a batch system was found to be 7.38 mg/g. Three models— Freundlich, Temkin, and Langmuir—were fitted to various equilibrium isothermal experiments. For this system, the experimental best fit was provided by the Freundlich isotherm model, with an value of 0.97. The equilibrium isotherms were discovered to be of a favorable type. When the correlation coefficient (R2) values of each curve for the four models are compared, it appears that the Elovich model best captures the kinetics of the Cadmium ions adsorption onto rice husk. Were the values (Elovich> pseudo-second order> intra-particle diffusion> Pseudo-First Order). According to the research, rice husk may be useful for filtering out wastewater from contaminants and impurities. So, It is a good alternative for expensive activated carbon.

Assessment of the Radiation Situation and the Presence of Heavy Metals in the Soil in the Poleski National Park

The aim of the research in the Poleski National Park was to determine the concentration of radionuclides and heavy metals in the soil and to evaluate the absorbed dose and the average annual effective dose as a result of external exposure to ground-based radiation sources. The spread of anthropogenic radionuclide concentration in the Poleski National Park was the highest. This is a first-of-its-kind study in Poland. The annual effective dose calculated for the Poleski National Park was over three times higher than the average worldwide value. Soil samples were subjected to mineralization using a TITAN MPS with a rotor. Subsequently, the metals in the obtained solutions were determined using the atomic absorption spectrometry method with flame atomization (AAS FM). The content of copper Cu, nickel Ni, lead Pb, cadmium Cd, and chromium Cr did exceed the average content neither in Europe nor around the world. The soils of the Poleski National Park are characterized by pollution with the tested heavy metals, especially cadmium Cd.

Investigation of heavy metals contaminantion level in the locally cultivated rice using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS)

Rice (Oryza sativa) is a stable food in many countries in the world including Africa. The present of heavy metals in the environment which are toxics affect the nutritional value of the rice. The accumulation of heavy metals in the body may lead to different health problems such as cancer, diabetes, liver and kidney failure. The study was conducted to access the presence of some selected heavy metals (Pb, Cu, Cd, As, Ni, Zn) in rice sample using atomic absorption spectroscopy technique. Five sample of rice (EXCHINA, CP, WHEETER-4, ROBBER, and YERMALINTA) which were cultivated in Damashewa village of Kirikasamma local government area were collected. Wet digestion method was used to destroy organic matter in the sample. The result of analysis showed that the concentration of Zinc( Zn) in all the four sample of rice range from (16.50-36.02mg/kg) and that of Cadmium Cd ( 0.05-0.18mg/kg) and that of copper Cu (7.02-22.20mg/kg) which is far below the safety limit of 50-100mg/kg for zinc and 0.4mg/kg for cadmium, and copper is 73.3mg/kg set up by the FAO/WHO (2001), this could lead to anaemia, renal damage, bones disorder and cancer of the lungs. While the concentration of lead Pb (3.57- 16.24mg/kg), nickel Ni (2.50-11.24mg/kg) and that of Arsenic As (0.98-4.33mg/kg) is also above the set safety limit of 0.3mg/kg for lead. Based on this research all rice sample were highly contaminated with lead, arsenic and nickel as a pollutant. Thus, the need for physical examination of the consumers and inhabitants within the study area.

Environmental Assessment for Concentration of Heavy Metals Due to the Industrial Activity in the Soils of Samawah and Al-Khader Districts

Objective: The current study concluded with the evaluation of the concentration level of heavy elements due to industrial activity in the soils of Samawah and Al-Khader districts, represented by elements (cadmium Cd, cobalt Co, copper Cu, nickel Ni, lead Pb). Samples were taken from (17 sites) affected by industrial activity, and a region One reference point away from the impact of industrial activity, at a single depth of (0-40 cm), with a total of (180 measurements), (90 measurements) in winter and another in summer, for each site (10 measurements). Methods: The current research was based on the descriptive analytical approach in describing the phenomenon and analyzing it spatially, and the systematic approach in revealing the geographical factors causing the variation in the values of heavy elements due to industrial activity in the soils of Samawah and Al-Khader districts. Results: Industrial activity contributes to increasing the concentration of some heavy metals in the soils of the study area. The concentrations of heavy elements varied as a result of the industrial activity in the soils of the Samawah and Al-Khader districts, clearly between them. Their general rates are (101.5415, 38.2659, 25.7814, 9.7475, 0.5574 ppm). Conclusion: Environmental awareness about the behavior of the owners of industrial activities and directing them to the need to preserve the soil, through audio and visual environmental awareness and explanatory seminars. On the other hand, the necessity of adhering to the application of environmental requirements according to the type of industrial activity and the imposition of fines and environmental closures in the event of non-application of environmental standards. Orientation towards environmental studies and scientific research in the field of environmental pollution and harnessing them in solving environmental problems, including soil pollution.

