Cable Technology Research Articles

Design of Underwater Cables Applicable to Submarine(KSS-III Batch-II) Navigation Radar

Since the creation of the first submarine telegraph cable connecting England and France in 1850, today, due to the rapid development of the Internet and Communications fields, the demand for submarine communication cables has increased and continues to develop. Submarine cables are designed and manufactured to be suitable for the maritime environment, and many parts are imported from overseas, and several domestic cable manufacturers are producing them for commercial purposes. Field-proven and reliable commercial submarine communication cable technology is also being applied to the military field, and is especially actively utilized in naval surface ships and submarines. This paper is about the design of an underwater cable applicable to submarine(KSS-III Bach-II) navigation radar and also is to secure the performance of an underwater cable with bending durability in extreme marine environments, emergency diving, and repeated mast raising and lowering. Finally, we hop that the domestic development of underwater cables will help improve the performance of navigation radars for submarines.

Development of a high current density, high temperature superconducting cable for pulsed magnets

Abstract A low AC loss Rare Earth Barium Copper Oxide (REBCO) cable, based on the VIPER cable technology has been developed by Commonwealth Fusion Systems for use in high field, REBCO based tokamaks. The new cable is composed of partitioned and transposed copper ‘petals’ shaped to fit together in a circular pattern with each petal containing a REBCO tape stack and insulated from each other to reduce AC losses. A stainless steel jacket adds mechanical robustness—also serving as a vessel for solder impregnation—while a tube runs through the middle for cooling purposes. Additionally, fiber optic sensors are placed under the tape stacks for quench detection. To qualify this design, a series of experiments were conducted as part of the SPARC tokamak Central Solenoid Model Coil program—to retire the risks associated with full scale, fast ramping, high flux HTS Central Solenoid (CS) and Poloidal Field (PF) coils for tokamak fusion power plants and net energy demonstrators. These risk study and risk reduction experiments include (1) AC loss measurement and model validation in the range of ~5 T/s, (2) an IxB electromagnetic loading of over 850 kN/m at the cable level and up to 300 kN/m at the stack level, (3) a transverse compression resilience of over 350 MPa, (4) manufacturability at tokamak relevant speeds and scales, (5) cable to cable joint performance, (6) fiber optic based quench detection speed, accuracy, and feasibility, and (7) overall winding pack integration and magnet assembly. The result is a cable technology, now referred to as PIT VIPER, with AC losses that measure fifteen times lower (at ~5 T/s) than its predecessor technology; a 2% or lower degradation of critical current (Ic) at high IxB electromagnetic loads; no detectable Ic degradation up to 570 MPa of transverse compression on the cable unit cell; end to end magnet manufacturing, consistently producing Ic values within 7% of the model prediction; cable to cable joint resistances at 20 K on the order of ~15 nΩ; and fast, functional quench detection capabilities that do not involve voltage taps. This cable technology will be tested comprehensively in a Central Solenoid Model Coil to prove its readiness for compact, high field tokamak operation.

CORC® wires allowing bending to 20 mm radius with 97.5% retention in critical current and having an engineering current density of 530 A mm−2 at 20 T

Abstract Low-inductance, high-field insert solenoid magnets and 20 T dipole magnets for particle accelerators require flexible cables, wound from high-temperature superconductors (HTS) such as RE-Ba2Cu3O7-δ (REBCO) coated conductors, that allow bending to a 20 mm radius without significant degradation in performance. They require an operating current of at least 5 kA and a high engineering current density (Je) exceeding 500 A/mm2 at 20 T. HTS cable technologies that target such demanding magnet applications so far haven’t been able to meet the combination of these requirements.
Here we present the development of the next generation of Conductor on Round Core (CORC®) wires that improves their bending flexibility by factor of more than 2 compared to previous generation CORC® wires. CORC® wires now allow for a bending radius of 20 mm with only 2 – 3 % performance degradation. They allow bending to a radius of 15 mm with a performance retention of 83.5 %. The performance of 30-tape CORC® wires wound from 2 mm wide REBCO tapes from SuperPower Inc, SuperOx and Shanghai Superconductor Technologies was measured at magnetic fields up to 12 T. The overall performance at high magnetic fields of the next generation of CORC® wires improved by a factor of 1.5 – 1.8, depending on the REBCO tape manufacturer. CORC® wires wound from production REBCO tapes achieved a new record Je of 751 A/mm2 at a current of 8.3 kA at 12 T, and a Je of 530 A/mm2 at a current of 5.8 kA when extrapolated to 20 T. 

