Cadastral Survey Research Articles

Field research of total stations

This article presents the results of field research of two total stations (the park of geodetic instruments of the experimentally-technological laboratory of remote sensing and land resources monitoring of the Agrarian Technological Institute of the RUDN University. This article was written based on the research practices which the authors were in the Scientific and Educational Center of the Agrarian Technological Institute of the RUDN University. Electronic total stations, along with the receivers of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems (GNSS) currently is one of the most popular tools for the production of topographic and geodetic works. One of the important requirements of users for these surveying instruments - the accuracy of the measurement, which determines the accuracy of determining the coordinates of the turning points and the land area. The studies were conducted at a specialized reference geodetic network, authorized to carry out such tests, and is a benchmark tool for metrological certification of surveying instruments. For testing were chosen total stations that are most in demand in the production of topographic and cadastral surveys. The studies included a comparative analysis of the length and height of the reference sections of a linear basis, the measured electronic total stations; comparing passport data accuracy performance total station with the actual values obtained from measurements on the reference basis; Comparative analysis of the results of measurements of the lengths of sections and elevations of the reference line basis, with the reference values. The results of field studies have shown that the actual accuracy of the measurements performed by the subjects geodetic instruments generally corresponds to the values indicated in their passport characteristics. This led to the conclusion of the suitability of total stations for precise positioning required for receipt of geospatial data ensuring land surveying and cadastral works. Analysis of the results of geodetic measurements of the reference base segments showed the discrepancy between the increase of the increase of the measured distance. Fixed deterioration of the measurement accuracy in areas where there may be potentially interfere with the precision-guided sighting axis on the reflector.

A new model for cadastral surveying using crowdsourcing

A ‘fit-for-purpose’ approach is developed, tested and presented for cadastral surveys through increased owners’ participation using new technology and m-government services. Three case studies are reported, for urban, suburban and rural areas, with a combined use of two mobile applications: a commercial software package (ESRI’s Collector for ArcGIS) and an opensource self-developed application named BoundGeometry. The parameters of time, quality and accuracy are assessed and the identified difficulties are classified. It is concluded that the method is applicable both in developed and developing countries, and each time adjustable to the available infrastructure.

A REVIEW ON LEGAL TRACEABILITY OF GNSS MEASUREMENTS IN THE MALAYSIAN CADASTRAL PRACTICE

Abstract. As the dependency on Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) in surveying has been growing over the years, the need for legal traceability of GNSS measurements has become a significant matter. In Malaysia, with the advent of the Malaysia Real-time Kinematic Network (MyRTKnet), GNSS surveying has revolutionised land survey and mapping. Correspondingly, the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) amended and published standard regulations and guidelines concerning cadastral survey, i.e., Cadastral Survey Regulations 2009, to include GNSS measurements. However, these regulations and guidelines has not comprehensively incorporated legal traceability of GNSS measurements; which is a prerequisite for cadastral surveys as it requires reliable and conclusive evidence for issues such as boundary disputes. The first objective of this paper is to review and discuss the legal traceability of GNSS measurements. Secondly, it will highlight the current practice and issues, i.e., with regard to legal traceability, within the present Malaysian cadastral regulation and guidelines, in relation to the prevalently adopted Network RTK (N-RTK) technique, GNSS instrument calibrations, and reference stations’ accuracy. Lastly, a rudimentary best practice guideline for GNSS surveying in cadastral survey for Malaysia is proposed. It is expected that this paper will contribute to the implementation of a best practice guideline, which is inclusive of legal traceability of GNSS measurements, for the Malaysian cadastral practice.

A Combination of Stop-and-Go and Electro-Tricycle Laser Scanning Systems for Rural Cadastral Surveys

Over the past decade, land-based laser scanning technologies have been actively studied and implemented, in response to the need for detailed three-dimensional (3D) data about our rural and urban environment for topographic mapping, cadastral mapping, and other street-level features, which are difficult and time consuming to measure by other instruments. For rural areas in China, the complex terrain and poor planning limit the applicability of this advanced technology. To improve the efficiency of rural surveys, we present two SSW (Shoushi and SiWei) laser scanning systems for rapid topographic mapping: stop-and-go and electro-tricycle laser scanning systems. The objective of this paper is to evaluate whether laser scanning data collected by the developed SSW systems meet the accuracy requirements for rural homestead mapping. We investigated the performance of the two laser scanning systems on Ma’anshan Village, a small, typical village in Hubei Province, China. To obtain full coverage of the village, we fused the stop-and-go and electro-tricycle laser scanning data. The performance of the developed SSW systems is described by the results of building contours extracted from the fused data against the established building vector map.

