Cadastral System Research Articles

Аналіз інформаційного забезпечення в умовах становлення системи масової оцінки земель в Україні

The aim of this work is to analyze the compliance of the information indicated in existing state registers and databases with the requirements set for automated mass appraisal systems of real estate, according to the standards adopted by the International Association of Assessing Officers (IAAO), and the possibility of applying various methodological approaches to appraisal. To achieve the research objective, the following methods of scientific inquiry were applied: monographic, analysis, and synthesis. The monographic method was used to study scientific works dedicated to the introduction of mass appraisal systems in Ukraine and worldwide. The analysis method was employed to study existing registries, databases, standards, methodologies, and recommendations for the construction of such systems, as well as limitations regarding their application in Ukraine. The synthesis method justified the need for the introduction of a modern cadastral system and highlighted shortcomings in the content and methodology of maintaining existing state registers containing information about real estate objects in Ukraine. As a result of the analysis, it was found that, overall, the aggregate information available in various sources, databases, and registers is sufficient for conducting mass appraisal of non-improved land parcels. At the same time, the authors highlight the issue of the lack of a unified information exchange system, the implementation of which would enable the use of existing information. Additionally, the limited ability to use existing registers for implementing income and cost-based methodological approaches applicable to improved land parcels is emphasized. The scientific novelty and practical significance lie in highlighting the possibilities and feasibility of using the existing State GeoCadastre database as a basis for a future mass appraisal system, as it indirectly affects the values specified in the state register of property rights to real estate.

Mass land valuation serves as a prerequisite for optimizing the taxation system in Ukraine

The article highlights the issue of multiple tax base systems. It analyzes that according to existing international mass appraisal standards, the market value should serve as the tax base. In turn, determining the market value should be based on analyzing the most efficient use. The authors emphasize that the available information in state registers is insufficient to meet all the requirements for the integrity and quality of input data for mass appraisal systems. Thus, attention is drawn to the necessity of a comprehensive approach to implementing a cadastre system, including the use of the LADM standard. This standard would, on the one hand, systematize the exchange between existing state registers, and on the other hand, serve as a basis for developing a computerized mass appraisal system taking into account the requirements for CAMA. Overall, the authors believe that implementing a land mass appraisal system in Ukraine is an important step towards creating a transparent and fair tax system as a key element of economic recovery and a source of revenue for local budgets in the context of developing market land relations.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ЗЕМЛЕКОРИСТУВАННЯ В УКРАЇНІ

This study examines the peculiarities of land-use regulation, and the mechanisms through which the state regulates are studied. The principles based on which the activity of land use subjects should be regulated are described. The improvement of the land use regulation system depends on the quality and efficiency of the state land cadastre system in Ukraine, as it contains vital information about the land and its properties, land use boundaries, and the content of its ownership rights. This article analyzes the legal, economic, and administrative-organizational aspects of land use, as well as the principles on which the regulation of the activities of land use entities should be based. Special attention is paid to the role of the state land cadastre as a critical source of information about land relations and their regulations. The study also emphasizes that the effectiveness and level of the state cadastre have a direct impact on the effectiveness of the land use regulation system. Having analyzed the dynamics of changes in this number, he testified to the tendency towards a decrease in the number of active business entities in the field of land use. In particular, he found that from 2015 to 2022, the number of agricultural enterprises decreased by 30% and the number of individual land users – by more than 37%. Thus, the article emphasizes the need to improve the system of land use regulation in Ukraine and indicates the key aspects that should be considered in this process. Therefore, in regulating land use, the state should be given a critical role, as it can only develop a practical legal framework, act as a guarantor of the country's food security, and promote balanced land use. Ensuring the effective regulation of land use is only possible with a complete understanding of the dynamic natural environment and monitoring the impact of business entities on this environment.