Fundamental study on performances of fiber-superconducting composite CORC cable: electromagnetic, thermal, mechanical and quench behaviors

Abstract Common terminal voltage measurement can be hardly applied to detect quenches in long high temperature superconducting (HTS) conductor on round core (CORC) cable because not only the HTS normal zone propagation velocity (NZPV) is low but also immobilizing a large number of voltage leads is inconvenient. Distributed optical fiber sensing (DOFS) technology is a promising method for quench detection of long superconductors. To sense the thermal changes of CORC cables during quenches more directly and prevent optical fibers from damages by external stress, a fiber-superconducting composite (FSC) CORC cable was fabricated. For this cable, three optical fibers were placed in three grooves of the copper core respectively, then three HTS tapes were spirally wound on the copper core in sequence. Comparing to a traditional CORC cable, obviously, the FSC CORC cable structure has been changed. To promote FSC CORC cable engineering applications, it is necessary to study the fundamental performance of the cable. In this paper, we investigated the electromagnetic, thermal and mechanical properties of the FSC CORC cable by comparing those with a common one. The results demonstrated that, compared to the common one, the magnetic distribution of the FSC CORC cable hardly changed, but the current distribution of the copper core in the FSC CORC cable slightly changed which led to decreases of transport AC loss, in addition, the thermal characteristics of the FSC CORC cable was slightly changed and the bending tolerance ability of the cables reduced within a bending diameter range of 15 cm. What’s more, the embedded optical fibers combined with DOFS system are successfully used to detect the temperature changes of the cable surface. Finally, to study the quench behaviors of the cable, we built a quench detection platform, which equips with a voltage acquisition system, a thermocouple temperature acquisition system and the DOFS system. By using the platform to detect the quenches of the FSC CORC cable, minimum quench energy of the cable and NZPV of the tape and cable at different currents was tested.

Study on Slope Instability Mechanism and Constant Resistance Large Deformation Anchor Cable Control Technology in Strongly Weathered Strata of Open-Pit Mine

Study on Slope Instability Mechanism and Constant Resistance Large Deformation Anchor Cable Control Technology in Strongly Weathered Strata of Open-Pit Mine

Cable Eccentricity Detection Method Based on Magnetic Field.

Amid the rapid advancement of electronic information technology, the need for cable eccentricity measurement in the industry is increasing both in China and across the globe. Current detection methods have several flaws, including high costs, insufficient accuracy, and instability. In this paper, we introduce a magnetic field-based detection method for cable eccentricity that provides high precision and cost-effectiveness. We position three pairs of magnetic field-collection modules in a circular array to gather magnetic flux density information induced by the electrified cable. We apply the law of electromagnetic induction to calculate the cable eccentricity. Our method is non-contact, preserving the cable's integrity. Our method outperforms traditional detection methods, not only in achieving greater accuracy and stability but also in significantly lowering the detection cost. Simulations and experiments show that our method's error rate under specified conditions is 0~4%, with a maximum standard deviation of 0.11, confirming its precision and stability in detecting cable eccentricity. The effectiveness of our method is influenced by two factors: lift-off value and loading current intensity. Our method presents a novel concept and a dependable strategy for the progress of cable eccentricity-detection technology.

Exploring the potential of CuO nanoneedles and CNT/PVC nanocomposites in medium voltage cable technology

Exploring the potential of CuO nanoneedles and CNT/PVC nanocomposites in medium voltage cable technology

Optimized Fabrication Process and PD Characteristics of MVDC Multilayer Insulation Cable Systems for Next Generation Wide-Body All-Electric Aircraft

For wide-body all-electric aircraft (AEA), a high-power-delivery, low-system-mass electric power system (EPS) necessitates advanced cable technologies. Increasing voltage levels enhances power density yet poses challenges in aircraft cable design, including managing arc-related risks, partial discharges (PDs), and thermal management. Developing multilayer multifunctional electrical insulation (MMEI) systems for aircraft applications is a feasible option to tackle these challenges and reduce the size and mass of cable systems. This approach involves selecting layers of different materials to address specific challenges. Our prior research concentrated on the modeling and simulation-based design of MMEI systems for MVDC power cables. Experimental tests are essential for determining the behavior of PDs under varying pressure conditions. Also, the dielectric strength and time to failure of the designs need to be assessed. In this work, the fabrication process of a down-selected MMEI flat configuration is discussed and analyzed. This paper analyzes the fabrication process of power cables employing MMEI configurations and evaluates the PD characteristics of down-selected ARC-SC-T-MMEI cable samples. This study presents a detailed analysis of the characteristics of PD under atmospheric and low-pressure conditions, which will provide essential insights into the design of MVDC cables for future AEA applications.