Telfairia Occidentalis Leaf Concentrations of Hg, Pb and Cd Planted in Old Sewage Sludge Dumpsites in Owerri Imo State

Leaves of Telfairia OCCIDENTALIS planted in abandoned Sewage Dumpsite were analyzed for mercury Hg, Lead Pb and Cadmium Cd levels. Samples were collected from three dump areas at a depth of 0-30cm, and fallow lands of about 50 meters away from the dumps were also sampled for reference. The samples were subjected to analysis and Heavy metals were determined using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (AAS). The findings indicated that sewage increased the soil concentrations of Heavy Metals (0.19 Hg, 17.0 Pb, and 3.0 Cd Mg/Kg1) when compared with control (0.04 Hg, 1.4 Pb, and 0.29 Cd Mg/Kg1). These were not high when compared with established permissible limits according to FEPA WHO. These concentrations were not high to cause health challenges. Many scientist reported that not all sewage sludge contains high amount of heavy metals especially when allowed to decompose for a longer period of 4 years even without prior treatment, but repeated application can increase levels. Sewage Sludge also increased N, P, K, Ca, Mg, K and ECEC and this may triggered the reason of continuous planting by farmers in dumpsites due to the fact that sewage sludge can increase the nutrient content of soil and improves its physical and chemical properties. Organic matter content which is also of great importance in soil reaction was increased by the sewage sludge deposit. The deposit of sewage sludge added organic matter, improved the soil physical and chemical properties, at the same time increased the heavy metals levels. But the heavy metals levels were not above permissible limits for heavy metal concentrations in soils. It is therefore recommended to land spray the sludge and allowed to decompose for about 2 years before planting on it. The result was discussed in-line with heavy metals in questions and permissible limits for each.

Synthesis of conch-like layered carbon nanosheets by ball-milling assisted ultrasonic exfoliation for highly selective removal of Cd(II) from multiple water matrices

Development of carbonaceous materials from biomass have attracted tremendous research interest because of their intriguing physicochemical properties and promising applications. However, endowing them with precisely controlled morphologies remains a formidable challenge. Herein, oxygen-functionalized biomass-derived carbon-nanosheets (CNSs) framework was synthesized using ball-milling ultrasonic exfoliation for their application to remove cadmium Cd(II) from water matrices. The obtained CNSs showed remarkably higher surface area (368.9 m2/g), thickness-range (∼6–8 nm) and pore size (10.58 nm) than pristine carbon (PC) (10.126 m2/g, 1–2 µm and 2.13 nm, respectively). CNSs demonstrated higher adsorption capacity (545.76 mg g−1), superior reusability (removal efficiency maintained >91 % after 10 cycles) and excellent selectivity (Kd = 4.7 × 106 mL g−1). The adsorption isotherm and kinetics data were better fitted by Langmuir and pseudo-second order models. High adsorption selectivity of CNSs led to 97.7 % Cd(II) adsorption in presence of Cu(II), Zn(II), Pb(II) and Ni(II) ions. The strong efficiency of CNSs was also evident in complex water matrices including tap water, groundwater (Cd(II) removal of >99 %) and river water (98.97 %). The experimental analyses indicate that electrostatic attraction and surface complexation as the prominent adsorption mechanisms. Overall, this work illustrates an applicable strategy to develop carbon-nanosheets and their successful application to remove toxic metals from water matrices.