An evaluation framework of the current cadastral system in Ukraine – A case study

Motives: Land is the most vital resource that meets basic human needs. There are several mechanisms for achieving the goals of sustainable administration and management of land resources, and the cadastral system is the key mechanism. In most developing countries, the procedures for monitoring the performance of cadastral systems are inadequate or non-existent. Ukraine is not an exception in this respect, and this issue is largely disregarded in the domestic literature.Aim: The objective of the study was to establish an evaluation framework that relies on globally recognized best practices and their corresponding indicators. The main aim of the framework is to measure and assess the effectiveness of Ukraine’s cadastral system.Results: The evaluation methodology consisted of four stages: an analysis of evaluation indicators, identification of international best practices, identification of performance gaps in the cadastral system, and the development of a summary profile based on a SWOT analysis. The cadastral system was evaluated based on indicators within five domains: political, management, operational levels, external factors, and the review process.

THE COMPLEX PROBLEM OF EXPANDING THE CAPABILITIES OF CADASTRAL SYSTEMS AND WAYS TO SOLVE IT

The development of cadastral systems in various countries, including Ukraine, has gone through creating information systems that serve users (stakeholders) in one of the subject areas, such as land administration, real estate construction, water resources, and others. Modern cadastral systems have no capacity to solve complex problems, and, at the same time, their structure does not contain specialised mathematical support in the form of models capable of simulating complex processes. Intelligent cadastres will be able to solve complex problems. Along with the existing types of cadastre support, intelligent cadastres should have well-structured mathematical and heuristic support. It should allow for solving private computing and service tasks, as well as loosely structured ones with a high degree of uncertainty, and provide good visualisation and detailing of objects, processes, and phenomena based on cloud and other modern information technologies. We propose introducing an intelligent cadastral system, presented as a geoinformation system with components of both a decision support system and a system for manipulating thematic layers. The decision support system should contain typical models used during the formalisation of one or another subject area or as a variant of the formal model of the subject areas’ description. The thematic layers manipulation system should allow the integration of attributive data belonging to different subject areas. In this case, ensuring prompt and fruitful work of cognitologists with experts is essential. The shortage of time and the variety of problems to be solved require the development of technology for formalising the knowledge of experts or specific subject areas. Implementing this technology and ensuring its implementation will require the creation of banks of typical knowledge models, which should store standardised procedures for formal representations. The bank of formal representations of heuristic knowledge includes procedures for forming production rules, building semantic and other networks, building frame representations and genetic algorithms, and so on. The bank of formal logical procedures contains procedures for creating logical rules based on the logic of statements, rules of logical inference based on the predicate logic, procedures of other modal logics, in particular, the presence logic, and procedures for building logical constructions based on the theory of categories and functors. Keywords: cadastral system, geoinformation system, decision support system, thematic layer manipulation system, formalisation.

Some issues of correlation between the state land cadastre and land monitoring

The article is devoted to some issues of correlation between the state land cadastre and land monitoring. It is emphasized that such functions as the state land cadastre and land monitoring play a significant role in the management system in the field of land use and protection. It is emphasized that the State land cadastre and land monitoring are the main source of information on the qualitative and quantitative state of land. Such information is necessary for solving relevant tasks and making informed decisions in the field of land management.
 It is emphasized that land monitoring, which is carried out with the aim of obtaining information on the qualitative state of land resources, plays a significant role in the implementation of cadastral activities and is one of its directions.
 It is emphasized that the State Land Cadastre, as a function of management in the field of land use, protection and restoration, is closely interrelated with such functions as land monitoring and control over land use and protection. It is emphasized that these functions have the feature of complementing each other, which makes it possible to achieve the goals and objectives in the field of public administration in the land sector.
 The author examines the functions inherent in the State Land Cadastre, one of which is information. The author also notes that based on the data obtained during land monitoring, the State Land Cadastre's database on the qualitative characteristics of land is filled with information on land. In addition, the overall goal of the state land cadastre and land monitoring is to protect and preserve land resources. Thus, the tasks of land monitoring include information support of the state land cadastre, which in turn complements the content of land cadastral activities.
 It is emphasized that the State Land Cadastre and land monitoring are the main sources of information on the state of land resources which allow obtaining objective data throughout the country. The information contained in the State Land Cadastre system and obtained in the course of land monitoring serves as the legal basis for making the necessary decisions by public authorities in the field of land use and protection. Formation of a database based on monitoring information is one of the means of ensuring cadastral activities.

