Cadaveric Arteries Research Articles

Anatomical and Developmental Abnormalities of Ureters and Renal Pelvis Existing with Accessory Renal Arteries: Cadaveric Study.

Anatomical and developmental variations of ureters and renal pelvis have been observed frequently during routine human cadaveric dissection and surgical practice; however, their coexistence with accessory or aberrant renal arteries is exceptionally rare. Accordingly, this study was designed to evaluate the prevalence of anatomical and developmental abnormalities of ureters and renal pelvis existing with accessory renal arteries in human cadavers. This study was carried out on 50 human cadavers including dissected specimens (25 males and 25 females) the kidneys, renal pelvis, and ureters along with their arteries were exposed and the anomalous abnormalities of the renal pelvis and ureters existing with accessory renal arteries were observed. Photographs of the anomalous and developmental variations were taken for proper documentation. Among the 50 cadavers studied, unilateral double ureters were found in 5 cadavers (10%), rare bilateral "S-"shaped loop of ureter with quadruple uretic constrictors in the abdominal segment of the ureter was observed in one female cadaver (2%), accessory or aberrant renal arteries were found in 15 cadavers (30%), hydronephrosis involving the renal pelvis and ureters was observed in 9 cadavers (18%). Interestingly, this prevalence was higher among males (28%) compared to females (8%). Moreover, the occurrence of bilateral hydronephrosis of the kidneys, renal pelvis, and ureters was identified in a single male cadaver, representing 2% of the sample. Notably, the prevalence of double ureter, hydronephrosis accompanied by congenital double and triple accessory renal arteries was documented in nine cadavers, accounting for 18% of the cohort. Anatomical and developmental variations of the ureters, renal pelvis, and renal vasculature, as well as their relationships to surrounding structures, hold clinical significance due to their impact on various surgical procedures, including kidney transplantation, abdominal aorta reconstruction, interventional radiology, and urologic operations. Therefore, identifying these potential developmental variations is essential for effective surgical management to preserve renal function and ensure optimal patient outcomes.

Persistent median artery: paedogenesis of the antebrachial arterial system in the human body.

The persistence of the median artery in adult life, a remnant of the early brachial artery in the embryonic stage, has been reported in many anatomical and clinical studies. Herein, we aimed to investigate the prevalence and origin of the median artery in cadavers. We examined 53 adult Japanese cadavers and carefully dissected 106 upper limbs, and the arterial systems in the forearms and hands were observed macroscopically. We found the palmar type of the median artery on 106 sides in 53 cadavers, and found that it passes through the carpal tunnel and forms the superficial palmar arch in the hand in only two cadavers. The antebrachial type, ending in the forearm before reaching the wrist joint, was detected on 63 sides in 44 cadavers. The proportions of the origins of the median artery examined in this study were as follows: originating from the common interosseous artery (CIA) on 15 sides (23%), anterior interosseous artery (AIA) on 9 sides (14%), ulnar artery (UA) on 16 sides (24%), and CIA-UA trunk on 26 sides (39%). None arose from other arteries in the upper limbs. Based on our results and the current theory on vascular development, we conclude that the term 'persistent median artery' must be strictly used for the one that arises from the arteries in the forearm except for the radial artery, and the presence of this ontogenetic remnant can be interpreted as paedogenesis in the human body. We also describe that the increasing trend in the incidence of the median artery since the nineteenth century, as pointed out by a few researchers, may represent 'nearly neutral evolution' at the phenotypic level in human populations.

Morphology of the lateral circumflex femoral artery in adult cadavers.