Study on Reinforcing Anchor Cable Support in Overreach Section of Deep Roadway

With the increasing depth of coal mining, the conditions of deep working face are becoming more and more complex, the stability of surrounding rock of roadway is getting worse and worse, and the problem of deep roadway support is becoming more and more prominent. In this paper, the 24100 working face of Pingdingshan No.11 Coal Mine is taken as the engineering background. In view of the problems of roof crushing and deformation and more net pockets in the return airway affected by the mining of the working face, the grouting anchor cable reinforcement and support technology in the advance section of the deep mining roadway is proposed, and the feasibility of the support effect is verified by numerical simulation. The results show that the influence range of the advance abutment pressure of the air roadway is about 60 m, and the reinforcement support strength required for the roof of the roadway is 50.6 kN/m2. The grouting anchor cable reinforcement support technology system of the return air roadway can control the deformation of the surrounding rock of the roadway and achieve safe and efficient mining.

PERANCANGAN E - TRANSAKSI PEMBAYARAN INTERNET SERVICE PROVIDER PADA PT DIGITAL NETWORK ANTANUSA (DNA.NET) KOTA JAMBI

PT Digital Network Antanusa (DNA.Net) Jambi City is an internet service provider network service company in the city of Jambi. DNA.Net operates using cable and wireless network technology (wireless). DNA.Net is not a cellular or satellite service, but something new, much better and much faster to connect to the internet and provide to homes or companies. However, there are still problems with processing, paying and checking internet bills, therefore errors and files are often lost when processing payment transaction data. These include frequent errors in internet registration data information and lost documents, delays in transactions or transactions taking too long, and even making payment reports is still not neat. This method used is the UML (Unified Modeling Language) method which describes the system model including use cases, use case specifications, activities and class diagrams and the designs used by researchers are prototypes. Therefore, the researcher aims to analyze and design an internet service provider payment transaction information system so that a computerized payment system is more flexible and efficient so that problems at PT Digital Network Antanusa can be resolved so that the obstacles currently faced can be resolved and run very well. . The final result of the analysis and design produces a maturity system. This is done to make the system more effective and efficient and of course to make the bill payment process easier

A hybrid approach combining OFC and FSO for multichannel connectivity

Abstract This paper presents a novel approach of establishing a multichannel optical communication link, combining optical fiber cable (OFC) and free space optics (FSO) technology. By leveraging multiple lengths of optical fiber and FSO links, along with optical amplifiers to counteract attenuation, our proposed hybrid system incorporates four channels operating within the 1550 nm window. This model is specifically designed to address communication challenges in scenarios such as unplanned urban layouts, multistory buildings, or rugged terrains where traditional optical fiber deployment is impractical. By integrating FSO for the fronthaul and optical fiber for the backhaul, our system enhances transmission capacity, thereby supporting the requirements of next-generation networks and alleviating bottlenecks and connectivity issues at the last or first mile. This innovative approach holds promise for internet service providers, enterprises, and industrial networks operating in demanding environments. Furthermore, it can serve as a vital tool for restoring emergency communication links in the aftermath of disasters such as earthquakes or floods, where traditional wired optical infrastructure may be compromised.

Study on the Selection of Power Cable Rejuvenation Fluids Based on Relative Diffusion Coefficients

The present work presents and formulates a method for calculating the relative diffusion coefficient of rejuvenation fluid in injection cable rejuvenation technology, and the permeability characteristics of rejuvenation fluid in polyethylene insulation materials are calculated and compared. The main components of the rejuvenation fluid such as (Phenylmethyl-dimethoxysilane) PMDMS, (Diphenyldimethoxysilane) DPDMS and (Trimethylmethoxysilane) TMMS, and the catalysts such as (Tetra-isopropyl titanate) TIPT and (Tetra-isobutyl titanate) TIBT were analysed in depth. The article uses theoretical calculation method, combined with Helmroth and Limm-Hollifield models, to calculate the diffusion coefficients and relative diffusion coefficients of these compounds in polyethylene. Through comparative analysis of theoretical calculations, the optimal parameters for evaluating the permeability characteristics of rejuvenation fluids were determined. The research results show that TMMS has the best permeability characteristics in polyethylene, followed by PMDMS and DPDMS. In the catalyst, TIPT has better permeability characteristics than TIBT. And when selecting the composite formula for cable rejuvenation fluid, it is more convenient to use the relative diffusion coefficient as an index of diffusion characteristics. This research provides important theoretical basis and practical guidance for the formulation selection of cable rejuvenation fluids.

