Cable Program Research Articles

Library/education problems with electronic copyright

From receiving my copy of the draft copyright clauses of the forthcoming Bill late on 5 August 1987 to parting with comments compiled with the participation of the library/information organisations on 21 August 1987, I lived, ate and breathed the words of the parliamentary draftsman. Some words were found palatable and refreshingly pithy compared with 1956. The ‘haute cuisine’ treatment of databases as cable programme services was welcomed, once realised on the second read through. Other parts were unpalatable, and some positively caused indigestion. In certain places I was hungry for more, however. The main aim of this paper is to explain and summarise what I believe to be the ‘electronic copyright’ problems in libraries, and also in education resource units, on which the draft clauses could have provided more.

The competitive environment of pay per view

A field test was used to assess the efficacy of pay per view (PPV) and how PPV compared to pay cable programming and videocassette recorder (VCR) rentals. Owners of VCRs perceived PPV differently than did nonowners of VCRs. Differences were observed along the dimensions of convenience, ease of operation, control, and perceived value. PPV perceptions did not vary by those currently subscribing to pay cable.

Caption decoders: expanding options for hearing impaired children and adults.

Thanks to the introduction of closed captioned television in March 1980, people who have hearing impairments can watch many television programs at the same time and with the same understanding as the general population. Through use of a relatively inexpensive caption decoder, hearing impaired persons can read on their video screens the same verbal information that most of the population is hearing at that time, so that now—just as it has long been for normally hearing individuals—television has become accessible as a primary source of news and entertainment for those who are deaf. The availability of caption decoders has also opened up other important options to hearing impaired viewers, such as text services, cable TV programs, home video movies and real-time captioned news programs.

Response of Submarine Power Cables During Laying Operations in Deep Waters

This paper reports the results of an analytical study performed for the Hawaii Deep Water Cable Program to determine the feasibility of transmitting electric power via cable in waters up to 7000 ft in depth and over a distance greater than 150 miles. The computer-aided methodology described herein sought principally to determine the cable loads and motions as functions of environmental, vessel and cable parameters.

Indecent programming on cable television: Legal and social dimensions

Local, state, and federal attempts to regulate indecent cable programming have thus far been unsuccessful. However, the continuing absence of statutory constraints on indecency should not necessarily encourage the cable industry to adopt a pure marketplace approach to programming. To protect the interests of unconsenting adults and children, the industry should consider voluntary restraints regarding the time and manner in which indecent programming is distributed.

Legal, institutional and financial aspects of an inter-island electrical transmission cable

The Hawaii Deep Water Electrical Transmission Cable Demonstration Program (HDWC Program) was initiated in October 1981 by the State and Federal Governments as a research, development and demonstration program. Its purpose is to explore the technical, environmental and financial dimensions of a deep water electric energy transmission cable system which would deliver electric energy from the abundant renewable alternate energy resources (especially the geothermal resources in the Puna area) on Hawaii to Oahu, where the State's largest electric demand exists. If such a cable system is developed, it could result in reducing the amounts of high-cost imported fuel oil presently used to produce electric energy and power. While the HDWC Program has to date focused on the scientific, technological and engineering aspects of a deep water cable, there has been a continuing recognition of the need for a preliminary analysis of the legal, institutional and financing aspects of a cable system. The installation and operation of a cable system would occur within a legal and regulatory framework requiring, among other things, obtaining all required Federal, State and County permits and approvals. Moreover, an appropriate organizational structure must be created to undertake the initial development activities and subsequent installation and operation of a cable system. Finally, the cost of a cable system is currently projected to be some $334-400 million (1982 dollars). This preliminary study reviews and analyzes the international, national, state and local laws, rules and regulations which would apply to a cable system; analyzes the laws, rules and regulations which affect the capital accumulation, ownership and operation of a cable system; and reviews the financial considerations, approaches and specific sources of capital which would affect the financing of a cable system. However, the development of a commercial cable system cannot be examined in isolation, particularly because the costs involved and the possible financing approaches to fund those costs depend upon ensuring that a cable system will be able adequately to assure the generation of sufficient revenues to satisfy the requirements of the financing and provide a reasonably reliable supply of electric energy to Oahu. Since the purpose of a commercial cable system would be to transmit electric energy generated from the renewable alternate energy resources (especially the geothermal resources in Puna) on Hawaii to Oahu, it would not be financially feasible to raise the required financing for a cable system and then actually to install the cable without the coordinated development of the

Hawaii's geothermal and deep water cable programs

Hawaii's dependence on imported fuel oil for over 90% of its energy needs can be minimized by exploitation of the State's abundant indigenous energy resources. Geothermal power offers the best prospect for providing a significant baseload alternative to oil-fired electrical energy. However, the largest resource is on the Island of Hawaii, which is separated by a substantial distance and extreme ocean depths from the State's load center on Oahu. No high voltage direct current electrical transmission cable has ever been installed under these conditions. This paper presents an overview of geothermal development in Hawaii and some details of the ongoing Hawaii deep water cable feasibility program to provide the necessary energy bridge.