The lateral circumflex femoral artery (LCFA) is important for surgical approaches to the hip joint; its branches are often used as grafts and pedicled flaps. Our aim was to contribute to the literature by reporting variations. The LCFA branching pattern was studied in 26 lower limbs of formalin-fixed cadavers. It was recorded whether the LCFA originated from the femoral artery (FA) or the deep femoral artery (DFA). The distances of LCFA from the mid-inguinal point (MIP) and DFA; and the diameters of LCFA and its branches were measured with metric caliper. Side differences were analyzed by Wilcoxon test. The mean shortest distance from the LCFA to the MIP was 59.45 ± 13.06mm and to the DFA was 19.23 ± 9.63mm. The mean diameters of LCFA and its ascending, transverse, and descending branches were 5.82 ± 1.87mm, 3.28 ± 0.87mm, 3.02 ± 0.92mm, and 3.61 ± 0.98mm, respectively. The LCFA originated from 80.8% DFA and 19.2% FA. Data were evaluated jointly (p > 0.05). In one case, an accessory transverse branch was found. Spearman analysis shows that as the distance between the LCFA and the MIP increased, the diameter of the LCFA and its branches increased. Knowledge of the LCFA branching pattern is essential for interventional options in arterial grafts, such as bypass surgery, pedicled flaps, and surgical approaches to the hip joint. Preoperative radiologic evaluation for accurate knowledge of the topography of the branching pattern and vessel size can contribute to successful management of intraoperative blood loss and avoidance of iatrogenic injury.

Thyroidea Ima Artery in Cadavers of a Medical College in Nepal: A Descriptive Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Thyroidea ima artery is a variant arterial branch of arch of aorta supplying the thyroid gland. Understanding the anatomic variances and correctly identifying the thyroidea ima artery is crucial to preventing serious complications both before and after neck surgery. The aim of this study was to find out the prevalence of thyroidea ima artery in cadavers of a medical college in Nepal.Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was carried out at the department of anatomy in Janaki Medical College, Dhanusha, Nepal from 27 December 2022 to 30 June 2023 after ethical clearence from the same institution. Origin of thyroidea ima artery was observed, recorded and photographed. Convenience sampling method was used. Data was analyzed using Microsoft Excel.Results: Out of 35 cadavers, thyroidea ima artery was present in 2 (5.71%), arising from brachiocephalic trunk just proximal to its bifurcation and there was absence of inferior thyroid artery.Conclusions: Findings from our study showed that thyroidea ima artery originated from brachiocephalic trunk with absence of inferior thyroid artery.

A Novel Vascular Anastomotic Coupling Device for End-to-End Anastomosis of Arteries and Veins.

Hand-sutured (HS) techniques remain the gold standard for most microvascular anastomoses in microsurgery. HS techniques can result in endothelial lacerations and back wall suturing, leading to complications such as thrombosis and free tissue loss. A novel force-interference-fit vascular coupling device (FIF-VCD) system can potentially reduce the need for HS and improve end-to-end anastomosis. This study aims to describe the development and testing of a novel FIF-VCD system for 1.5 to 4.0 mm outside diameter arteries and veins. Benchtop anastomoses were performed using porcine cadaver arteries and veins. Decoupling force and anastomotic leakage were tested under simulated worst-case intravital physiological conditions. The 1.5 mm FIF-VCD system was used to perform cadaver rat abdominal aorta anastomoses. Benchtop testing showed that the vessels coupled with the FIF-VCD system could withstand simulated worst-case intravital physiological conditions with a 95% confidence interval for the average decoupling force safety factor of 8.2 ± 1.0 (5.2 ± 1.0 N) and a 95% confidence interval for the average leakage rate safety factor of 26 ± 3.6 (8.4 ± 0.14 and 95 ± 1.4 μL/s at 150 and 360 mmHg, respectively) when compared to HS anastomotic leakage rates (310 ± 14 and 2,100 ± 72 μL/s at 150 and 360 mmHg, respectively). The FIF-VCD system was successful in performing cadaver rat abdominal aorta anastomoses. The FIF-VCD system can potentially replace HS in microsurgery, allowing the safe and effective connection of arteries and veins. Further studies are needed to confirm the clinical viability and effectiveness of the FIF-VCD system.