Insulation Resistance Degradation Models of Extruded Power Cables under Thermal Ageing

Insulation resistance (IR) is an essential metric indicating insulation conditions of extruded power cables. To deliver reliable IR simulation as a reference for practical cable inspection, in this paper, four IR degradation models for cross-linked polyethylene-insulated cables under thermal ageing are presented. In addition, the influences of methodologies and temperature profiles on IR simulation are evaluated. Cable cylindrical insulation is first divided into sufficiently small segments whose temperatures are simulated by jointly using a finite volume method and an artificial neural network to model the thermal ageing experiment conditions. The thermal degradation of IR is then simulated by dichotomy models that randomly sample fully degraded segments based on an overall insulation (layer) ageing condition estimation and discretization models that estimate the gradual degradation of individual segments, respectively. Furthermore, uniform and non-uniform temperature profiles are incorporated into dichotomy and discretization models, respectively, for a comparison. The IR simulation results are not only compared between different models, but also discussed around the sensitivity of IR simulation to segment sizes and degradation rates. This provides cable assessment engineers with insights into model behaviour as a reference for their selection of appropriate IR degradation models.

Research on an Intelligent Identification Method for Cable-Stayed Force with a Damper Based on Microwave Radar Measurements

Aiming at the shortcomings of traditional contact cable force monitoring technology in accuracy, efficiency, and applicability, an assessment method based on microwave radar measurements is proposed to measure a sloping cable with a damper for lengths greater than 200 m in this study. A formula for calculating the cable-stayed force with a damper is derived, and an intelligent cable force monitoring platform is developed based on cloud technology. Based on the Chongqing Nanjimen Railway Bridge, a real bridge test was carried out. It was indicated that the microwave radar method could be used to freely adjust the measurement angle and possessed high applicability and penetration. It significantly improved the measurement accuracy and efficiency of cables with a damper for lengths greater than 200 m. It has good application value for the solution of the problems of complicated operation and high costs in the monitoring of cables with a damper. The formula for calculating the cable force with a damper was proven to be reliable and accurate when compared to the results of direct calculation and the equivalent cable length method. It was able to significantly reduce the calculation error of the cable force caused by the influence of the damper. Additionally, the intelligent cable force monitoring platform was utilized to enhance the level of digitization, providing technical support for the scientific management and maintenance of bridges.

Research and Application of the Fourth Generation Stratified Water Injection Technology in Daqing Oilfield

Stratified water injection is the most important characteristic technology in Daqing oilfield development, providing technical support for efficient oilfield development. With the oilfield entering the ultra-high water cut stage, the remaining oil is highly dispersed, the oil-water relationship is complex, the qualified rate of water injection decreases rapidly, and the difficulty of stabilizing oil and controlling water is increasing. In order to solve the contradiction between the increasing workload of water injection well testing and the limited testing team, and mee t the needs of oilfield precision development, the cable-controlled layered water injection technology has been developed. In this technology, the pressure monitoring system, flow monitoring system and flow control system are placed in the preset cable intelligent water distributor. At the office end, the technicians send control instructions on the server software, and send them to the ground control box through the oilfield production wireless network. The cable carrier technology is used to transmit the instructions to the intelligent water distributor through the cable, so as to achieve real-time communication, obtain the downhole layering parameter information, and control the downhole layering injection volume. Ten intelligent injection technology demonstration areas have been built to verify the process adaptability under different development contradictions. The cable-controlled layered water injection technology improves the proportion of water absorption thickness, effectively controls the water cut rise rate and natural decline rate, and has obvious oil increase effect, promoting the digital transformation and intelligent development of the oilfield.

A novel cable-net buffer device for recovering reusable launch vehicle: Design, dynamic modeling, and performance analysis

At present, reusable launch vehicle technology (RLV) has become a research hotspot in the aerospace field and one of the major development trends in this industry. With reference to the aircraft carrier’s arresting cable technology, this paper puts forward a novel cable-net buffer device for recovering the first stage of launch vehicle. The device can transfer load through a cable-pulley mechanism, and then complete the first stage recovery by losing the kinetic energy and gravitational potential energy of the first stage through hydraulic dampers and preloaded counterweights. In order to analyze the performance of this cable-net buffer device, the finite element software ABAQUS is adopted to establish a rigid-flexible coupling dynamic model. In this model, the cable-pulley mechanism is simulated by connector and shell elements, the damping force of the hydraulic dampers by VUAMP subroutine, and the preloaded counterweights by mass point. And then, performance evaluation indexes of this buffer device are proposed in this paper. Meanwhile, the dynamic simulation, using the established dynamic model, is carried out under different device design parameters and working condition parameters. On the one hand, the simulation results show that the tower span and damping force have remarkable effects on the buffer performance. On the other hand, among all working condition parameters, only the fall point deviation has a significant effect on the buffer performance, but this effect is less than that of the design parameters. Finally, combing the dynamic model and the surrogate model technique, this paper obtains feasible boundaries of design parameters of the device for the subsequent detailed design of it. Researches in this paper will provide new ideas for the development of RLV.

