Cadastral Database Research Articles

Proposition of new methodology for developing basic topographic maps based on real estate cadastre database

Production of civilian topographic maps is, traditionally, not common in Bosnia and Herzegovina. Such maps were produced by the Military Geographical Institute in Belgrade – military institution of Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. However, production of the so-called basic state maps was reserved for civil surveying (cartographic) institutes. Basic topographic maps (in Federation Bosnia and Herzegovina- FB&H) have not been updated for more than 20 years. Due to that fact, it has been concluded that, instead of updating the existing maps, it is necessary to develop new metrology for create topographic maps by using the available sources and new technologies. This paper provides a proposal for creating a new methodology for developing basic topographic maps at 1:5000 and 1:10000 scales. It is also necessary to emphasise that the Federal Administration for Geodetic and Property Affairs (FGA) initiated the creation of fundamental assumptions for contemporary development in the fields of cadastre and cartography. So, the FGA adopted the development strategies, cadastre and topographic models, established the real estate cadastre database and geoportals, etc.

Description and validation of a new set of object-based temporal geostatistical features for land-use/land-cover change detection

A new set of temporal features derived from codispersion and cross-semivariogram geostatistical functions is proposed, described, extracted, and evaluated for object-based land-use/land-cover change detection using high resolution images. Five features were extracted from the codispersion function and another six from the cross-semivariogram. The set of features describes the temporal behaviour of the internal structure of the image objects defined in a cadastral database. The set of extracted features was combined with spectral information and a feature selection study was performed using forward stepwise discriminant analysis, principal component analysis, as well as correlation and feature interpretation analysis. The temporal feature set was validated using high resolution aerial images from an agricultural area located in south-east Spain, in order to solve a tree crop change detection problem. Direct classification using decision tree classifier was used as change detection method. Different classifications were performed comparing various feature group combinations in order to obtain the most suitable features for this study. Results showed that the new sets of cross-semivariogram and codispersion features provided high global accuracy classification results (83.55% and 85.71% respectively), showing high potential for detecting changes related to the internal structure of agricultural tree crop parcels. A significant increase in accuracy value was obtained when combining features from both groups with spectral information (94.59%).

CADASTRAL POSITIONING ACCURACY IMPROVEMENT: A CASE STUDY IN MALAYSIA

Abstract. Cadastral map is a parcel-based information which is specifically designed to define the limitation of boundaries. In Malaysia, the cadastral map is under authority of the Department of Surveying and Mapping Malaysia (DSMM). With the growth of spatial based technology especially Geographical Information System (GIS), DSMM decided to modernize and reform its cadastral legacy datasets by generating an accurate digital based representation of cadastral parcels. These legacy databases usually are derived from paper parcel maps known as certified plan. The cadastral modernization will result in the new cadastral database no longer being based on single and static parcel paper maps, but on a global digital map. Despite the strict process of the cadastral modernization, this reform has raised unexpected queries that remain essential to be addressed. The main focus of this study is to review the issues that have been generated by this transition. The transformed cadastral database should be additionally treated to minimize inherent errors and to fit them to the new satellite based coordinate system with high positional accuracy. This review result will be applied as a foundation for investigation to study the systematic and effectiveness method for Positional Accuracy Improvement (PAI) in cadastral database modernization.

Maintenance of the state survey in the Republic of Montenegro

The paper provides an overview of the maintenance of the state survey, as the foundation for the development of the geodetic infrastructure, real estate cadastre, mapping and the National Spatial Data Infrastructure (NSDI) in the Republic of Montenegro. A proper understanding of the problems that emerge in the maintenance of the real estate cadastre requires familiarity with its background, i.e. the conditions under which it emerged. Particular attention is focused on geodetic reference networks, as the foundation upon which the cadastral databases were established and have subsequently been maintained, with analysis of their occurrence and current state included.

Constructing a seamless digital cadastral database using colonial cadastral maps and VHR imagery – an Indian perspective

A Land Administration System (LAS) with its cadastral component is the infrastructure that facilitates the implementation of land policies to attain sustainable development. Therefore, the availability of a digital, up-to-date and easily accessible cadastral database has become a primary requirement for undertaking efficient land administration and/or spatial planning decisions for any country. In this paper, the authors demonstrate a method for constructing a seamless digital cadastral database (DCDB) based on colonial cadastral maps using Geographic Information System (GIS) and image interpretation techniques for an area of about 326 km2. Geo-Eye1 (pan-sharpened) data were used for this purpose in combination with limited on-site survey. The proposed approach could be considered as an alternative to a complete cadastral resurvey. It is important to mention here that the quality of these colonial maps is quite high and can be proven as a basis for spatial planning. A cadastral resurvey may be required in the future where there is an urgent need for higher accuracy, but the approach would be time consuming and potentially bring unrest in villages and urban neighbourhoods. Hence, an alternative is, therefore, to respect the contents of the existing maps and records combined with a quality upgrade: make the existing records and maps up-to-date as a basis for a spatial planning.