Accuracy and utility of the Structure Sensor for collecting 3D indoor information

This paper presents the result of an investigation into the utility of the Structure Sensor developed by Occipital Inc. and accuracy of its output for 3D surveying of interiors of buildings in relation to Surveying (Cadastral Survey) Regulation 2005 in Victoria, Australia. The paper investigates data acquisition issues, defines guidelines to obtain the best reconstruction result, and evaluates the result against the requirements set by the Regulation. The findings suggest a mixed result. The sensor delivers more accurate outputs for the smaller room sizes. Also, the accuracy does not meet the requirements, but it was found to be close to what is expected in the Regulation. Finally, the paper argues that the device is user-friendly enough to be used by non-experts for crowdsourcing indoor information and, the accuracy of its output can meet the needs of other domains such as indoor navigation and public safety.

State and problems training, advanced training and retraining in the field of land planning

Scientific and technological progress and improve relations, use and organization of work makes the need for systematic improvement of forms and methods of preparation, training and retraining in the land. Training in the - is the formation of staff knowledge and skills in a particular professional field, that training people who want to get a profession in the field of relations and the use and protection of and other natural resources. In this connection the question the quality of the professionals who work in the system of and enterprises. So in recent years, the system of worked by 25 thousand. People .. to 28 thousand. People. The number of employees of DerzhzemahenstvaUkraine(and today DerzhheokadastruUkraine) ranged from 9.5 - 10 thousand. People. Thus, in stateenterprisesLandManagement Institute, Centre of state cadastre and of private enterprises and entrepreneurs are about 18 thousand. People. In the system of fixed services is almost 90% of workers with higher education. But of these, only about about 70% have higher education universities III-IV accreditation levels, and only about 50% - management. Managers and professionals who have and use close to education up together with the Bachelor education only 64% of the total number of employees. Thus, the problem of professional education in the field of is very relevant. It is necessary to consider further training of land-management education for integrated communities. The article is justification for expanding areas of training in the field of and the introduction of new professions (specializations) and the of natural areas. According to Article 66 of the Law of Ukraine On of 22.05.2003 number 858-IV, professional activities in the field of may engage citizens with special higher education levels and appropriate professional guidance. Cabinet of Ministers of Ukraine on April 29, 2015 № 266 determined instead specialties Land Management and Cadastre and of and property - specialty Geodesy and which referred to the field of knowledge Architecture and Construction, which refers to the engineering sciences . However, the definition of according to the law ofUkraineOn activities in the field of and use documentation content, a specialty of the should belong to the natural sciences or management. Search discourse of the theory of Management shows that there are many concepts and categories in the field of in particular, such as innovations in land, Legal Management, technical cadastral survey, ecological Management, Land Management design. Absolute champion mentions in the Internet Google is land economics (494 thousand. Mentions), followed by technical (487 thousand. References). It noted widespread references in the search engine world for Ukraine Yandex.ua term cadastral survey (6 million. Mentions), followed by technical (5 million. References), legal, social and environmental by 4 million. Mentions. Is ambiguous definition of recurrence frame ecological economy and «Ecological and economic management». Thus, according Yandex.ua, leader of «Ecological and economic management» (8 million. Mentions) and the version of Google.com leader «Ecological and economic management» (3 million. References). This communication should focus that the terms in English prevail in times of recurrence in the same terms in Ukrainian or Russian. In this regard, in our view, training in management, inventory, assessment and protection must be understood as education relevant educational qualification (Bachelor, Master) in Architecture and Construction 19), Management and (code (code 10) and professions (specializations) related to professional management, environmental, economic, scientific and other activities consisting of the central and local authorities, enterprises, institutions and organizations regardless of ownership. At present the main problems of preparation, training and retraining in the field of are the lack of a systematic approach to funding, standardization organization and implementation of educational and research activities in the field of management, inventory and appraisal and protection, expansion professions (specializations) related with administrative, environmental, economic, scientific and other activities in the field of management. It is proposed to expand the training of specialists in the field of appropriate educational qualification (Bachelor, Master) in management and administration 07), Natural Science 10) and professions (specializations) related to professional management, environmental, economic, scientific and other activities. Keywords . Directions of training, specialties in sciences.

