Cadastral Database Research Articles

Impact of geohazards on cadastral data: an assessment after the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras earthquakes (Türkiye)

AbstractHumans set boundaries on land for thousands of years. Cadastre emerged as a system for registering them, whether they are marked on the ground (visible) or unmarked (invisible). Parcel boundary data stored in geospatial databases and supported with registration documents are legally binding in many countries. They are however subject to change physically due to anthropogenic activities and natural processes. Seismic activities inducing surface rupture, lateral spread, landslide, liquefaction, and rockfall are among the main natural causes yielding physical boundary alterations. Spatial pattern and magnitude of alterations depend on the geohazard type and geological characteristics of the area. If a cadastral database is not updated, the physical and registered boundary begins to diverge, leading to uncertainty that needs to be understood by both people and authorities. As a prominent example, the 6 February 2023 Kahramanmaras (Turkiye) earthquakes (Mw7.7 and Mw7.6), which affected a very large region covering approximately 100,000 km2, caused enormous alterations on the physical boundaries of approximately 5 million land parcels. In this study, we analyzed different boundary changes caused by this major event and proposed a conceptual framework based on physical, documentary, and spatial boundary definitions of cadastral parcels with examples from the Kahramanmaras earthquakes. Considering the size of the area and the immense cost of cadastral renovation projects, we analyzed the deformation patterns and possible magnitudes from an interdisciplinary perspective and presented an overview. The study findings provide insights for addressing boundary discrepancies, although additional research is required for comprehensive quantitative assessments across the entire area.

Preparing Cadastral Map Databases for Mosul District

Investigates the development and implementation of digital cadastral map databases for Mosul District, Iraq, addressing the transition from traditional paper-based systems to modern geospatial technologies. The research explores the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), remote sensing, and Global Positioning System (GPS) technologies to enhance cadastral mapping processes. Encompass data collection from diverse sources, including high-resolution satellite imagery, aerial photography, and existing cadastral maps. A comprehensive analysis of data types— vector, raster, Triangulated Irregular Network (TIN), and tabular—is conducted to establish an optimal database structure. The study delineates the technical capabilities of GIS in data processing, spatial analysis, and model preparation, emphasizing the importance of data accuracy and consistency. A systematic approach to data entry, including map scanning, georeferencing, and digitization, is presented. The research outlines the creation of a multi-layered geographic database, incorporating both spatial and descriptive data. Protocols for database updating using satellite imagery and field surveys are developed, ensuring the currency and reliability of cadastral information. The results demonstrate significant improvements in data management, spatial analysis capabilities, and information accessibility compared to traditional methods. The study concludes that digital cadastral databases offer enhanced decision-making support for land administration and urban planning in Mosul District. Contributes to the body of knowledge on modernizing cadastral systems in developing regions, providing insights into technological integration, data standardization, and the challenges associated with transitioning to digital cadastral management systems. The findings have implications for policy makers and land administrators seeking to implement similar systems in comparable urban contexts.

Long-term monitoring of desert restoration processes using historical stereoscopic imagery and laser scanning data: An example of the Błędów Desert (Poland)

This study aimed to present the spatiotemporal changes associated with the loss and subsequent regaining of the original character of the Błędów Desert (Poland) as a result of restoration efforts. The study area is one of the few places in Europe with a sandy desert character. The research period covered nearly 40 years, covering an area of approximately 1400 ha.The methodology is based on comparing the height structure parameters by analyzing point clouds created from contemporary and historical stereoscopic images. For this purpose, four sets of stereoscopic images were used, including two historical analog images from 1982 to 1996 and contemporary digital data from 2012 to 2018. Additional datasets such as airborne laser scanning data and cadastral databases were used as auxiliary data. The results showed an increase in the area covered by tall vegetation from 2% in 1982 to 18% and 41% in 1996 and 2012, respectively, which decreased to 30% after the completion of restoration activities in 2018. The restoration process has enabled the revival of the original desert character of the study area, although the total area covered by sand decreased compared to its state in the early 1980s. These results indicate the significant potential of the presented methodology in supporting ecosystem management systems, where changes in the height structure of vegetation play a crucial role. This applies to monitoring land abandonment, forest management, and large-scale reclamation work.