Superficial versus deep parasternal intercostal plane blocks: cadaveric evaluation of injectate spread

BackgroundDeep and superficial parasternal intercostal plane blocks provide anterior chest wall analgesia for both breast and cardiac surgery. Our primary objective of this cadaveric study was to describe the parasternal spread of deep and superficial parasternal intercostal plane blocks. Our secondary objectives were to describe needle proximity to the internal mammary artery when performing deep parasternal intercostal plane blocks, and compare lateral injectate spread and extension into the rectus sheath. MethodsWe performed ultrasound-guided deep and superficial parasternal intercostal plane blocks 2 cm from the sternum at the T3–4 interspace in four fresh frozen cadavers as described in clinical studies. ResultsParasternal spread of injectate was greater with the deep parasternal intercostal plane injection than with the superficial parasternal intercostal plane injection. The internal mammary artery was ∼3 mm away from the needle trajectory in cadaver #1 and ∼5 mm from the internal mammary artery in cadaver #2. Lateral spread extended to the midclavicular line for all deep parasternal intercostal plane blocks and beyond the midclavicular line for all superficial parasternal intercostal plane blocks. Neither block extended to the rectus sheath. ConclusionsA greater number of parasternal interspaces were covered with the deep parasternal intercostal plane block than with the superficial parasternal intercostal plane block when one injection was performed at the T3–4 interspace. However, considering proximity to the internal mammary artery, and potential devastating consequences of an arterial injury, we propose that the deep parasternal intercostal plane block be classified as an advanced block and that future studies focus on optimising superficial parasternal intercostal plane parasternal spread.

Histology, OCT, and Micro-CT Evaluation of Coronary Calcification in Atherosclerotic Cadaver Arteries Treated with Intravascular Lithotripsy

Histology, OCT, and Micro-CT Evaluation of Coronary Calcification in Atherosclerotic Cadaver Arteries Treated with Intravascular Lithotripsy

A Mock Circulation Loop to Characterize In Vitro Hemodynamics in Human Systemic Arteries with Stenosis

Vascular disease is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality and a major cause of disability for Americans, and arterial stenosis is its most common form in systemic arteries. Hemodynamic characterization in a stenosed arterial system plays a crucial role in the diagnosis of its lesion severity and the decision-making process for revascularization, but it is not readily available in the current clinical measurements. The newly emerged image-based computational hemodynamics (ICHD) technique provides great potential to characterize the hemodynamics with fine temporospatial resolutions in realistic human vessels, but medical data is rather limited for validation requirements. We present an image-based experimental hemodynamics (IEHD) technique through a mock circulation loop (MCL) to bridge this critical gap. The MCL mimics blood circulation in human stenosed systemic arterial systems that can be either 3D-printed silicone, artificial, or cadaver arteries and thus enables in vitro measurement of hemodynamics. In this work, we focus on the development and validation of the MCL for the in vitro measurement of blood pressure in stenosed silicone arteries anatomically extracted from medical imaging data. Five renal and six iliac patient cases are studied. The pressure data from IEHD were compared with those from ICHD and medical measurement. The good agreements demonstrate the reliability of IEHD. We also conducted two parametric studies to demonstrate the medical applicability of IEHD. One was the cardiovascular response to MCL parameters. We found that blood pressure has a linear correlation with stroke volume and heart rate. Another was the effect of arterial stenosis, characterized by the volumetric reduction (VR) of the arterial lumen, on the trans-stenotic pressure gradient (TSPG). We parametrically varied the stenosis degree and measured the corresponding TSPG. The TSPG-VR curve provides a critical VR that can be used to assess the true hemodynamic severity of the stenosis. Meanwhile, the TSPG at VR = 0 can predict the potential pressure improvement after revascularization. Unlike the majority of existing MCLs that are mainly used to test medical devices involving heart function, this MCL is unique in its specific focus on pressure measurement in stenosed human systemic arteries. Meanwhile, rigorous hemodynamic characterization through concurrent IEHD and ICHD will significantly enhance our current understanding of the pathophysiology of stenosis and contribute to advancements in the medical treatment of arterial stenosis.