3D Cadastral Data Model Based on Conformal Geometry Algebra

Three-dimensional (3D) cadastral data models that are based on Euclidean geometry (EG) are incapable of providing a unified representation of geometry and topological relations for 3D spatial units in a cadastral database. This lack of unification causes problems such as complex expression structure and inefficiency in the updating of 3D cadastral objects. The inability of current cadastral data models to express cadastral objects in a unified manner can be attributed to the different expressions of dimensional objects. Because the hierarchical Grassmann structure corresponds to the hierarchical structure of dimensions in conformal geometric algebra (CGA), geometric objects in different dimensions can be constructed by outer products in a unified expression form, which enables the direct extension of two-dimensional (2D) spatial representations to 3D spatial representations. The multivector structure in CGA can be employed to organize and store different dimensional objects in a multidimensional and unified manner. With the advantages of CGA in multidimensional expressions, a new 3D cadastral data model that is based on CGA is proposed in this paper. The geometries and topological relations of 3D spatial units can be represented in a unified form within the multivector structure. Detailed methods for 3D cadastral data model design based on CGA and data organization in CGA are introduced. The new cadastral data model is tested and analyzed with experimental data. The results indicate that the geometry and topological relations of 3D cadastral objects can be represented in a multidimensional manner with an intuitive topological structure and a unified dimensional expression.

A roadmap to adopt the Land Administration Domain Model in cadastral information systems

With the introduction of the Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) as an International Standard (ISO 19152), land administration organisations worldwide are considering the adoption of this standard into their current processes and cadastral information systems. Although LADM is a data standard, its adoption can have significant impacts on the process of managing cadastral information. These impacts include the influence on existing institutions and their operations, the description of cadastral information, the organisation of data in cadastral databases and the knowledge and capacity of human resources utilising and managing cadastral information. Therefore, the adoption of the LADM requires a holistic approach that considers the LADM not only as a data model for cadastral information, but also as a cornerstone in systems of land administration.This paper aims to introduce a LADM implementation roadmap including important factors that can be used by land administration organisations when adopting the LADM. The paper methodology presents this roadmap using two case studies, the first in Victoria, Australia and the second in Belize, Central America. Using these case studies, this paper analyses the potential impact of the LADM adoption in a jurisdiction with an established cadastral information system (CIS) and in a jurisdiction that is in the process of establishing a CIS. These factors include consideration of organisational motivation, institutional arrangements, information interpretation, information organisation, involvement in the LADM governance and capacity building.

A model for the creation and progressive improvement of a digital cadastral data base

A digital cadastral data base (DCDB) is a big investment for a jurisdiction tasked with the administration of land boundaries. In the past, the development of such a database produced no real pay-back on investment before many years of time, and millions of dollars in cash had been committed.The Land Administration Domain Model (LADM) (ISO-TC211, 2012) provides a schema in which the progressive creation and improvement of a DCDB is possible; to allowing benefits to be obtained even in the early stages of effort. It also incorporates the necessary structure to ensure that a useful historical record of the cadastre can be kept. This paper explores issues to be faced in the development of software based on the LADM, which retains the history of the cadastre, and allows for progressive improvement of the data. From experience gained in the development of cadastral databases of the Queensland (Australia) Department of Natural Resources and Mines, and the Netherlands Kadaster, a suggested logical schema is presented and discussed with respect to the requirements of a progressively developed and refined cadastral database.Rather than each cadastral jurisdiction developing its own database structure from basic geometric primitives, this paper proposes the establishment of a cadastral schema, based on the LADM, which can support all levels of encoding, variable accuracy and topological purity, while maintaining a comprehensive history. This would allow data quality to vary by geographic and temporal location and would be configurable to allow for country profiles under ISO 19152; thus permitting local terminology and language to be retained. Many jurisdictions are having extreme difficulty in successfully creating a cadastral database, so an open source type of software development may be indicated and desirable.This paper presents findings based on theoretical consideration and the construction of a proof of concept database, which indicate that such a schema is a practical proposition for the development of a digital cadastral data base.