CADASTRAL SYSTEMS AND LAND STRUCTURE IN URBAN PLANNING: OPTIMIZATION OF LAND USE AND URBAN PLANNING

The article is devoted to the study of the role of cadastral systems and land management in urban planning. The authors consider ways to optimize land use and urban planning based on the integration of modern cadastral tools. Potential advantages and opportunities provided by cadastral systems for effective management of urban territories, ensuring their sustainable development and taking into account ecological, economic and social aspects are analyzed. The article examines the relationship between cadastral systems and land management in the context of urban planning. The main attention is paid to the optimization of land use and urban planning with the help of modern cadastral technologies. Key principles by which cadastral information can contribute to a more rational and efficient distribution and use of land resources in urban conditions are considered. In addition, the article discusses the importance of cadastral systems in the formation of urban planning strategies and plans for the development of settlements. Formation of land relations, peculiarities of urban development. The theoretical foundations were studied and made it possible to develop an integrated environment for urban land use. This environment combines methods and models of observation, processing and use of geodata, implementation of urban planning documents, assessment of the dynamics of urban objects, identification of inconsistencies, their detection and correction, as well as methods of monitoring the development of urban territories, taking into account their economic, social and legal context. The relevance of the application of geoinformation systems is noted in connection with the complexity of urban planning documentation, a large volume of data and problems of management and distribution of urban land resources. Such systems are considered as a comprehensive solution aimed at optimizing decision-making processes in urban planning and land use. The article focuses on the need to integrate modern technologies into the urban planning process to achieve sustainable development of cities and harmonious interaction between man and the environment.

Development of land value algorithm for establishing an effective cadastral system in Erbil City

Land value is one of the economic issues of cadastral systems which is the base of sustainable urban and regional planning. The current paper concerns the estimation of the land values according to many essential factors, which are adopted as ten variables generally. Among these ten parameters, the frontage of the parcel (width), the value of rent, the width of streets, and the level of services represent the most effective parameters that play the main role in process of land price estimation over the Erbil City. The current research introduces the nature of land values and their homogeneous distribution and evaluates the suggested algorithm of land price estimation as one of the efficient factors that affect the national economic situation. The data collection was done for 100 parcels in different locations within the Erbil city boundary, which is being selected to apply the linear multiple regression equation to find the coefficients of the effective factors and to define the correlation between them. The obtained results of the linear multiple regression equation show that the level of existing services and the value of the rent have the maximum effect among these four factors, and they have the maximum correlation with the land price, whereas the road’s width has the minimum correlation among them. The worked-out algorithm for land price estimation (which is a vital issue of the modern cadastral systems), is recommended to be applied by the institutions and organizations concerning the land prices and land taxes task.

Ethereum Smart Contract Deployment for a Real Estate Management System (REMS) Implemented in Blockchain

The real industry is crucial sector of the world wide financial system, with significant economic, social and environmental implications. However, real estate transactions are often slow, complex and costly and can be prone to fraud errors, which can lead to significant financial losses and legal disputes. This paper proposes the adoption of blockchain technology in real estate cadastral systems as a solution to the challenges encountered in managing property ownership and transactions. We have described the implementation of our prototype called REMS (Real Estate Management System) and we have presented the deployment of smart contracts in Ethereum platform. Based on measurement, benchmarks and other observation of the system, we have evaluated the server usage of the blockchain network and decided whether Blockchain-as-a-Service (BaaS) should be involved or not in our system. The study results demonstrate the successful implementation of a real estate management system (REMS) using blockchain technology and Ethereum's smart contracts. This study is important because it confirms that similar solutions can be implemented in other areas of public administration, where the structure of the work is similar, i.e. where we deal with issuing documents to citizens.