PHYTOREMEDIATION OF CADMIUM POLLUTANTS IN WASTEWATER BY USING CERATOPHYLLUM DEMERSUM L. AS AN AQUATIC MACROPHYTES

The current study carried out a test of phytoremediation for the removal of cadmium Cd pollutants, which is one of the most important heavy metal pollutants in the aquatic environment, by using the submerged Ceratophyllum demersum L., as one of the aquatic macrophytes which is commonly named coon tail or rigid hornwort, and evaluating its effectiveness in phytoremediation of cadmium Cd pollutants from different sources of wastewater under the current study which includes Cooling Electric Generators (CEG), Domestic Sewage Water (DSW), and Washing and Lubricating Cars (WLC). 15 random water samples were collected during February and March of 2021, with 3 replicates for each sample. C. demersum (9) plant samples were also randomly collected in 2021, with three replications. A sampling of plants included withdrawing the entire plant (roots-like, stems-like and leaves-like branchlets) with an amount of river water. It was found from the current study that the best values for Cd removal were observed during the fifteenth and twelfth days of the aquaculture durations which were represented by the lowest values of Cd concentrations as 7.9 ± 4.3 μg/L and 31.5±20.2 μg/L respectively, while the worst values for Cd removal were showed during the third and sixth days of the aquaculture durations which represented by the highest values of Cd concentrations as 86.9±40.8 μg/L and 38.6±19 μg/L respectively. The best significant abilities of C. demersum L.to reduce Cd levels were in aquaculture treated with (CEG) wastewater as about 97.9%, 94.1%, and 91.3 % during 15, 12, and 9 respectively days of aquaculture durations followed by removal percentages in aquaculture treated with (DSW) as 92% and 89.0% during 15 and 6 respectively days of aquaculture durations and (WLC) wastewater, as 85.3% in the fifteenth day of aquaculture durations. These results mean that C. demersum probably has contributed to high phytoremoval rates for Cd pollutants from its in vitro polluted aquaculture, especially in the late durations of aquaculture durations. It was also found that the highest accumulation levels for Cd were in the tissues of leaves-like, which were about 189.9±74.7 μg/g, followed by tissues of roots-like, as about 133.2±65.4 μg/g, while the lowest values were in the tissues of stems-like, as about 72.9±28.8 μg/g. The best significant cumulative adsorption percentage values for Cd in leaves-like tissues of C. demersum L. were ascending as about 81.1%, 80.3%, 78.7%, and 75.9% during 15, 12, 9, and 6 respectively days of aquaculture durations followed by percentage values for Cd adsorption percentage in roots-like as 74.7% and 73.5 % during 15 and 12 respectively days of aquaculture durations. The less significant cumulative adsorption percentage value for Cd in stems-like tissues of C. demersum L. was 11.8% followed by 32.5% in roots-like during the third day of the aquaculture duration. These results mean that cumulative tissue adsorption for Cd particularly tends to concentrate progressively more in leaves-like tissues than in the roots-like of C. demersum, and tends to be less concentrated in the stem-like internodes of these submerged aquatic plants.

The screening method for use of wild pheasant feathers in the monitoring of environmental pollution with heavy metals

It has been shown that some species of birds, especially herbivorous and territorial ones, are more sensitive to the effects of toxic substances compared to mammals. This allows for taking integrated actions in the area of environmental protection and monitoring in a holistic sense (at various trophic levels). Therefore, this study aimed to assess the possibility of using pheasant feathers (Phasianuscolchicus) as a potential bioindicator ofenvironmental contamination, and thus to determine the concentration of heavy metals (lead—Pb, arsenic—As, cadmium—Cd, chromium—Cr, nickel—Ni, and zinc—Zn) in the analyzed tissue of animals inhabiting the forest districts of the Lubartów, Tomaszów, Skierniewice, and Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski areas. The chemical analysis used to determine the concentration of toxic elements in pheasant feathers was carried out by inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry. The highest concentrations of Cr and Zn were found in birds from the Lubartów Forest District (1.93 mg/kg and 120.63 mg/kg, respectively), As and Ni in the Tomaszów Forest District (0.55 mg/kg and 1.60 mg/kg, respectively), Cd in the Lubartów Forest District and Skierniewice (0.04 mg/kg), and Pb in the Skierniewice Forest Distict (6.79 mg/kg). The observed results were strongly related to soil contamination and urbanization index, as key environmental factors which significantly determine the metal content in pheasant feathers. Therefore, proposed non-invasive measurements of the elemental composition of feathers of birds living in specific areas may be an important indicator of environmental pollution in relation to the high impact of anthropopressure.

Simultaneous removal of methylene blue, copper Cu(II), and cadmium Cd(II) from synthetic wastewater using fennel-based adsorbents

Abstract This work looked into viability of using fennel-based adsorbents to simultaneously eliminate cadmium, methylene blue, and copper from water solution. Phosphoric acid (H3PO4) and calcium hydroxide (Ca(OH)2) solutions were applied to the untreated fennel seeds (PFS) to yield H3FS and CaFS, respectively. The presence of –OH, –C–O–C–, and –C=O functional groups on the surface of the adsorbents was confirmed by FTIR results. XRD and UV–Vis results established hydrolysis of cellulose from fennel seeds. According to studies on time and kinetics, the adsorption process was relatively quick in the first 60 min. Furthermore, isotherm models showed that the results fit Langmuir model more closely. This finding indicated that uptake takes place on uniform active sites on adsorbent surfaces. Studies on thermodynamics showed that the adsorption procedure was advantageous and practicable. PFS, H3FS, and CaFS had maximum Cu(II) adsorption capacities of 7.208, 5.504, and 5.791 mg/g. It was 2.274, 5.021, and 12.3 mg/g for Cd(II) by PFS, H3FS, and CaFS. PFS, H3FS, and CaFS could adsorb MB to a maximum of 11.114, 4.071, and 18.468 mg/g. Reusability studies of the adsorbents were also evaluated and the results suggested that the adsorbents can be recycled a number of times.