A STUDY ON THE IMPROVEMENT OF CADASTRAL SYSTEM IN MONGOLIA – FOCUSED ON NATIONAL LAND INFORMATION SYSTEM

Abstract. National land information system (NLIS) is an essential part of the Mongolian land reform. NLIS is a web based and centralized system which covers administration of cadastral database all over the country among land departments. Current ongoing NLIS implementation is vital to improve the cadastral system in Mongolia. This study is intended to define existing problems in current Mongolian cadastral system and propose administrative institutional and systematic implementation through NLIS. Once NLIS launches with proposed model of comprehensive cadastral system it will lead to not only economic and sustainable development but also contribute to citizens’ satisfaction and lessen the burdensomeness of bureaucracy. Moreover, prevention of land conflicts, especially in metropolitan area as well as gathering land tax and fees. Furthermore after establishment of NLIS, it is advisable that connecting NLIS to other relevant state administrational organizations or institutions that have relevant database system. Connections with other relevant organizations will facilitate not only smooth and productive workflow but also offer reliable and more valuable information by its systemic integration with NLIS.

SMARTKADASTER: OBSERVING BEYOND TRADITIONAL CADASTRE CAPABILITIES FOR MALAYSIA

Abstract. The digital age for cadastral surveying started in stages, more than 20 years ago in Malaysia and JUPEM played a vital role in its successful implementation nationwide. One of the key products of cadastral survey is cadastral maps, which provide useful information for any land information system. However, as technology evolved and simplicity is familiarised, better services are anticipated and have affected how cadastral survey information are perceived. A paradigm shift is necessary where enriched cadastral information is required for multiple usage and allow real cadastral information based services to users. On that note, JUPEM is intrigued to develop a system where National Digital Cadastral Database is value added with other geospatial information for a smart and multipurpose environment and clearly be interpreted as a decision making tool with the aids of 3D realistic spatial data, namely SmartKADASTER. The SmartKADASTER is an ongoing project developed by JUPEM with the aim to establish a realistic and SMART cadastral-based spatial analysis platform for an effective planning, decision making, enabling efficiencies and enhancing communication and management to support SMART services towards SMART City enablement in Malaysia. It is developed in phases with the Federal Territory of Putrajaya and Kuala Lumpur as the initial project implementation area. This paper provides awareness and insights of the on-going development of the project and how it could benefit potential users and stakeholders.

3D Web Services for Visualization and Data Sharing in 3D Cadastre

Land has an essential role in any society, either as one of the most important capitals of mankind or as a place for people's life and activities. Therefore, registration of ownership and land use rights in a formal system is a major issue. In different countries, Cadastre systems can register extent, rights, restrictions and responsibilities related to land parcels. Many organizations such as municipality, tax and banks need to this information for planning and decision making. Considering the needs for land information by different organizations, access to cadastre data gains a lot of importance. Despite this importance, access to cadastre information encounter with different challenges such as differences in platforms or data structures and access to semantic and geometric data. The main goal of this research is to overcome these challenges and to improve the interoperability in sharing and accessing 3D cadastre data and challenges. This paper investigates capabilities of current 3D Spatial Web Services: WFS, WVS, WTS and W3DS as well as advantages of using these 3D services for access to 3D cadastre data. The authors also combined the legal classes of LADM with geometrical classes of CityGML for transferring the semantic and geometric cadastre data. Finally, some prospects of using 3D Web Services will be illustrated through implementation the scenarios. The most important advantages of using 3D Spatial Web Services in cadastre are on the fly construction and on demand presentation of 3D cadastral model, facilitating of access to legal and descriptive cadastre information, no necessity to user's awareness of data structure in cadastre database and compatibility with different levels of users.

The Effects of Defective Spatial Structure on the Agricultural Property Market

Abstract Rural areas in Poland are distinguished by one of the worst spatial structures of individual land properties in the European Union. The least favourable structure occurs in the southern and south-eastern part of the country, where it results in farms losing 20-30% of their agricultural revenue. The bad spatial organisation of land is also reflected in transaction prices obtained for agricultural land. Considering criteria such as: land management, parcel area, width, and elongation (length to width ratio), and soil bonitation value, this paper determines the effect of each of the criteria separately on the development of transaction prices of agricultural land in the years 2009-2014 in selected villages in the southern part of the Cegłów (Mińsk district, Mazowieckie province), distinguished by the unfavourable spatial structure of agricultural land. Meeting this objective involved the application of the analytical capacity of the Geographic Information Systems (GIS), cadastral data base, soil-agricultural map vector, study of the conditions and directions of the spatial management of the Cegłów area, and the property price and value register. The obtained study results suggest that in areas with particularly defective spatial structure, land with parameters permitting its efficient use, i.e. with proper width and elongation is particularly valuable. Another parameter determining the level of obtained prices is the bonitation value, although it is of less importance for the analysed area than for agricultural areas with proper management conditions.