Registration of apartments and office spaces in 3D land administration – A case study in Croatia

Due to the needs of modern society, cadastral systems should be designed to support three dimensional (3D) spatial data. One of many possible approaches for implementing a 3D cadastre, in countries such as Croatia, is to establish a Building Register as a transitional register between 2D and 3D cadastres, where data about buildings and infrastructure would be collected, gradually adapted to the data model of 3D cadastre, and finally migrated to the 3D cadastre database. Sources for establishing the Building Register can be based on the records of state surveys, the register of administrative units, the land book, data managed by local and regional self-government units, data from construction documentation according to special regulations in the field of spatial planning, data managed by the building and infrastructure managers, as well as from other sources. A significant element of the 3D cadastre would be the inclusion of representations of buildings and units of use, as well as public utility infrastructure and complex spatial real-life entities (e.g., bridges, tunnels, overpasses, underpasses, overlapping of constructed objects with natural facilities, large shopping malls with more underground and overhead floors etc.). This paper presents a conceptual model of a 3D cadastre in Croatia by establishing the Building Register with focus on unit of use of real properties, namely apartments and office spaces. The paper also summarizes the current situation regarding the Croatian Land Administration System (LAS) and proposes a conceptual model for modelling unit of use of real properties. Additionally, a proposal is made herein to assign unique identifiers to buildings and their parts in a logical manner which would be intuitive and clear to citizens of Croatia, citizens of European Union and citizens of Croatia neighboring countries. The proposed methodology of determining unique identifiers could provide the means for easier navigation in 3D space and better understanding of spatial information by lay citizens, by institutions or emergency services.

Identification of residential building typologies by applying clustering techniques to cadastral data

Building typologies are usually classified according to their shape, distribution and construction features depending on the time period they were built. As a result, a subjective classification arises which highly depends on the criteria used to differentiate buildings. When this analysis is carried out at the urban scale, data sets become bigger, making patterns difficult to uncover. Mistakes in deciding the variables to classify buildings lead to incorrect typologies and, consequently, wrong results. The aim of this study is to test a new methodology based on clustering techniques to identify typologies related to energy retrofitting, which would allow obtaining a more objective classification and better pattern recognition by reducing human intervention. To that end, a data set from the Spanish cadastre is used, with additional information to reflect the influence of existing standards on constructive solutions. By applying three clustering techniques (Ward's method, Partitioning Around Medoids, and a combination of both), new proposals of building typologies are obtained and discussed in comparison to traditional classifications. The results show that the Ward's method produces building typologies with significantly high quality metrics and meaningfulness. The agglomeration coefficient is 99.8%, which indicates that hardly another hierarchical method could generate a better clusters structure. Six clusters comprise 86% of the dwellings as most occupants do not declare retrofitting works, thus not being reflected in the cadastre database. This research provides a new classification method that can notably influence the estimation of costs, environmental impact and cost effectiveness of energy retrofitting actions at urban scale.

3D Cadastral Database Systems—A Systematic Literature Review

Cadastral databases have been used for over 20 years, but most contain 2D data. The increasing presence of high-rise buildings with modern architecture complicates the process of determining property rights, restrictions, and responsibilities. It is, therefore, necessary to develop an efficient system for storing and managing multidimensional cadastral data. While there have been attempts to develop 3D cadastral database schemas, a comprehensive solution that meets all the requirements for effective data storage, manipulation, and retrieval has not yet been presented. This study aims to analyse the literature on 3D cadastral databases to identify approaches and technologies for storing and managing these data. Based on a systematic literature review integrated with a snowballing methodology, 108 documents were identified. During the analysis of the related documents, different parameters were extracted, including the conceptual data model, query type, and evaluation metrics, as well as the database management system (DBMS) used and technologies for visualisation, data preparation, data transformation, and the ETL (extract, transform, and load) process. The study emphasised the importance of adhering to database design principles and identified challenges associated with conceptual design, DBMS selection, logical design, and physical design. The study results provide insights for selecting the appropriate standards, technologies, and DBMSs for designing a 3D cadastral database system.