Implementation of the land issue in the new economic policy of Kazakhstan

The goal is to determine the place and role of "land" in achieving the goals of the new economic policy and finding solutions to improve the efficiency of its use. Methods – monographic, analytical, statistical, abstract-logical. Results – it is noted that in the republic a course has been taken for radical transformations, in which land resources play an important role. Systemic problems hindering the development of the country's economy have been identified. An analysis was made of the areas leased to foreigners, as well as foreign trade turnover for 2022. The main tasks and directions of their implementation for the purpose of effective land use are outlined. The foreign experience of taxation of agricultural land is studied as the basis for the development of a new methodology for calculating land tax for ACP. It is recommended to identify unused or not used land plots for their intended purpose in order to involve them in agricultural circulation; to promote the expansion of advisory assistance to agricultural producers when filling out the automated land cadastre system, to establish a logistics system for agricultural products in order to prevent artificial price increases by intermediaries; provide state support in the allocation of subsidies on a differentiated basis. Conclusions – it is shown that the state focuses on land resources, the correct exploitation of which will strengthen and stabilize the economy of Kazakhstan. These principles were laid down earlier, but have not yet been sufficiently regulated. Their full implementation requires new approaches and methods that contribute to the effective use of agricultural land, the productivity of which can systemize a number of specific problems: an increase in pasture areas, hayfields and increase in agricultural production in general. It is necessary to increase the transparency of pricing mechanisms.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF CHARACTERISTICS OF CADASTRAL SYSTEMS OF EUROPEAN UNION COUNTRIES

A modern cadastral system should include a legal, technical and economic component. The legal component determines information about owners and users taking into account the historical aspect of registration of property rights, the technical component should include data on the location of the land plot, its quantitative and qualitative indicators, and the economic component, in turn, forms an idea of the ways of using this land plot and its value. There are various types of land cadastral systems, which differ in their structure and functionality, so the study of their main characteristics is an urgent issue today. The purpose of this article is to determine the main characteristics and features of cadastral systems with the aim of improving the State Land Cadastre of Ukraine. Modern cadastral systems of the world are organized mainly by the land registration component. According to this feature, two main systems of securing rights to land ownership or real estate are distinguished: "Agreement system" and "Title system". The difference between the two concepts is related to the cultural development and judicial system of the country and is whether only the transaction is registered (deal system) or the title itself is registered and protected (title system). А comparative analysis of the developed and reliable European cadastral systems of Austria, Germany, Switzerland and France was performed. It was established that all considered cadastral systems have the same characteristics, such as: completeness and accuracy of geodata – presented in the form of a detailed cadastral map; accessibility and ease of use – access to cadastral systems is free and available to citizens; security level – modern technologies are used to protect data, including encryption and authentication of users; regularity of updates – usually once a year, and distinctive features, namely: variety of functions that they solve; various data collection systems are used; different level of integration with other systems. Keywords: cadastral system, state land cadastre, geospatial data, land plot, geoportal.

NURTURING TALENTS OF GEOMATICS SURVEYORS TO MEET THE CHALLENGES OF LAND SUPPLY, WORKS PROJECTS AND SMART CITY OF HONG KONG