Integrating multiple texture methods and NDVI to the Random Forest classification algorithm to detect tea and hazelnut plantation areas in northeast Turkey

Hazelnuts and tea are two major agricultural crops grown in the eastern Black Sea region in Turkey. Since this part of Turkey is not industrialized, most of the local people work in agriculture, making hazelnuts and tea a part of their lives. For the government side, it is crucial to keep records of the amount of harvested croplands to implement agricultural policies. In fact, the harvested area and crop type of each cadastral parcel are collected either during cadastral surveys or with the declaration of individual farmers, yet this information is mostly not up-to-date and does not reflect the current land-use status. This study aims to determine the extent and distribution of hazelnuts and tea grown areas using the Random Forest (RF) classification algorithm. Tea and hazelnuts give similar spectral reflectance values to surrounding vegetation, which makes it difficult to distinguish them using only their spectral properties. To tackle this problem, the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) and texture extraction methods such as the Grey Level Co-occurrence Matrix (GLCM) and Gabor filter were integrated with the RF algorithm, and their contributions to the success of the RF classification method were examined. WorldView-2 satellite images, which have eight multispectral bands (MS: 2 m) and one higher spatial resolution panchromatic band (PAN: 0.5 m), were used. Since the study area contains agricultural products grown in different seasons, satellite images belonging to both summer and winter periods were used. Preliminary results acquired using only spectral values indicated that the RF method gives 79.05% and 71.84% overall accuracies for summer and winter periods, respectively. Integrating texture information improves the performance of the RF algorithm such that the overall classification accuracies are increased to 83.54% and 87.89% when texture information extracted with GLCM and the Gabor filter is added. The classification performance of the winter image is also boosted to be 77.41% and 79.73% with the contribution of texture information obtained with GLCM and the Gabor filter, respectively. Finally, produced thematic maps were compared with the latest cadastral maps to validate classification results with ground truth data. The obtained results reveal the success of integrating texture features in classification since the created thematic maps are consistent with actual land use. The results also show that the crops grown on some cadastral parcels are not coherent with the most current cadastral database, which implies that the cadastral maps need to be updated.

Automatic identification of building types based on topographic databases – a comparison of different data sources

ABSTRACTData, maps and services of the national mapping and cadastral agencies contain geometric information on buildings, particularly building footprints. However, building type information is often not included. In this paper, we propose a data-driven approach for automatic classification of building footprints that make use of pattern recognition and machine learning techniques. Using a Random Forest Classifier the suitability of five different data sources (e.g. topographic raster maps, cadastral databases or digital landscape models) is investigated with respect to the achieved accuracies. The results of this study show that building footprints obtained from topographic databases such as digital landscape models, cadastral databases or 3D city models can be classified with an accuracy of 90–95%. When classifying building footprints on the basis of topographic maps the accuracy is considerably lower (as of 76–88%). The automatic classification of building footprints provides an important contribution to the acquisition of new small-scale indicators on settlement structure, such as building density, floor space ratio or dwelling/population densities. In addition to its importance for urban research and planning, the results are also relevant for cartographic disciplines, such as map generalization, automated mapping and geovisualization.

The Research of Temporal Application Problems in Cadastral Information System

According to the time characteristic of the space data in Cadastral Management Information System of cadastral data description, implementation, operation, storage, query, analysis and display. On a regional map as the base map, virtual land registration data as the experimental data. Experiment system to a ground of temporal information query, parcel information recorded, and related functions such as database shows, and complete the cases of dynamic management of the region. Combined with dynamic time attribute, to show different time of spatial location and the change of attribute information. Through the establishment and improvement of experimental system, to display temporal information in the cadastral database highlighted,enrich the content of the cadastral data. It Is advantageous to the space-time evolution simulation of cadastral data, and provide technical support for the management and decision-making

Creating a three level building classification using topographic and address-based data for Manchester

Abstract. Buildings, the basic unit of an urban landscape, host most of its socio-economic activities and play an important role in the creation of urban land-use patterns. The spatial arrangement of different building types creates varied urban land-use clusters which can provide an insight to understand the relationships between social, economic, and living spaces. The classification of such urban clusters can help in policy-making and resource management. In many countries including the UK no national-level cadastral database containing information on individual building types exists in public domain. In this paper, we present a framework for inferring functional types of buildings based on the analysis of their form (e.g. geometrical properties, such as area and perimeter, layout) and spatial relationship from large topographic and address-based GIS database. Machine learning algorithms along with exploratory spatial analysis techniques are used to create the classification rules. The classification is extended to two further levels based on the functions (use) of buildings derived from address-based data. The developed methodology was applied to the Manchester metropolitan area using the Ordnance Survey‟s MasterMap®, a large-scale topographic and address-based data available for the UK.