Some issues of correlation between the state land cadastre and land monitoring

The article is devoted to some issues of correlation between the state land cadastre and land monitoring. It is emphasized that such functions as the state land cadastre and land monitoring play a significant role in the management system in the field of land use and protection. It is emphasized that the State land cadastre and land monitoring are the main source of information on the qualitative and quantitative state of land. Such information is necessary for solving relevant tasks and making informed decisions in the field of land management.
 It is emphasized that land monitoring, which is carried out with the aim of obtaining information on the qualitative state of land resources, plays a significant role in the implementation of cadastral activities and is one of its directions.
 It is emphasized that the State Land Cadastre, as a function of management in the field of land use, protection and restoration, is closely interrelated with such functions as land monitoring and control over land use and protection. It is emphasized that these functions have the feature of complementing each other, which makes it possible to achieve the goals and objectives in the field of public administration in the land sector.
 The author examines the functions inherent in the State Land Cadastre, one of which is information. The author also notes that based on the data obtained during land monitoring, the State Land Cadastre's database on the qualitative characteristics of land is filled with information on land. In addition, the overall goal of the state land cadastre and land monitoring is to protect and preserve land resources. Thus, the tasks of land monitoring include information support of the state land cadastre, which in turn complements the content of land cadastral activities.
 It is emphasized that the State Land Cadastre and land monitoring are the main sources of information on the state of land resources which allow obtaining objective data throughout the country. The information contained in the State Land Cadastre system and obtained in the course of land monitoring serves as the legal basis for making the necessary decisions by public authorities in the field of land use and protection. Formation of a database based on monitoring information is one of the means of ensuring cadastral activities.

Procjena šumskih resursa na temelju Sentinel-2 snimki – studija slučaja Derventa, BiH (Katastarska općina Brezici)

The management of forest resources is complicated due to the complete lack of maintenance and disorganization of the land administration and survey that are decades old. Modern, unconventional monitoring systems are used with the aim of improving the existing records systems and creating a clearer insight into the state of forest resources. This study provides an example of the use of one such system, Sentinel-2. Using the R programming language, the multispectral Sentinel-2 images were classified by the Random Forest classification algorithm. Following the completion of the classifications, the accuracy of the classification was evaluated using the error matrix and the Kappa value. An analysis of forest resources for one cadastral municipality was accomplished using classified rasters and data from the Real Estate Cadastre Database. Based on the data analysis, major changes are visible in terms of the abandonment of agricultural land and its conversion into a certain form of forest vegetation. Furthermore, based on these data, the study demonstrates changes that can be monitored in shorter time intervals. Sentinel-2 images can be used to determine forest expansion, based on the aforementioned analyses, resulting in a clearer and better representation of existing forest resources that are unknown due to outdated and unreliable land administration systems.

Implementation of Stochastic Modelling in Enhanced Cadastral Databased for Multi-Classes Datasets

Stochastic Modelling (SM) was a crucial component of least squares adjustment (LSA), particularly when processing data from geodetic networks. The projected variances which generate using SM execute an important part in defining both the accurateness of the computed parameter vectors and the impact of the adjustment outcomes. As positional precision becomes the primary objective, there is still potential for improvement because there are multiple sources of datasets with varying levels of data quality. Concerning the assertion that the National Digital Cadastral Database (NDCDB) is accurate, its development involved the use of historical datasets that were obtained from a number of different measurement classes, specifically the first, second, and third classes. In this study, researchers evaluated whether or not it is possible to employ stochastic modelling to maintain the position correctness of historical data that encompasses a wide range of data quality classes. In order to accomplish this, an approach known as an Least Squares Variance Component Estimator (LS-VCE) was utilised to generate reliable estimates of variances. Two (2) certified plans (CPs) that is CP93887 and CP33758 was selected as measurements for the first and second classes CP, respectively. The experiment showed that the variance that has been estimated by LS-VCE could produce realistic adjustment results, as shown by an analysis of the corrected results obtained by allocating the variance into different data classes. In light of these findings, the investigations showed and demonstrated conclusively that separate variance is necessary for each data classes with the aim of preserving positional accuracy. In conclusion, it is crucial to incorporate a realistic variance component inside a coordinated cadastral database in order to fulfil the objective of ensuring the accurateness of survey data for future time periods.