3D Indoor Surveying – A Low Cost Approach

Satisfying the accommodation needs of the world's urban population requires high-rise buildings. Accommodating some of 3.5 billion urban population in complex apartments has created challenges including the human scale understanding of complex 3D property rights, and engineering and architectural features relating to building interiors. Technological developments have brought about the prevalence of inexpensive systems such as gaming consoles and smartphones. This paper explores the use of Kinect for Windows (a consumer grade technology that was originally designed for computer gaming purposes) to survey indoors in 3D. This paper presents the result of an investigation into the utility of this widespread and economical technology for 3D surveying of interiors of buildings in relation to Surveying (Cadastral Survey) Regulation 2005, Victoria, Australia. Building on the results of the investigation, the paper argues that such a technology has the potential to be used in other application domains and crowdsourcing 3D indoor information.

Investigation of disputes’ resolving over ecclesiastical and monastic land property in Greece using cadastral and land use data

Land disputes are among the primary issues that Land Administration Systems attempt to accommodate. They derive from a variety of purposes including law, history, culture, traditions, administration and local geographical characteristics. There is no uniform approach in addressing land disputes and each country implements different resolution techniques. Ecclesiastical and monastic institutions throughout the world are owners of immense real estate property to such an extent that can indeed affect land administration policies. Greece is in the limelight of international attention due to its economical crisis and actually under pressure to modernise its dysfunctional land policy framework and create a stable investment environment. Within this framework, this paper investigates issues hindering proper land administration in Greece through the examination of a the resolving process regarding a case study in the island of Crete; a complex legal land dispute between the Greek State, two ecclesiastical institutions, a monastery and a church, and squatters took place, lasting for nearly 40 years. In order to evaluate this procedure and its impact on the development of the disputed area, a variety of data sources were accumulated and processed through time-based analysis. In this direction, cadastral survey’s contribution was examined along with land use change analysis, indicating how uncertainties in securing property rights on land, result in illegalities and trespassing posing significant barriers in land administration and management in the course of time. Although old and ambiguous in describing land boundaries the monasterial documentation might be, it proved sufficient to prevail over other litigants claims; the monastery was even adjudicated more than twice the size of the area that was claiming. By this investigation process, the distinct role of ecclesiastical institutions in Greece regarding land acquisition and the defects and malfunctions within Greek Land Administration System are presented. The paper concludes with the authors’ suggestions for addressing similar real estate property situations concerning land disputes.

A comprehensive evaluation of GNSS- and CORS-based positioning and terrestrial surveying for cadastral surveys

Many Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS/GNSS) methods are applied to the cadastral survey after the rapid development of satellite-based positioning. These methods are reported to give efficiency, speed and economy compared to the conventional ones. In this study, it is aimed to comprehensively evaluate the most commonly used GPS/GNSS methods for cadastral survey. Furthermore, a median based comparison strategy was developed for the distribution of the results. The research results showed the difference of a few centimeters between the coordinates obtained from the terrestrial and the GPS/GNSS techniques. Furthermore, the developed robust criteria verified the compatibility of the results. It is clear that the GPS/GNSS based methods achieve high accurate output in real time and are well-matched with surveying standards in Turkey. In addition, the robust criteria appear to be a fast, effective and objective method to compare the results, especially for the height component.

Lost and Found: Recovering Regional Identity in Imperial Japan by Hi-raku Shimoda (review)