A Biomimetic Approach Utilizing Pulsatile Perfusion Generates Contractile Vascular Grafts.

Surgical implantation of decellularized cadaveric arteries is routinely used to treat right-sided congenital cardiac lesions. These acellular conduits lack the capacity for somatic growth and are prone to stenosis and calcification, necessitating multiple operations throughout childhood. Islet-1+ cardiovascular progenitor cells (CPCs) have demonstrated the capacity for differentiation into all cell types of the heart and outflow tracts. We hypothesize that CPC seeding of decellularized pulmonary arteries and bioreactor culture under physiologic flow conditions will drive vascular differentiation of CPCs and result in a conduit more suitable for implantation and long-term growth. We began by decellularizing ovine pulmonary arteries and characterizing the composition of the extracellular matrix (ECM). Hemodynamic testing of decellularized vessels in a custom bioreactor was used to define the scaffold mechanical properties over a range of pressures and flow rates. Next, our expanded ovine CPCs were suspended in growth media and injected intramurally into decellularized pulmonary arteries that were subsequently cultured in either static or pulsatile cultures. A combination of immunohistochemistry, real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR), and tissue bath contraction studies were used to evaluate the bioengineered arteries before transplantation. Pulmonary artery patches from the most favorable culture conditions were then implanted into juvenile sheep to provide proof of concept. Hematoxylin and eosin staining indicated complete removal of cell nuclei (n = 9), whereas double-stranded DNA isolation from tissue homogenates showed 99.1% DNA removal (p < 0.01, n = 4). Furthermore, trichrome and elastin staining verified maintenance of collagen and elastin. Immunohistochemistry and PCR analyses (n = 4 per group) confirmed contractile smooth muscle presence on only our 3-week pulsatile scaffolds via presence of calponin 1 and myosin heavy chain 11. Tissue bath studies demonstrated that smooth muscle contraction generated by our 3-week pulsatile scaffolds (2.23 ± 0.19 g, n = 4) is comparable with native tissue contraction strength (2.78 ± 0.06 g, n = 4). Ovine transplantation confirmed that our graft can be safely implanted, retains contractile smooth muscle cells, and recruits native endothelium. Longer duration of physiologic pulsatile culture drives differentiation of CPCs seeded on ECM conduits toward a mature, contractile phenotype that is maintained for several weeks in vivo. Longer term studies to assess somatic growth potential are needed. Impact statement The current field of vascular transplantation relies on cadaveric and synthetic grafts to treat right-sided congenital cardiac lesions. These grafts do not grow somatically with our patients. This results in multiple reoperations throughout childhood to increase the size of the graft. Our bioengineered alternative demonstrates successful implantation, contractile smooth muscle cells, and a native endothelial layer. This research demonstrates a pilot study confirming the viability of a bioengineered alternative to the current standard of care in the field of vascular transplantation.

Arterial Wall and Tissue Penetration Force With Various Cannulas and Needles.

Vascular penetration during aesthetic filler injections can cause serious side effects such as skin necrosis and blindness. The objective of this study was to analyze the effect of cannula brand and gauge on the risk of vascular penetration. The minimal force to penetrate the superficial temporal artery with 3 cannula brands and 1 needle brand in 4 sizes (22, 25, 27, and 30 gauge) was measured in 4 fresh frozen cadavers utilizing a force gauge that measured as low as 0.1 Newtons. Tissue penetration force in the subdermal plane of the nasolabial fold was measured and compared with retrospective training data in live humans. The arterial penetration test was repeated at a second site on 1 fresh cadaver with 2 different force gauges. Significantly lower forces were needed with all size needles vs the same gauge cannulas in all brands to penetrate the cadaveric artery and advance in the subdermal plane of the nasolabial fold in both cadavers and live humans. To successfully enter the artery in a cadaver with any cannula, numerous attempts were necessary. The tissue penetration force in the subdermal plane of the nasolabial fold in a cadaver was not significantly different than in a living person; however, it was significantly higher than the arterial penetration force in a dissected cadaver. All gauge cannulas (including 27 and 30 gauge), require more force than the same size needle to penetrate an artery. However, it appears that friction coefficient and flexibility, not the arterial penetration force, are the most important factors in keeping the instrument outside the vessel.