Improving the database on land use planning in Vung Tau city, Ba Ria - Vung Tau province

Vung Tau city is an area where management of land use planning (LUP) and urban planning is quite complicated and has been successful in building LUP database. However, this database still has limitations that must be addressed, including (1) lack of data layer on current land use for building LUP database, (2) incompleted LUP attribute database, (3) lack of metadata, (4) no connection between LUP database and digital legal materials and (5) no overlay cadastral database to data layer of current land use and LUP database. To solve these problems, this research used many methods such as: documents and data collection, inheritance, expert interview, data processing and analysis, mapping, GIS application, and IT applications. The results of this study showed that the structure of cadastral database of 8 wards was succesfully converted from existing structure (according to Circular 17/2010/TT-BTNMT) to the standard structure (according to Circular 75/2015/TT-BTNMT). The 2019 land inventory data was standardized and data layer of current land use for whole city was built. In addition, the LUP database (period 2010 - 2020) for Vung Tau was improved, including: supplementing attribute information, completing metadata, connecting LUP database with relevant digital legal records, overlaying cadastral database with LUP database and data layer of current land use. Briefly, our results could be a foundation to help Vung Tau manage land sustainably, contribute to successfully building national land database and meet the exploitation requirements of LUP information in accordance with the orientation of Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment for study area.

Design of an Automated Algorithm for Delimiting Land Use/Soil Valuation Classes as a Tool Supporting Data Processing in the Land Consolidation Procedure

The consolidation of land to improve the agrarian structure and provide for sustainable rural development is a complex and multi-faceted process, and its efficiency depends on a considerable number of factors associated with its respective stages of desk studies and fieldwork. In order to ensure the highest-quality concepts and their efficient implementation, various measures are undertaken to improve, among other things, the methods for acquiring, collecting, and processing spatial data representing elements of reality saved in cadastral databases. There are a wide variety of available solutions oriented towards land consolidation improvement, but most of them refer to modifications that are difficult to implement due to, for instance, high costs, high technical requirements, and the absence of relevant legal regulations. Our study aimed to find a practical and applicable solution to a material problem in terms of land consolidation projects in Poland, a task associated with the necessity of converting cadastral database objects so that they were suitable for appraising the value of land, and designing new farmsteads based on the value of land held by particular participants of the land consolidation project. It involved the development and implementation of a self-designed algorithm for automated processing of auxiliary land-use/soil-valuation class objects into separate classes representing soil class contours and land use contours, in compliance with the current regulations governing the structure of the cadastre in Poland. The work resulted in the development of an innovative tool, making it possible, among other functions, to align object-generating methods as preferred by the administrator of the cadastral database. The designed algorithm model reduces data processing time to several seconds, while simultaneously eliminating the risk of error. The tool was thoroughly evaluated and then implemented at the Subcarpathian Office of Land Surveying and Agricultural Areas in Rzeszów, which is in charge of land consolidation projects in south-eastern Poland.

Proposed Algorithm for the Optimisation of the Process of Generating the Geometry of Land Use/Soil Valuation Classes for Land Consolidation

Consolidation of land is one of the main procedures for optimising agrarian structures and creating a space for sustainable rural development. A specific feature of a land consolidation project is its complexity and multiple aspects. The considerable number of complex operations making up the whole procedure implies the necessity of using specialist technical tools to ensure effective surveys. The latest developments in technology are giving way to dedicated solutions that can optimise the working time and quality of the outcomes of respective tasks. This paper outlines a self-designed algorithm for generating the technical layer of land use/soil valuation classes based on layers of soil class contours and land use contours, which are obligatory elements of a digital cadastre database in Poland. The fully automated procedure, next to efficient conversion of spatial data, involves detailed verification of the correctness of input data and elimination of various errors. The tool’s deliverable is a set of data necessary for proceeding with selected elements of the land consolidation process, such as comparative estimates of land value and farmstead designs based on land value. The designed tool was implemented at the Subcarpathian Office of Land Surveying and Agricultural Areas in Rzeszów (Poland). The proposed solutions contributed to considerable improvement in the time devoted to performing selected tasks and the substantive correctness of the results.