From Raw Data to Meaningful Information: A Representational Approach to Cadastral Databases in Relation to Urban Planning

Digesting the data hose that cities are constantly producing is complex; data is usually structured with different criteria, which makes comparative analysis of multiple cities challenging. However, the publicly available data from the Spanish cadaster contains urban information in a documented format with common semantics for the whole territory, which makes these analyses possible. This paper uses the information about the 3D geometry of buildings, their use and their year of construction, stored in cadastral databases, to study the relation between the built environment (what the city is) and the urban plan (what the city wants to become), translating the concepts of the cadastral data into the semantics of the urban plan. Different representation techniques to better understand the city from the pedestrians’ point of view and to communicate this information more effectively are also discussed.

Database inconsistency errors correction, on example of LPIS databases in Poland

Topological correctness of objects is a problem that needs solving in every project related to the development and updating of spatial databases. This problem can be solved using contemporary GIS software. However, the GIS systems, while working on large volumes of data, tend to be inefficient in editing separated elementary areas (parcels, non-eligible areas) which are presented in the form of objects. An alternative to GIS systems can be the development of a CAD software based technology. The article presents the technology of detection and automatic elimination of topological errors related to a lack of consistency in the official Land Parcel Identification System databases. The developed methodology operates on virtual objects in a CAD software environment. It can be freely used on outdated databases, which contain very large numbers of objects. This technology was used on a test object, made available by a Government Agency. The developed methodology allowed for an automatic correction of errors that result from the inconsistency of the two databases, a non-eligible areas database containing information on the land use, and the reference database (cadastral database). This methodology is a part of the technology for improving the quality and performance of LPIS database systems control.

Bridging the great divide: State, civil society, and ‘participatory’ conservation mapping in a resource extraction zone

It is recognized that participatory mapping techniques in the context of indigenous societies are fraught with dilemmas around the uneven distribution of power, differing understandings of boundaries drawn across the landscape, and incommensurable epistemologies of the human relationship with the environment. At the same time policy makers and practitioners recognize the value of local knowledge in planning and management practices, including for the planning and management of conservation areas. Mindful of this dilemma geographers and researchers in allied fields such as applied anthropology have tested participatory and inclusive mapping techniques across a variety of cultural contexts over the last several decades. This article evaluates the outcomes of a participatory conservation zoning exercise undertaken in a mineral extraction zone—the Cordillera Huayhuash—in the Andes of Central Peru and contributes a case study to this body of work. The principal method used was the construction of a manual ‘GIS’ upon which local communities could draw their zoning vision as an overlay on transparent acetate. The evaluation of the work focuses on the governance outcomes from the process rather than the map products that were drawn. The findings confirm that such processes are rife with the dilemmas identified in prior research, yet the zoning project also helped ‘bridge’ the great divide between the state and civil society by building trust through dialog. The findings also indicate that the chosen approach can be used as a ground truthing tool to identify accuracy and completeness problems in the cadastral database maintained by the government of Peru.

Spatio-temporal topological relationships between land parcels in cadastral database

Abstract. There are complex spatio-temporal relationships among cadastral entities. Cadastral spatio-temporal data model should not only describe the data structure of cadastral objects, but also express cadastral spatio-temporal relationships between cadastral objects. In the past, many experts and scholars have proposed a variety of cadastral spatio-temporal data models, but few of them concentrated on the representation of spatiotemporal relationships and few of them make systematic studies on spatiotemporal relationships between cadastral objects. The studies on spatio-temporal topological relationships are not abundant. In the paper, we initially review current approaches to the studies of spatio-temporal topological relationships, and argue that spatio-temporal topological relation is the combination of temporal topology on the time dimension and spatial topology on the spatial dimension. Subsequently, we discuss and develop an integrated representation of spatio-temporal topological relationships within a 3-dimensional temporal space. In the end, based on the semantics of spatiotemporal changes between land parcels, we conclude the possible spatio-temporal topological relations between land parcels, which provide the theoretical basis for creating, updating and maintaining of land parcels in the cadastral database.