Reviewed by: Lost and Found: Recovering Regional Identity in Imperial Japan by Hi-raku Shimoda Brian Platt (bio) Lost and Found: Recovering Regional Identity in Imperial Japan. By Hiraku Shimoda. Harvard University Asia Center, Cambridge, Mass., 2014. x, 159 pages. $39.95. This book contributes to a growing body of English-language historical scholarship on the function and identity of regions in Japan. The focus on subnational units itself is not what distinguishes this body of scholarship, for historians have long chosen such a focus as a means of narrowing their bodies of evidence and conducting fine-grained studies of local dynamics. Rather, what defines this scholarship is that the region is the telos of the analysis, even if broader issues are also in play. Hiraku Shimoda’s book is [End Page 192] on regional identity in Japan and its place within the larger narrative of the modern nation-state. His choice of Aizu as his geographic focus is compelling, owing to the fact that it played the role of enemy to the cause of imperial restoration and thus served as an antithesis to the emerging national narrative in the decades following the Meiji Restoration. The question of how Aizu was rehabilitated within that narrative forms the analytical thrust of the book. Two of the five main chapters of Shimoda’s book focus on the Tokugawa period. During this time Aizu was a distinct political unit: a geographically contiguous domain, headed by a single political authority. It therefore stood in contrast to many other regions of Tokugawa Japan that were divided into multiple political jurisdictions and whose geography created great diversity within the region—a notable example of this being Shinano, which was the subject of another recent book on regional identity by Kären Wigen.1 For most of the Tokugawa era, Aizu was headed by the Matsudaira house, and under its headship the domain came to play an important geopolitical role as a loyal military ally of the Tokugawa. After the Matsudaira were appointed in the mid-seventeenth century to govern Aizu—they were a transplant from Shinano, in fact—they set about the task of familiarizing themselves with the land and people they governed. Often at the bakufu’s behest, they generated maps, population registers, and cadastral surveys, which charted out the physical landscape of the domain. They also compiled gazetteers and domainal histories that filled the physical landscape with cultural information and narrated its historical development—as one might expect, in a way that bolstered the legitimacy of the Matsudaira’s claims to domainal rulership. The domainal government also actively propagated the notion of domainal service (kokueki), which provided moral justification for policies prohibiting farmers from absconding and preventing the export of certain goods. And the domainal government was not the only source of knowledge production about Aizu or rhetoric about domainal identity. Local intellectuals wrote gazetteers and travel literature; privately produced (though sometimes officially endorsed) agricultural handbooks took Aizu residents as their imagined audience; and merchants appropriated the language of domainal loyalty when advocating for protectionist economic measures. While all of this activity provided potential grist for the making of a domainal identity, in his next chapter Shimoda cautions against jumping to anachronistic claims of proto-nationalism on a regional scale. He argues, first, that the rhetoric of domainal service was, by and large, targeted to the limited audience of the samurai. He also emphasizes that the domainal government [End Page 193] lacked the institutional reach to actually instill domainal identity in the population—and indeed, it lacked the inclination to do so, since it did not see the need to secure an active political commitment from the general population. In the eyes of domainal authorities, the people were “less the inkling of a nation, or even a distinctly regional people, than a tellingly premodern, uneven collectivity” (p. 35). The defining moment of Aizu’s history came at the end of the Tokugawa era, when it defended the bakufu against the imperial forces from Satsuma and Chōshū in the Boshin War. Shimoda describes Aizu’s experience in the aftermath of its defeat, which was not unlike that of defeated nations in international warfare. The...

디지털 지적관리 환경에 적합한 지적측량수수료 체계 확립 연구

Abstract The current cadastral business is being operated by conversion to a digital cadastral management system through computerized registers (land register and forest land register) and maps (cadastral map and forest cadastral map). Digital surveying methods, such as GPS surveying and electronic plane table surveying, are also used for cadastral surveying. At present, fees for cadastral surveying are calculated based on a standard pursuant to the Construction Standard Production Unit System and an announcement by the Ministry of Land, Infrastructure, and Transportation. In many cases, however, the cadastral surveying fee system announced at present fail to apply the digitalized environment depending on the item. This study sought to analyze the cadastral surveying fee system that requires improvement in the rapidly changing digital cadastral management environment, and to prepare a basis to establish a cadastral surveying fee system suitable to the digital environment by suggesting an improvement method for such system. As a result of the study, the following suggestions were made: a method of changing to terms suitable to the digital environment based on the current status analysis; preparation of a new estimation system regarding new estimation items; and re-survey of an estimation system of cadastral confirmation survey and preparation of an estimation system.

Cartographic depiction of religious buildings and cemeteries on cadastral maps created during the first cadastral survey of Bosnia and Herzegovina

This paper deals with cartographic depictions of religious facilities and cemeteries in Bosnia and Herzegovina on cadastral maps created during the Austro-Hungarian administration. It shows how cartographic depictions of these plans changed over time, based on collections of topographic symbols published in the late 19th and the early 20th century. Relevant cartographic sources depicting religious buildings were identified and collected through analysis of genuine archival documents, i.e. relevant cartographical sources of different scales and types. The research of the materials resulted in a scientific description of the most important aspects of religious facilities belonging to different religious communities in Bosnia and Herzegovina.