Sustainable Use of Agricultural Land of Khachmaz District

Land use, like any other natural resource, involves loads on nature and causing harm to it. Therefore, completely harmless production today is considered impossible. Because of this, goals have been identified that establish the rationality of land use. Such goals include, taking into account natural conditions and economic indicators in the corresponding territory, ensuring the interests of society as a whole, the efficiency of the production process, as well as the protection of the quality of land and its reproduction. These goals are always unchanged, and their achievement depends on the technological development of production, the economic level, and the needs of society. In this article, the agricultural suitability level of Khachmaz district land was analyzed based on the cadastral database created on the basis of GIS technologies. It was also noted the need to take a number of measures to reduce the risk of soil erosion.

Foreign experience and technologies in the formation of a state cadastral database of buildings and structures

This article describes the scope of the cadastral system and relevant information technologies of France, Germany, Great Britain, and Sweden along with the possibilities of their application in the Republic of Uzbekistan.

Citizens’ satisfaction with the land registration procedure: evidence from Ha Dong district, Hanoi, Vietnam

This study aimed to discover citizens’ evaluation and satisfaction with land registration procedures. Using Hanoi as a case study, interviews were done at the Land Registration Office to clarify the satisfaction with land registration. The results show that the satisfaction rate was 74.6%. Collected data were analyzed through machine learning algorithms to find the factors affecting satisfaction. The results indicate that the number of times citizens go to agencies and waiting time are the most significant factors contributing to citizens’ satisfaction. The government should design and unify single points for applications, develop a digital-based cadastral database, enable online payment, and modernize facilities to improve the citizens’ satisfaction.

Building The Land Price Database Dong Cong commune, Yen Lac District, Vinh Phuc Province

Completing the land information system and land database is a very important task of the Natural Resources and Environment sector in the period of 2021-2025 in order contribute to reforming administrative procedures, increasing transparency in land management, improve the business environment, towards the digital economy. However, so far, localities across the country have only focused resources on building cadastral databases, while databases on planning, land use plans, land prices, etc. are components. A complete land database has not been paid due attention to investment. The experimental land price database in this study follows the process in Circular No. 05/2017/TT-BTNMT dated April 25, 2017 and ensures compliance with the standard land database specified in Circular No. 75/2015/TT-BTNMT dated December 28, 2015 of the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. Land price data is taken from the land price list of Vinh Phuc province (period 2020-2024, adjusted in 2021). This paper introduces the process and results of building a land price database in Dong Cuong commune, Yen Lac district, Vinh Phuc province. Experimental results show that the land price database built according to current regulations, detailed to each land parcel, is an important form of background information and better supports land management agencies. tax collectors as well as land users.

Towards a full automation of land consolidation projects: Fast land partitioning algorithm using the land value map

One of the key stages of land consolidation is land reallocation, over the course of which the land of individual owners is pre-allocated to the blocks into which the project area is divided. The key to such an assignment is a set of adopted criteria, the most important of which are the effects of interviewing landowners. The problem of land partitioning is solved either as an optimisation issue in view of the assumed criteria, or as a technical problem related to the automation of the division of a block into new plots with an accuracy sufficient to create the consolidation project documentation and the accuracy requirements of cadastral databases. The article presents an algorithm of an analytical way of dividing a block of any differentiation of the land's value and any shape of the block itself, according to the adopted direction of the course of the new borders. The algorithm may be applied in cases, in which the plot boundaries are parallel to each other and run across the entire block. The speed of the algorithm enables dynamic determination of the plot boundaries in real time.