Monitoring pond water quality to improve the production of Labeo rohita (Hamilton, 1822) in Bannu Fish Hatchery of Bannu district, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province; An Implications for artificial fish culture.

The water quality parameters of a fish pond are essential to be managing properly under control for successful operations of fish culture. Improper management of pond water quality during the juvenile stages can create stressful conditions to produce various harmful diseases, which may decrease the fish quality and results in low profits. The present study was aimed to monitored important water quality parameters of nursery ponds of Labeo rohita culturing in Bannu fish hatchery. The study duration was 75 days extends from 10th June to 24th August 2019 for the successful culture of this specie which can play a significant role in breeding season. Furthermore, the concentration of some heavy metals like copper (Cu), nickel (Ni), manganese (Mn), iron (Fe), cadmium (Cd), and zinc (Zn) in pond water and fry stages of this species was also determined. The data obtained from all water quality parameters were analyzed expressed as range, mean and standard deviation using MS Excel 2013. The obtained results of 75 days study revealed that the water pH & temperature, electric conductivity, total dissolved solids (TDS), and total dissolved oxygen (DO) of pond water samples were found within a tolerable limit except salinity and dissolved ammonia concentration were not permissible for fish growth. The average concentration of heavy metals in pond water exhibited descending order Fe>Ni>Mn>Zn>Cd>Ni, which was found in acceptable ranges. Whereas, the average values of heavy metals in fry stages were in the order of Zn>Fe>Ni>Cu>Cd>Mn, and found within the recommended values of WHO/FAO. Thus, it was concluded from this study that good water quality is a precondition, maintaining balanced levels of water quality parameters is fundamental for both the health and growth of fish culture which is quite necessary for assuring increased fish productivity. It is recommended to monitor and assess water quality parameters on a routine basis for promoting healthy fish culture.

Mathematical Modeling and Kinetics of Removing Metal Ions from Industrial Wastewater

The study's objective is to produce Nano Graphene Oxide (GO) before using it for batch adsorption to remove heavy metals (Cadmium Cd+2, Nickel Ni+2, and Vanadium V+5) ions from industrial wastewater. The temperature effect (20-50) °C and initial concentration effect (100-800) mg L-1 on the adsorption process were studied. A simulation aqueous solution of the ions was used to identify the adsorption isotherms, and after the experimental data was collected, the sorption process was studied kinetically and thermodynamically. The Langmuir, Freundlich, and Temkin isotherm models were used to fit the data. The results showed that Cd, Ni, and V ions on the GO adsorbing surface matched the Langmuir model with correlation coefficients (R2) of 0.999. Kinetic models studied showed that a pseudo-second-order model was followed and thermodynamically, the process was exothermic due to ∆H negative, the reduction in randomness because of negative ∆S. additionally, spontaneous adsorption of metal ions was ∆G negative values influenced.

Selective and efficient solid phase extraction of cadmium (II) in sub-trace limits based on alizarin red-S cross-linked-2-mercapto-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl) acetamide bi-functionalized graphene oxide nanocomposite from different environmental water samples

A novel bi-functionalized nanocomposite based on graphene oxide-alizarin red-S cross-linked-2-mercapto-N-(3-(triethoxysilyl) propyl) acetamide (ARS-MTPS@GO) was developed for the sequestration of cadmium Cd(II) ions from water. The nanocomposite fabrication was characterized through different physicochemical techniques (FTIR, XRD, SEM, TEM, Raman, and TGA). In addition to its hydrophilicity, high surface area, and ability to interact with the functionalized moieties, the ARS-MTPS@GO nanocomposite has improved Cd(II) adsorption. An optimization study was carried out on various analytical parameters that affect cadmium extraction, including the pH, contact time, and nanocomposite mass dosage. The maximum sorption capacity and percentage removal efficiency of Cd(II) ions reached 222.7 mg g−1 and 99.4 ± 3.7%, respectively, at pH = 6 within 30 minutes and the pseudo-second-order kinetic model best fits the sorption rate. Validation of the proposed method was evaluated for nine replicate measurements for recovery of Cd(II), showed favorable analysis precision, and the estimated detection limit was 0.18 ± 0.02 ng mL−1. Additionally, the reusability and stability of the nanocomposite and the effects of interfering cations and anions were investigated. Finally, the developed method was successfully applied for the selective extraction of Cd(II) from environmental water samples of different matrices, and the Cd(II) recoveries were 96.2–99.2%±2.3%. This study’s findings prove the potential applicability of the novel nanocomposite for removing cadmium ions from different environmental waters.