Reliability of InGaAs Photodiodes for SL Applications

A major objective of the TAT-8 submarine cable development program is the reliability assurance of its critical components. A relatively new device, the InGaAs photodiode, is used as the detection element in optical receivers and as the monitor of laser output in optical transmitters. In this paper, we describe a comprehensive reliability program aimed at assessing and assuring the reliability of InGaAs photodiodes. A major portion of this work has involved device operation at overstress conditions. Results to date indicate that for receiver photodiodes a device design exists which is predicted to meet a 1-FIT reliability objective. Tests of monitors of similar design are in progress. Critical to the success of the reliability assurance program is the ability to identify weak devices which are likely to fail early in the system life cycle. A conventional high-temperature burn-in is shown to be impractical, and it would not necessarily remove devices which fail by low activation energy processes. Overvoltage provides a means of accelerating such failure mechanisms. A “purge” using a combination of accelerants (high temperature and overvoltage) is shown to have considerable promise in failing weak devices, while inducing significant changes in those devices which subsequently fail early in a life test (elevated temperature at normal bias conditions). Devices which are unaffected by the purge are shown by extended life tests to be robust devices which have a high probability of meeting TAT-8 requirements.

Demand for sex-oriented cable TV in the USA: Community acceptance and obscenity law

This pooled cross-sectional/time series analysis focuses on individual consumer demand for sex-oriented pay cable programming using data obtained from Coaxial Cable in Columbus, OH. The results suggest that adult movies garnered more demand from pay-per-view subscribers than any other type of programme offered, indicating that sex- oriented cable movies has achieved a reasonable degree of community acceptance. These results are not very encouraging for those who would like to see adult content of this type eliminated from cable television.

Broadcast and cable: Made for each other

Psychology & MarketingVolume 1, Issue 3-4 p. 121-126 Article Broadcast and cable: Made for each other William F. Baker Ph.D., William F. Baker Ph.D. President of Westinghouse Broadcasting and Cable, Inc. (Group W) Television Group A leading advocate of locally-produced television programming, Baker oversees television, cable programming and commercial syndication activities for Group W.Search for more papers by this author William F. Baker Ph.D., William F. Baker Ph.D. President of Westinghouse Broadcasting and Cable, Inc. (Group W) Television Group A leading advocate of locally-produced television programming, Baker oversees television, cable programming and commercial syndication activities for Group W.Search for more papers by this author First published: Autumn (Fall) ‐ Winter 1984 https://doi.org/10.1002/mar.4220010313 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Volume1, Issue3-4Autumn (Fall) ‐ Winter 1984Pages 121-126 RelatedInformation

Marion in the satellite age

It is 9 am as Marion the Librarian opens the door of the public library for another day at the hub of local interactive communications, information and education. She walks past the electronic book security system and into the darkened circulation area. Marion sees the blinking dials and hears the steady whirrs of the main computer that organizes, processes and communicates so much information each day. She checks the entire system: the OCLC terminals, the public access catalog terminal, the automated circulation system and its cable tv interface, the database access terminals and finally the terminal on her director's desk. Marion collects the printouts which were delivered via satellite last night—Mr. Clark's database search on nuclear power; a magazine article for Johnny's report on the Olympics; an updated index of new print and non‐print materials available for sharing from the state library; and the schedule for today's satellite video feeds. “Mr. Clark's boss will be pleased to get a twenty‐four hour turnaround on his information request,” she thinks to herself, “while I'm happy to have so much work accomplished overnight.” Marion walks over to the AV area to survey the preparations for a busy day: the studio is set to broadcast children's story hour to the local elementary schools via LTFS; the videotapes for today's cable access programming on the library channel are ready to be transmitted to the cable headend for cable‐casting; the conference room is ready for the dietitians coming to this afternoon's continuing education satellite video‐teleconference; and the videotape recorder is set with a blank tape to record today's subscription satellite video feeds from the National Satellite Library network.

Tiered Services Delivery and Control

The means to deliver, control and protect tiered services will be discussed in this paper. As the premium TV component of cable programming continues to grow, it will increase in value. The entertainment fare of today will be supplemented by other cable services. All of these services must be not only protected from theft, but also be directed to specific subscribers. This paper surveys the delivery and control systems commonly used in cable systems today. The paper moves from the simple protective schemes of the past through more stringent security, into addressability. These items are surveyed from the marketing point of view. It is the intent of this paper to indicate those characteristics of cable system control and delivery which provide opportunities for future engineering development.