Abstract. The challenges brought by a growing number of large-scale land development projects (e.g., Northern Metropolis, Lantau Tomorrow, and related infrastructures) in Hong Kong must be met by innovative land acquisition planning and processes. A recent quick win solution to land supply for Works projects has been in trial commissioning the provisional draft land resumption plan preparations and related survey works from the government to consultants, specifically the Authorized Land Surveyor (ALS) in the private sector. The industry therefore must consider the necessary and diverse sources of expertise available, and the existing land surveying technical resources that will render support to such new initiatives. Collaboration is called for between the spheres of public sector, education, and works industry to successfully move the use of cadastral survey for land management forwards, bridging the gap between lands and works practices for efficient processing of Works projects, and smart city development of Hong Kong.This paper will examine the new approach of professional surveying that private practicing ALSs bring, and why the overall number of ALS and engineering surveyors in the construction industry is growing so slowly. It will additionally compare Hong Kong's practice with that of the mainland China, Singapore, and the UK to grasp global learning points. The paper recommends the establishment of a Cadastral Survey Lab (CSL) firstly to explore the policy implementation of a sound cadastral system. The processing of lot boundary determination by ALS is reviewed. The regulatory roles of the Land Survey Authority (LSA) are requested in approving new land boundary plans; this both replaces the Demarcation District (DD) Sheet boundary and improves land boundary records. Secondly, the CSL can serve as a coordinating body in curating various kinds of land records from diverse sources, and aids the research and knowledge management of cadastral survey, land law, land tenure, land registration systems, land boundary record keeping, problematic lot boundary determination, etc. These topics can be considered in the refining geomatics education curriculum, and furthermore developed into guidance notes for geomatics survey practitioners.The evolution of the traditional land surveying profession into the geomatics services has become a recent international trend that is growing in popularity in the survey profession. Combining geo-spatial data from the planning and design stages, alongside the use of standardised survey data processing in project implementation and asset management, would encourage data sharing, avoid duplicate efforts, and facilitate the formation of a digital city. The spectrums of geomatics education in universities should be widened with a refined curriculum on combining geomatics with cadastral survey that has evolved from the traditional lot boundary survey to multi-purpose cadastre, city information modelling, urban informatics, smart city administration, and a full-blown Spatial Data Infrastructure (SDI).

The Results of Land Cadastral Data Research on the Example of the Village Mzisguli

Our research shows the possibilities of spatial analysis by using geoinformation systems, on the Georgian land cadaster information, in particular, on the information created in the process of land ownership registration reforms in the Ministry of Justice, the National Agency of Public Registry. Also the research shows the importance of land cadastral data as the basic data. The research findings identify the problematic issues and provides their solution ways. It was approved the opinion on how important it is to convert the information stored in the archives about the old land use and soil maps into a digital format, particularly, to transfer in the spatial (geographical) information, for comparing old and modern conditions in order to plan future activities. The village Mzisguli, located in Sagarejo Municipality, Kakheti has been chosen for the research, where the pilot project of systematic registration has been completed. The boundary of the registration sector of Mzisguli (55.02) is used as the boundary of the research area. There were analyzed all possible quantitative and percentage indicators from the existing cadastral and spatial data created in the research process. Additionally, there were created data bases with all important geospatial layers, and were prepared thematic maps and various recommendations. Keywords: Cadastre, Land Cadastral system, Ownership registration, Land resources, Geodata, GIS, Spatial analysis.

Proposing a multi-jurisdictional framework for 3D digital cadastre in Australia and New Zealand

Recent studies in Australia and New Zealand have explored various technological, legal, and institutional aspects of 3D cadastre modernisation. The majority of these studies concentrate on a single jurisdiction. The reason is that each jurisdiction is in charge of its own cadastral system. As a result, each jurisdiction's standards, rules, and processes for implementing 3D digital cadastre are unique. In Australia and New Zealand, however, the Intergovernmental Committee on Surveying and Mapping (ICSM) has established national frameworks for cadastral systems. To implement 3D digital cadastre at a national level, it is vital to identify the variations and commonalities across existing cadastral systems. Comparisons of 3D cadastre for several civil law countries as well as international standards have been undertaken in the present literature. However, common law jurisdictions such as Australian states and New Zealand have not been compared in terms of 3D cadastre. Therefore, the main goal of this study is to propose a multi-jurisdictional framework that includes variations and commonalities in the current methods adopted for subdividing ownership of vertically placed properties in order to support 3D digital cadastre in all Australian and New Zealand jurisdictions. The proposed framework comprises four layers: definition, core, interoperability and jurisdictional. This framework would potentially serve as a starting point for building a nationally integrated digital data ecosystem for 3D cadastre in Australia and New Zealand.