CRT-100.41 Histology, OCT, and Micro-CT Evaluation of Coronary Calcification in Atherosclerotic Cadaver Arteries Treated with Intravascular Lithotripsy

CRT-100.41 Histology, OCT, and Micro-CT Evaluation of Coronary Calcification in Atherosclerotic Cadaver Arteries Treated with Intravascular Lithotripsy

A complex puzzle realized: US achieves one-millionth organ transplant: Decades of visionary scientists, skilled surgeons, and courageous patients have made this miraculous milestone a reality

A complex puzzle realized: US achieves one-millionth organ transplant: Decades of visionary scientists, skilled surgeons, and courageous patients have made this miraculous milestone a reality

Variation of the Bifurcation of Brachial Artery: A Cadaveric Study

INTRODUCTION Knowledge of variation in origin, course and bifurcation of brachial artery is significant for the vascular surgeons or radiologist for accurate diagnostic interpretation as well as while performing traumatic vascular repair, bypass procedures and constructive plastic surgeries. Therefore, the anatomical knowledge of the higher bifurcation of brachial artery is substantial for all cases of traumatic amputations and revascularization techniques. The present study aims to find out prevalence of variation of bifurca- tion of brachial artery in cadavers in the Department of Anatomy. MATERIAL AND METHODS An institutional based descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted on 15 formalin fixed embalmed adult human cadavers in the Department of Anatomy (Dissection Hall) at Universal College of Medical Sciences, Bhairahawa, Nepal. The study duration was from July 2021 to 15th October 2021. The finer dissection was made, the brachial artery was exposed, the level of variation was noted as well as length of brachial artery was measured then it was photographed by using digital camera. RESULTS In fifteen cadavers (right upper limb 15 and left upper limb 15), the site of termination was at the level of neck of radius 86.6% while, higher termination of brachial artery was observed in 2 upper extremities (6.7%) and, distal level of termination 2 (6.7%). CONCLUSION Knowing anatomical variations of arteries are of mandatory requirement for planning invasive and surgical treatment since lack of knowledge can cause serious vascular lesions. However, the prevalence of variation of bifurcation of brachial artery in our study is less than other similar studies. Hence, it may cause difficulty in clinical and surgical procedures.

Anatomical study of the origin of obturator artery in Indian cadavers

Obturator artery (OA) originates from the anterior division of the internal iliac artery (IIA) and gives various branches to the pelvic cavity, medial compartment of the thigh, and hip joint. Studies in literature illustrate variable origin from the posterior division of the IIA, external iliac artery (EIA), or the branches of both the IIA and EIA. Understanding the pelvic vascular anatomy pertaining to the OA is crucial in averting the risk of its injury in pelvic surgeries. Present study reports on the variant anatomy of the origin of the OA in the Indian population. The study included 61 specimens from 25 formalin-embalmed cadavers (male-19, female-6) and 11 hemipelvis (male-9, female-2) utilized for undergraduate teaching in the Department of Anatomy. After dissecting the peritoneum and mobilizing the pelvic organs, the origin of OA was examined for variations. The OA originated from the IIA in 83.61%. It was a branch from the anterior division of the IIA in 65.58% and the posterior division in 18.03%. OA was also given off at the site of the bifurcation of IIA into anterior and posterior divisions in 3.28%, from EIA in 4.92%, from an inferior epigastric artery (IEA) in 8.2%, and from the inferior gluteal artery and umbilical artery in 1.64% each. This study recognizes the variant anatomy of the origin of the OA. Anticipating these variations will be valuable in pelvic surgeries and laparoscopic procedures such as herniorrhaphy to avoid any untoward traumatic haemorrhage.