Urban heat transition and geosystem service provision: A trade-off? A study on subsurface space scarcity in the city of Amsterdam

The subsurface is a crucial dimension of cities’ landscapes, and its qualities and structures have direct repercussions on the urban environment above surface. However, systematic accounts of its characteristics in urban planning processes are virtually absent, rendering it an underappreciated asset because it is overlooked. When integrated in urban planning, the consideration of subsurface functions and space scarcity can improve and optimize infrastructure management and urban development. Sustainable urban development must include the subsurface as a space, and needs to account for the exploiting, preservation and occupation of that natural environment. The geosystem services approach allows for the evaluation of competing or even conflicting uses, to determine the implications for human wellbeing and sustainability.This paper looks at the implementation of heat-distribution networks in the city of Amsterdam as part of their heat-transition plan. This plan contains an order of implementation in different neighbourhoods without looking further into detail in the subsurface consequences. The present research intends to address this knowledge gap by applying an indicator for the measurement of underground space scarcity. An analysis is performed using GIS-data and detailed data from the Dutch cadastre database on the existing urban underground infrastructure to determine an infrastructure density (Urban Underground Infrastructure Density) indicator with the assumption that this may support further prioritization to determine the order of implementation. Showing the thermal interaction between heat distribution and drinking water supply pipelines furthermore points to the subsurface heat balance as an important geosystem service to be accounted for in the onset heat-transition. Finally, a quantitative analysis investigates the relationships between this indicator and other relevant socio-demographic and geo-spatial factors. This represents an important attempt to analyse the role of the subsurface in strategic masterplans and in the planning of large urban infrastructure projects. The study reports methodological findings, highlighting the opportunities and challenges of integrating subsurface needs into urban planning, and the necessity of interdisciplinary approaches.

The empirical approach to strengthen coordinated cadastral database accuracy

The coordinated cadastral database in Malaysia is known as National Digital Cadastral Database (NDCDB) with an expected accuracy of ±10cm in rural and ±5cm in urban area. Till date, there are approximately 7.8 million land parcels and 22 million boundary markers in the NDCDB for the whole of Peninsular Malaysia and Federal Territory of Labuan covering total area of 132,183 km2. Since 2010, NDCDB block adjustment has been carried out continuously without giving prime concern to eliminate gross errors in the adjustment’s input data. This approach aims to propose a methodology to improve the positional accuracy of the existing NDCDB through utilisation of the current eKadaster application. A comprehensive investigation in the office and field processes has been carried out to prove the efficiency of the methodology introduced. This investigation was focused on the East Coast Rail Link (ECRL) right of way (ROW) survey from Dungun to Besut where displacement of 1 to 6 meters relative to the NDCDB coordinates, as shown in the Land Acquisition (LA) Plan, have been identified. Areas involved are coded as Block T10701, T1100101 and T1100102 which are located in Lubuk Kawah and Pelagat Sub-districts, in the state of Terengganu. Positional accuracy of the NDCDB after adjustment was further verified by comparing the coordinates of randomly picked ground proofing points in the field using Real-Time Kinematic (RTK) observation. This will determine the Root Mean Square Error (RMSE) of the respective NDCDB Block based on actual observations and adjusted coordinate values. With that, it can be concluded that the proposed approach is reasonably practical and capable to improve and strengthen the positional accuracy of existing coordinated cadastral database used in Malaysia.

Reliability of using LS-VCE computation in Deriving Variances for Multi-Classes Dataset

Stochastic modelling (SM) plays an essential role in least-squares adjustment (LSA), especially for geodetic network data processing. Estimated variances derived from SM are vital factors in determining the reliability of the computed parameter vectors and ensuring the sensitivity of adjustment outcomes toward outliers. As there are multi-source of datasets consisting various of data quality, there is still room for improvement when positional accuracy becomes the main priority. Concerning the accuracy argument, legacy datasets that were exploited in establishing the National Digital Cadastral Database (NDCDB) were obtained from multi-classes of measurement (i.e., first, second and third classes). Taking into account this condition, this research has investigated the capability of stochastic modelling to preserve the positional accuracy of land records that comprehends from multi-classes data quality. To achieve that, the algorithm of Least Squares Variance Component Estimator (LSVCE) was employed in estimating realistic variances. First and second classes measurement were yielded from three (3) certified plans (CPs) which are CP93887, CP80333, and CP33758. Comparison between the adjusted results computed from the combined and separated variance according to data classes have demonstrated that combined variance can detect outliers while separated variance can give realistic adjustment results. From these outcomes, the experiments verified that a hybrid solution is needed for both data classes in order to preserve positional accuracy. In conclusion, to ensure the accuracy of survey data in the future, a proper variance component is needed to improve the coordinated cadastral database.