Case Study of Remodelling the As-Built Documentation of a Railway Construction into the BIM and GIS Environment

Building Information Modelling (BIM) is a modern approach to managing the process of preparation, realization and operation of building objects including their documentation throughout their life cycle, based on database agenda platform. The aim of our research is to analyze and innovate existing engineering procedures with the aim: 1. to remodel the existing CAD documentation into BIM for the purpose of public procurement, 2. to provide guaranteed data to the IS of the Digital Map of Public Administration and 3. to provide data for the design of new railway structures or their reconstruction. The aim of the case study was to evaluate the effectiveness of remodelling the existing as-built documentation of a railway construction into a common BIM data environment (CDE), in which further subsequent construction agenda should be managed for the remaining period of its life cycle. Using the documentation for construction realization of the railway station Šumice, this 3D documentation was remodeled into the BIM data environment CDE and alternatively also into the 2D GIS environment. The BIM data standard developed by the State Fund for Transport Infrastructure was analyzed during the documentation reworking. An important parameter of the documentation rework was the use of a geodetic reference system fully compatible with the cadastral system in the Czech Republic. It turned out that the general data standard is only partially applicable for railway structures containing many special objects and many objects requiring individual classification. The remodelling of existing graphical data proved faster and more efficient in a GIS environment (layer oriented) compared to the need for 3D remodelling in a BIM CDE (object oriented). Experimental results have demonstrated the effectiveness of remodelling underground technical infrastructure objects, while the visible surface situation is often more effectively captured by current progressive bulk data acquisition technologies. In a CDE environment, existing as-built documentation data can be efficiently stored and administered and progressively, for the procurement and execution of construction, purposefully remodeled only to the extent required in BIM or converted into an exchangeable Digital Technical Map (DTM) format for public administration.

QPEC: QGIS Toolkit for Evaluating Geospatial Data Positional Accuracy according to the Brazilian Cartographic Accuracy Standard

This paper presents the development of a QGIS plugin to support evaluating the planimetric positional quality for point and linear features based on the metrics established by Brazilian legislation. For this purpose, we used the QGIS environment Graphical Modeler, which consists of an interface to concatenate a series of processes into a single algorithm. The set of tools, called QPEC, allows for performing the statistical tests from the automatic identification of the sample size and discrepancies. In order to demonstrate the implemented functionalities, a case study was carried out. In this illustrative example, the vector files from the Cartographic and Cadastral System of the Municipality of Salvador - BA (SICAD) were the reference data, and their homologous OpenStreetMap (OSM) features were the analysed database. The results obtained are presented in the attributes table. In addition, the spatial distribution of the discrepancies is visualised through the visual variable colour value in a quartile classification. The creation of this toolset corroborates the feasibility of developing more visual, automated and complete interfaces to support users of geospatial data in analysing the quality of the information available, especially when it involves free applications with open-source code.

3D Marine Cadastral System to Support Marine Spatial Planning Implementation in Indonesia: A Case Study of Penanjung Bay, Indonesia

The ocean is a formation that has a volume and consists of a surface layer of water, a column, and a bottom. Visualization of the sea on a digital map is important to support the acceleration of marine spatial planning (MSP), which is generally two-dimensional on a flat plane. A marine cadastre is defined as an instrument used in managing spatial boundaries, which describes, visualizes, and realizes legally defined boundaries as well as rights, restrictions, and responsibilities related to activities in the marine environment. Therefore, visualization in 3D will open a wider perspective than conventional maps. The 3D marine cadastral system was built using the Penanjung Bay pilot project and the QGIS2ThreeJS plugin with JavaScript. The results obtained can provide a 3D visualization of the position and boundaries for each component of the marine cadastre in Penanjung Bay with a broader picture of the sea spatial layout in the region.