Integration of urban aerial cable cars into public transit: Operational capacity limits due to passenger queuing at stations

As the airspace is increasingly gaining importance as a new frontier to improve urban mobility, aerial cable cars are being discussed and already appropriately implemented worldwide to supplement conventional modes of transport in urban areas. Transit planners and designers should carefully consider the interoperability and integration of cable car services with conventional modes of transport. In particular, excessive delays and overcrowding conditions due to deficits in interoperability should be avoided. This challenge of interoperability arises as conventional modes of transport operate predominantly on a timetable, and most cable car technologies operate in such close headways that they can be considered as almost continuous conveyors. The advantage of having almost always a transport vessel of a cable car ready for boarding ceases when large volumes of passengers arrive in batches, for example from higher-capacity modes of transport or at large events, resulting in long queues. Traditional manuals do not yet reflect these aspects of interoperability adequately. Consequently, this work filled this research gap about the interoperability of cable cars related to handling high volumes of incoming passenger arrivals that transfer in larger batches from feeder modes and often result in queues at cable car stations. The following objectives were targeted: (1) determine passenger capacity limits of conventional modes of transport acting as feeders to cable cars and (2) specify space requirements to be provided due to the potential queues that arise. To answer these, methods of Queuing Theory were used and results were placed in Levels of Services of traditional manuals. Key performance indicators included queue length, waiting time, and corresponding queue space. The results revealed that cable cars can be a useful complement to public transit but are of limited feasibility due to cumulative queues at arrival rates with larger crowds. High-capacity feeder modes (e.g., commuter rails) are limited to 20-minute headways depending on cable car technologies. Further, queuing areas of up to 1000 square meters (around 10,800 ft2) should be considered. Several operational limitations are presented as guidance for practitioners and policymakers.

МЕТОДЫ ПОВЫШЕНИЯ НАДЕЖНОСТИ И ДОЛГОВЕЧНОСТИ КАБЕЛЬНЫХ ЛИНИЙ В ВЫСОКОВОЛЬТНЫХ ЭНЕРГОСИСТЕМАХ

The article discusses modern methods for increasing the reliability and durability of cable lines in high-voltage power systems. The main factors influencing the performance characteristics of cable lines, including climatic conditions, mechanical loads, electrical overloads and material aging processes, are analyzed. Advanced cable condition monitoring technologies, as well as preventive maintenance methods and innovative solutions aimed at improving the design characteristics of cables are described. In conclusion, recommendations are given for the implementation of the developed methods in practical operation and prospects for their further development.

Research the possibility of separating hydrophobic gel used in gel cables from metal and plastics using wet methods

This article presents basic information on gel cables and methods of processing them. The wet recycling plant for waste gel cables currently used in the industry is presented. The advantages and disadvantages of this installation are discussed. Current gel cable recycling technologies do not ensure the recovery of all raw materials. The article also shows the reproduction of an industrial installation on a laboratory scale. Laboratory tests included determining the efficiency of the separation of hydrophobic gel from metal and plastic. The moisture content of the resulting products was measured. The final section of the article identifies further research directions.

Comparison of Foiled and Non-Foiled Twisted-Wire Pairs Characteristics due to Coiling Stresses using the Feature Selective Validation Method

This paper presents a technique to evaluate the impact of coiling stresses on foiled and non-foiled twisted pair cables using the Feature Selective Validation Method. The use of twisted pair cables for Internet of Things (IOT) continues to grow due increasing demand for such applications. One of the ways devised by cable designers to minimize electromagnetic interference is the use of foils which comes with additional costs. However, in typical installations, cables could be subjected to repeated coiling and uncoiling stresses which affect performance. There is limited knowledge in literature on the evaluation of the impact of foils on the performance of unshielded twisted pair (UTP) cables when subjected to coiling stresses anticipated during installation, hence the need to conduct this research. In this paper, four UTP cables (foiled and non-foiled) were subjected to three rounds of coiling and uncoiling tests to mimic handling stress expected in typical installations. The Feature Selective Validation (FSV) method was used to assess the impact of the coiling stress test on major performance parameters like return loss, crosstalk and impedance of the four twisted pair cables. The result of the assessment shows that the foiled cables gave the highest resilience to the coiling stress tests in all the pairs for crosstalk, while for return loss and impedance it is in two pairs. The approach presented can be used by cable installers and engineers to undertake an evaluation of cables selected for deployment.