Morphologic characterisation of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery. A direct anatomic study.

The number of studies on the cerebellar arteries has increased. The purpose of this study was to determine the morphological expression of posterior inferior cerebellar artery in a sample of Colombian population. One hundred eighty-six posterior inferior cerebellar arteries of fresh cadavers were studied. In each specimen, vertebral arteries were injected with 100 mL of semi-synthetic resin, dyed with mineral red. In the 93 blocks of brainstem and cerebellum evaluated, 174 (93.5%) posterior inferior cerebellar arteries were found. Also, there were 12 (6.5%) ageneses. There was single posterior inferior cerebellar artery in 159 (91.4%) samples and duplicate in 10 (5.7%), while 5 (2.9%) specimens showed hypoplasia. The posterior inferior cerebellar artery originated from the vertebral artery in 121 (69.5%) samples and from the basilar artery in 42 (24.1%) samples; while in 11 (6.4%) it originated in a common trunk with the anterior inferior cerebellar artery. In 101 (83.5%) cases, the posterior inferior cerebellar artery originated from the intracranial segment of the vertebral artery, while 20 (16.5%) samples originated from the extracranial segment. The calibres of posterior inferior cerebellar artery in its proximal and distal segments were 1.45 ± 0.37 mm and 1.33 ± 0.31 mm, respectively. This study, carried out in cadaveric material, provides relevant qualitative and morphometric information of the posterior inferior cerebellar artery, useful for the diagnosis and clinical management, as well as for the surgical approaches that may compromise this structure.

A study of variations in branching pattern of axillary artery in cadavers

The knowledge of variable branching pattern of Axillary artery is needed for vascular surgeons, onco surgeons, anaesthesiologists, orthopedic surgeons and radiologists due to increased use of invasive diagnostic, interventional procedures. The aim was to study the variable branching pattern of Axillary artey in cadavers. 15 cadavers (30 upper limbs) - 12 male and 3 female embalmed with 10% formalin were dissected for this study. Variable branching pattern was observed in 6.6% of the cases on right side and 6.6% of the cases on left side in first part of axillary artery, 40% of the cases on right side and 53.3% of the cases on left side in second part and 53.3% of the cases on right side and 26.6% of the cases on left side in third part. The anatomical knowledge of the normal and variant anatomy of the Axillary artery is of importance for anatomists, surgeons, radiologists and clinicians during various interventional, diagnostic, therapeutic and surgical procedures on pectoral and axillary regions.

Morphological Variations in Renal Artery in Cadavers in Solapur, Maharashtra: A Cross-sectional Study

Introduction: Each kidney has a single renal artery. The kidney receives about 20% of the cardiac output. Renal artery variations are a common entity that becomes an important consideration while performing renal surgeries. Aim: To study the variability of the renal arteries concerning emergence, diameter, and length. Materials and Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy of VMGMC, Solapur, Maharashtra, India for three years, from August 2012 to September 2015. The pattern of the renal artery in humans were studied for emergence, length, and it’s branching by dissection method in 75 human cadavers. A thorough dissection of these specimens were done by routine dissection instruments. Statistical analysis of specimens of both sides were carried out by Epi info 7.2.5.0. Unpaired t-test was applied and p-value was derived for the length and diameter of the artery. Results: Right renal artery 37 (49.4%) had proximal origin in relation to the left renal artery in a greater number of specimens. Average distance between the superior mesenteric and the left renal artery was 11.03±4.8 mm. The average diameter of right renal artery was 6.65±1.6 mm. The average length of the Right Renal Artery (RRA) 39.5±11.8 mm was significantly greater than Left Renal Artery (LRA) 30.7±12.6 mm, p-value &lt;0.01. In 10 (13.3%) specimens length of LRA without ramification was 45.1- 60 mm. Conclusion: Morphology and morphometric knowledge about renal artery help the surgeons to reduce mortality and lead to the successful outcomes of laparoscopic, retroperitoneal, renal transplantation surgeries and various interventional procedures.