The corrosion of ocean communications cable

THE FIRST structurally practicable submarine telegraph cable was manufactured in about 1850, and for the following 100 years the basic submarine cable design remained unchanged. In the 1950's, the development of new submarine cable of armourless design and using modern materials was begun, and this is now in widespread use in new cables. The lack of information on cable performance led to the initiation of a submarine cable recovery programme by the Bell Telephone Laboratories, with the object of investigating the effect of submarine exposure on existing ocean cable materials. Specimens are obtained from cables in service, taken whenever repairs or replacement require that a cable is raised. Since submarine telegraph cables have been in use for over 100 years, the systematic examination of such specimens gives an invaluable source of information on the performance of materials and the effect of environment.

The Timken Co.’s Approach to Power Input Problems

We have touched on some of the problems encountered along the way by the steel industry in its attempt to make better steel faster and more economically. The voltages decided upon for particular furnaces, the arc adjustments, bus and cable configuration, maintenance program, and demand limiting system have all had influencing effects on arriving at a desirable program. More changes will no doubt occur in the future but, for the present, we at The Timken Co.’s Steel and Tube Div. think we have a desirable power input program for producing high quality steel.

Laboratory Evaluation of 345-kY Cable 3 High-Pressure Oil-Filled Self-Contained Type After Field Testing at Cornell University

As the final phase of the Cornell cable system development program [1], a comprehensive laboratory evaluation of aged cable and accessory components was carried out in the manufacturers' laboratories. Electrical, physical, and chemical tests on aged components provide a basis for comparison with characteristic data, when new. Results demonstrate essentially that complete system stability was maintained throughout the field test program. In addition, the results of a load cycle test run at greatly reduced pressures on the self-contained high-pressure oil-filled cable, conducted in the manufacturers' laboratory, are described.

Armorless Cable Manufacture

The major portion of the cable used in an SD system is of an armorless coaxial design, with a strength member within the inner conductor structure. It is fabricated in continuous 20-nautical mile repeater sections and is stored, when finished, in individual pans. Every section is therefore available in any sequence to facilitate the most nearly ideal ship loading schedule. This paper summarizes the process experience gained during the cable design and development program, details the processes involved in the purchase of cable raw material, discusses the manufacturing operation, and includes a measure of cable reproducibility for the Baltimore plant of the Western Electric Company.

Component Design, Construction and Evaluation for Satellites

Components for a high-reliability system such as the Telstar project are obtained by: (a) design of the component for the required environment, (b) careful control of manufacturing processes, (c) elimination of potential early failures by screening tests, and (d) selection of the most stable components. For passive components, these methods could be applied by using design parameters, suppliers and screening techniques established in the earlier submarine cable program, with consideration being given to the additional effects of the satellite launch and orbit environments. Semiconductor component designs were selected by qualification tests using accelerated electrical and environmental stress conditions. Screening tests were applied to eliminate early failures, and resulting components were aged from two to six months before selection for the satellite. The recognition of the effect of ionizing radiation on transistors caused the addition of a radiation qualification test, or a screening to assure selection of the least sensitive devices. Tests have shown this screening to be effective for the radiation intensity expected. Experience with the passive components, and evaluation of the accelerated test results and aging data of the semiconductor devices, indicate that the reliability objective was obtained

Type-on carrier telephone

IN THE normal process of laying out toll circuits, it is found that many of the circuits will be made up of a combination of open wire and cable facilities. The new short-haul carrier systems will be found on many of the facilities, type-O on open wire1 and type-N on cable.2 Consequently, in built-up circuits, it will frequently be necessary to interconnect O and N carrier facilities at the open wire cable junction. The junctions of open wire and cable will occur most frequently at population centers which serve as terminals for the two facilities. However, there will be numerous cases where the junction will occur at the frontier of the cable expansion program, and may represent a complete change of facility from open wire to cable in the center of a route.

Metallic polar-duplex telegraph system for long small-gage cables

R. N. Nicely: In connection with the extensive toll cable program of the Bell System, it has of course, been highly desirable that satisfactory methods be made available for utilizing the cable facilities for telegraph as well as for telephone service. This has been accomplished by the development of the metallic polar-duplex telegraph system and the voice-frequency carrier telegraph system. Each of these systems is adaptable to operation under widely varying cable circuit layout arrangements and each has certain characteristics which make it particularly suitable for use in connection with different specific requirements. In actual practise, each of the systems is a valuable supplement to the other.