The importance of Malaysian Land Administration Domain Model country profile in land policy

Every country has land policy and land planning systems to improve social, physical, spatial and economic imbalance. Land policies provide the framework, direction and continuity of decisions made for the function of land in the implementation of national development plans which involve local, state and regional plans. In Malaysia, land policies are implemented within a broader framework, which is supervised by the government. Some land policies were implemented based on the National Land Code (NLC). The National Land Code, 1965 came into force on 1st January 1966 to administer all land matters in Peninsular Malaysia and the Federal Territory of Labuan while Sabah and Sarawak continued to use the Sabah Land Ordinance 1930 and Sarawak Land Code 1958 respectively. The purpose of the NLC is to ensure the uniformity of land policy and land law with respect to land tenure, registration, transfer, charges, leases, easements and other interests and rights to land. Rapid development and various needs for securing proprietors’ interests have put a lot of demands on land administration. A new three-dimensional (3D) cadastral system was proposed to cater for above and below surface cadastral objects and to enable the registration of real properties that are not limited to the land surface. The 3D approach for cadastral and land registration systems can provide a better means to manage modern cadastral objects. There are two organisations within Peninsular Malaysia responsible for managing and maintaining the land administration system, namely, the Department of Survey and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM) and the District Land Offices which are responsible for the cadastral survey and ownership rights respectively. Both organisations have their own information systems called eLand in District Land Offices and eCadastre in DSMM. There are three arguments to further improve the land administration system towards e-Government services – government guarantee of indefeasibility of title to private land; information integration for good governance of land administration; systematic and accurate recording for land taxation purposes as a source of important state revenue. Those arguments clearly demonstrated the need for the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM). The LADM is an international standard for land administration purposes. Malaysia does not have a standard model for land administration. Standardisation of land administration within a country should meet the international standard, this will hasten land transactions between international entities. This paper attempts to outline Malaysian land policy in relation to the framework of the National Land Policy and LADM standard as a reference model for Malaysian land administration.

지적도면정보 좌표등록의 통일화 방안 연구

Cadastral map information is created by registering parcel information such as location, lot number, land category and boundary through the cadastral survey. However, with regard to boundary point coordinate, computerized cadastral information data was registered to either two decimal places (unit in centimeter) or three decimal places (unit in millimeter) so that a confusion in cadastral administration and cadastral survey has been caused. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to look for a method of matching two different coordinate systems through the consideration of registration of cadastral information data and area calculation. In conclusion, the result of the investigation not only shows that areal change and the creation of minute polygons resulted from land alteration could be solved by changing boundary point coordinate from two decimal places to three decimal places, but also suggests that the related laws and regulations to register boundary point coordinate to three decimal places should be institutionally corrected and applied.

Cadastral Systems Re-engineering in Urban Zimbabwe

Land is undoubtedly the most important resource in any country as it contributes to economic development. The cadastre is a component of the land administration system (LAS) that is crucial for managing land. It is thus of importance for a nation to have both a functional cadastral system for determining parcel boundaries and a functional cadastral information system, for managing the land parcels. The cadastral survey system and cadastre in Zimbabwe are largely manual with even the lodgement of completed surveys for examination and approval still analogue. This has an impact on the time it takes to complete a land transaction. Land can ideally drive the economy yet part of the value is lost due to lengthy land transaction procedures. The land administration system is supposed to consist of value adding processes in which several actors interact in a workflow which creates new or transfers parcels. This workflow is associated with transaction costs, part of which can be employed for maintenance of the cadastral information system. This article presents business processes for the land development process in Zimbabwe but focusing on City of Gweru (CoG) and City of Mutare (CoM) municipalities as the major organisations under study. Municipalities in Zimbabwe are governed by the Regional Town and Country Planning Act, so such a single process and workflow model can fit into the cadastral information system of all municipalities in Zimbabwe with insignificant changes. The broader scope of this study is towards the design of a conceptual schema for automating the land administration system and particularly, the cadastre component, for municipalities in Zimbabwe. This study presents the workflows for the current land development system with CoG and CoM as the current focal points. Information on current automation efforts or reforms by other major municipalities to include Bulawayo, Kadoma and Kariba is also presented. The overall theme of this paper is to discuss cadastral reform through automation of cadastral processes in municipalities.

SELECTED LEGAL ISSUES OF LAND CADASTRAL SURVEYING IN LITHUANIA

This study is limited to the selected problematic aspects of cadastral surveys of land plots. Special attention is paid to the problem of on-site marking of the land plot boundaries. Authors have found that it determine imperative and complicated legal regulations. Cases where the act of marking-demonstration of the land plot boundaries is declared faulty in judicial practice are discussed. The problems of establishing the land plot boundaries are considered. Theoretical analysis is based on judicial practice. The advanced judicial practice demonstrates that immovable object cadastral surveys cannot correct legal ownership relationships.