A Cadaveric Study of Variations of Renal Artery from Nashik, Maharashtra, India

Introduction: Renal vascular anatomy is well known in the literature about its variations. The data of cadaveric study performed by different authors in different populations is suggestive of variable nature of existence of renal artery variations. A thorough knowledge of accessory renal arteries is important for planning and performing endovascular, laparoscopic, urological and radiological procedures and renal transplants. Aim: To study the variations of renal arteries in cadavers and to compare it based on laterality, sex and symmetry in Nashik region, Maharashtra, India. Materials and Methods: The present cross-sectional study was conducted at SMBT Institute of Medical Sciences and Research Center, Dhamangaon, Nashik, Maharashtra, India, from May 2019 to June 2020 during routine abdominal dissection for medical undergraduate students. Total 25 cadavers (21 males and four females) were dissected to expose kidneys along with its arteries. The morphological variations (early branching renal artery and accessory renal artery) of renal arteries were noted and the data gathered were compared with respect to laterality, sex and symmetry. Statistical analysis was done using Chisquare test. Results: Out of 24 cadavers, six {5 (25%) males and 1 (25%) female} were found to have variations in renal arteries. The renal artery variations were present bilaterally in 2 (8.3%) cadavers. The variations in the renal artery were in the form of accessory renal artery in 6 (12.5%) kidneys and early branching renal artery in 2 (4.2%) kidneys. The variation based on sex were found in 5 (25%) males, while based on laterality were found in five (20.8%) right and three (12.5%) left kidneys. Conclusion: In the present study, 25% were found to have variations in renal arteries This finding will provide anatomical knowledge of variations in the renal arteries amongst the donor for kidney transplantation surgeries in the Nashik region of Maharashtra.

Fetal-Type Variant of the Posterior Cerebral Artery and Concurrent Bilateral Cerebral Infarctions in a Korean Male Cadaver

Fetal-type variant of the posterior cerebral artery is a relatively common variant of the cerebral arterial circle (circle of Willis), but concurrent cerebral pathologies have not been well reported. We describe a case of fetal-type variant of the posterior cerebral artery and concurrent bilateral cerebral infarctions in the territories of the middle cerebral artery in a 78-year-old Korean male cadaver. Fetal-type variant of the posterior cerebral artery was found the right cerebral arterial circle, arose from the internal carotid artery with larger diameter than the pre-communicating segment from the basilar artery. Histopathological examination revealed that left supramarginal gyrus and right infraparietal lobule showed characteristic cerebral infarctions with chronological changes, respectively. Knowledge on the variation in the posterior cerebral artery combined with clinical features including cerebral infarction plays a pivotal role to anatomists and clinicians.

Comparison of Human Renal Arteries in Cadavers and in Computed Tomography Scans – A Morphometric Study

Introduction: The right and left kidneys receive their blood supply from the lateral branches of the abdominal aorta that is, respectively, from the right and the left renal arteries. The study of renal arteries is thus very important, but the literature shows a scarcity of data for the Indian population. This study was, therefore, planned to compare the morphometry of human renal arteries in cadavers and in computed tomography scans. Material and Methods: The study was conducted on 36 formalin-fixed cadavers and on 36 computed tomographic scans of renal arteries. The various parameters measured included the length of renal arteries, internal diameter of renal arteries at its origin, the vertical distance between the renal arteries at its origin and the point of bifurcation of the aorta, and vertical distance between the origins of the right and left renal arteries. Results: The length of the right renal artery was more than the left renal artery, there was no difference in the internal diameter of both the vessels at their origin and no difference in the vertical distance between the site of origin of renal arteries and bifurcation of Aorta. Discussion and Conclusion: The information of the right renal artery being longer than the left kidney confirms with the data available in the literature. The vertical distance between the origins of the renal artery and bifurcation of the aorta is important as it aids the radiologists for performing angiography. Furthermore, the data from this study would aid and supplement the preexisting data for the surgeons during renal transplantations.