POLITICAL REFORM OF LAND MAFIA PREVENTION LAW IN INDONESIA

The presence of land mafias can hinder investment and economic growth, as the crimes committed include large-scale land disputes, disputes, conflicts, and involve large economies, thus requiring prevention at the administrative level. This research aims to find and develop new legal regulatory aspects to prevent future mafias. This study is a descriptive study with a socio-legal research perspective. The results of this investigation, in an attempt to prevent future agrarian mafias from the administrative field, have produced a new political-legal structure of the cadastral system, that is, the idea of changing the cadastral publication system for a positive publication system, through the reform of the regulations applicable to Law Number 5 of 1960. Likewise, during the period of validity of the articles related to the negative publication system, a registration process is carried out. In case of error, and in case of damage to the parties that may have more rights, the State guarantees the compensation fund of the claimant, whose rights are represented as a form of compensation with indefeasible and indemnity concepts.

METHODOLOGICAL PRINCIPLES OF THE ORGANIZATION OF REAL ESTATE OBJECTS IN THREE-DIMENSIONAL CADASTЕRS

The purpose of the article is to study methodological provisions for the organization of real estate objects in the three-dimensional cadastre. The principles of combining two-dimensional information about land plots and three-dimensional information about real estate objects, taking into account legal information about each element of the system, are determined. Special attention is paid to the principles of selection and implementation of the geospatial data base of the three-dimensional cadastre system. This database of geospatial data is based on modern developments and effective tools. The three-dimensional cadastral system is responsible for registering the legal status of real estate objects and has the ability to provide this information to clients in the future. The increase in the use of space under and above the surface of the Earth presented the cadastral system with the need to determine and store information about objects of the real world under and above the surface. Entitlement to specified objects is still registered using 2D surface areas. In the third dimension, it is important to be able to penetrate into the actual situation, which is determined by the factor of confirming the legal status of the land plot or real estate object. Therefore, the developed three-dimensional cadastre system provides an opportunity to collect, model and store, request and visualize data on real estate objects under and above the surface in combination with already existing two-dimensional data on land plots. With the help of the specified proposals of the tool of the three-dimensional cadastral system, it is possible to use real estate objects more effectively, taking into account rights and restrictions. Thus, the study presents methodical regulations on the organization of real estate objects in the three-dimensional cadastre. The principles of combining two-dimensional information about land plots and three-dimensional information about real estate objects, taking into account legal information about each element of the system, are determined. Special attention is paid to the principles of selection and implementation of the geospatial data base of the three-dimensional cadastre system. This database of geospatial data is based on modern developments and effective tools. To access data and view query results, a viewer will be built on top of the geospatial database. It also looks at how data can be viewed administratively: as two-dimensional (traditional GIS interface) and three-dimensional (perspective, stereo) and in combination with each other in the same environment. The studied provisions make a significant contribution to the development of cadastral systems, the formation of cadastral data, the creation and management of geospatial databases of three-dimensional cadastre. Keywords: land plot parameters, three-dimensional cadastre, cadastral data, legal restrictions, real estate object, geospatial database, real estate registration.

Possibilities of Registering Natural Underground Cavities into the National Integrated Information System of Cadastre and Land Registry

Abstract The problem of registering underground cavities and caves is an older one at national level. With the advent of several legislative initiatives regarding this type of entity, the term cadastre of caves also appeared. The case study is represented by the "Şuticoasa" Cave, which is located in the perimeter of the archaeological site, the Şinteu Fortress "Piatra Şoimului", being an integral part of the medieval monument in pestis village, a village belonging to Alesd city in Bihor county. For this purpose, this paper presents the techniques of data acquisition, their processing and a first attempt to refer to this type of entity in an existing land register.