SMARTKADASTER: OBSERVING BEYOND TRADITIONAL CADASTRE CAPABILITIES FOR MALAYSIA

Abstract. The digital age for cadastral surveying started in stages, more than 20 years ago in Malaysia and JUPEM played a vital role in its successful implementation nationwide. One of the key products of cadastral survey is cadastral maps, which provide useful information for any land information system. However, as technology evolved and simplicity is familiarised, better services are anticipated and have affected how cadastral survey information are perceived. A paradigm shift is necessary where enriched cadastral information is required for multiple usage and allow real cadastral information based services to users. On that note, JUPEM is intrigued to develop a system where National Digital Cadastral Database is value added with other geospatial information for a smart and multipurpose environment and clearly be interpreted as a decision making tool with the aids of 3D realistic spatial data, namely SmartKADASTER. The SmartKADASTER is an ongoing project developed by JUPEM with the aim to establish a realistic and SMART cadastral-based spatial analysis platform for an effective planning, decision making, enabling efficiencies and enhancing communication and management to support SMART services towards SMART City enablement in Malaysia. It is developed in phases with the Federal Territory of Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur as the initial project implementation area. This paper provides awareness and insights of the on-going development of the project and how it could benefit potential users and stakeholders.

Enhancing cadastral surveys by facilitating the participation of owners

While some countries have over centuries developed a nation-wide spatial framework, some others have been left behind. However, because of the global economic and social challenges, there is an urgent need for those countries to develop similar systems in a fast and efficient way for their economic survival. Building such a framework should be always based on each country's resources and capacities. In systematic cadastral registrations, the participation of owners has always been crucial for the success of the project. Within this concept, the authors investigate the potential of new tools to increase the participation of land right holders and local volunteers (non-professionals) and to enhance the cadastral surveying procedure. A hybrid “crowdsourcing” approach is proposed, mainly based on the direct participation of property rights holders in which the role of the cadastral surveyor is crucial. A commercial application for smartphones is tested. The smartphone's GPS is used only for the general positioning on the basemap to avoid gross errors when owners are not accustomed in using aerial photos. A recent orthoimage of 20 cm pixel size in urban areas and an orthoimage basemap of 50 cm pixel size in rural areas is used as the basemap. Once roughly positioned, owners may then digitise the boundary coordinates on the basemap off-line, with little training support; they may also work from a distance. In areas where the property boundaries are easily recognised on the basemap, boundary coordinates have the expected geometric accuracy that can be achieved on the basemap while no gross errors are detected. Attachment of photos is also possible (e.g. photos of the property or of the deeds). Restricted access to personal data may also be achieved. The method is also useful for cadastre updating purposes (e.g. the periodic updating of buildings database).

HEIGHT GRADIENT APPROACH FOR OCCLUSION DETECTION IN UAV IMAGERY

Abstract. The use of Unmanned Aerial Vehicle (UAV) significantly increased in the last years. It is used for several different applications, such as mapping, publicity, security, natural disasters assistance, environmental monitoring, 3D building model generation, cadastral survey, etc. The imagery obtained by this kind of system has a great potential. To use these images in true orthophoto generation projects related to urban scenes or areas where buildings are present, it is important to consider the occlusion caused by surface height variation, platform attitude, and perspective projection. Occlusions in UAV imagery are usually larger than in conventional airborne dataset due to the low-altitude and excessive change in orientation due to the low-weight and wind effects during the flight mission. Therefore, this paper presents a method for occlusion detection together with some obtained results for images acquired by a UAV platform. The proposed method shows potential in occlusion detection and true orthophoto generation.

Land Cover Recognition using Min-Cut/Max-Flow Segmentation and Orthoimages

The geospatial information is significant for many socio-technical activities like urban planning, the prediction of natural hazards, the monitoring of land use, weather forecasting, cadastral surveys etc. It is possible to acquire geospatial information from a distance using remote sensing technologies, but remotely sensed images don’t have semantics without a previous recognition. The classification of geospatial information is expensive and time consuming process. The paper describes the automatic land cover recognition method, which is based on min-cut/max-flow segmentation. The raw data are othoimages with a high resolution. The proposed method is tested and evaluated by Cohen’s kappa coefficient.