Cable Model Research Articles

Optimization method of cable structure demolition driven by digital twin evolution model

The large-span cable structure has the problems of complex component connection, cumbersome demolition process and difficult process coordination, which lead to high construction safety risk and low efficiency. Moreover, the optimization of the construction process scheme is difficult, and the convergence and visualization of the finite element analysis are insufficient, which hinders the construction efficiency. This study proposes a cable structure demolition optimization method driven by the digital twin (DT) evolution model. From the perspective of virtual-real mapping, the DT evolution process of cable structure demolition is clarified. The virtualization method of physical demolition process is formed by integrating visual modeling, simulation modeling and data modeling. Taking full account of the temporal and spatial evolution of the demolition process, a DT evolution model of the demolition process is established. Starting from the information flow, component flow, control flow and their relationship, the problems existing in the process of demolition execution are analyzed. Driven by the twin evolution process, a data mapping method for the demolition process is proposed. The safety risk is characterized by the mechanical properties (MPs) of the structure, and the expression language of the data association relationship is established. The particle swarm optimization back propagation neural network (PSO-BPNN) is improved, and an intelligent analysis method of MPs in the whole process of demolition is proposed. The best construction scheme is obtained by integrating the changes in MPs between the various demolition steps. The information of the demolition evolution process is divided into functional modules, and a DT platform is developed to efficiently guide the actual construction. Taking the demolition process of a cable truss experimental model as an example, the effectiveness of the proposed method is verified. The research results show that the DT evolution model can accurately map the actual demolition process. The deep learning method analyzes the mechanical properties of the structure and obtains the best construction scheme quickly and accurately. The development and application of the twin platform improves the degree of visualization and realizes the efficient guidance of the virtual model to the actual construction.

ADRC-Based cooperative control for unmanned towing operation by multiple DP tugboats: A comparative study of two cooperative controllers

This paper addresses the challenge of coordinated manipulation of an unactuated floating object by multiple tugboats to execute both positioning and towing operation within complex marine environments. We proposes a multi-layer cooperative control algorithm for the multi-tugboat system, including tugboat control level and cooperative control level. At the individual tugboat control level, the dynamic positioning system (DPS) has been enhanced to match the operational behavior of the tugboat, enabling it to handle cable tension and environmental disturbances during transit. The controller incorporates a simple yet effective linear active disturbance rejection control method (ADRC) to counter external disturbances and ensure accurate trajectory tracking without relying on preset models. Moving to the multi-tugboat collaboration level, two distinct control strategies are proposed for towing operations: formation-based (FB) and force-allocation-based (FAB). The FB strategy involves multiple tugboats forming a coordinated formation, with control focused on the formation center to indirectly manipulate the object. On the other hand, the FAB strategy utilizes model predictive control (MPC) for the object to allocate the necessary towing force for each cable, thereby determining the required actions for each tugboat based on the cable model and the needed towing force. Simulation results demonstrate that both control strategies can effectively maneuver the floating object with high accuracy to perform positioning and towing tasks. Nevertheless, due to the variations in their fundamental mechanisms, there are significant discrepancies in towline tension, tugboat utilization, and energy consumption.

Novel Parameter Identification Method of Extended Debye Model for Long-Length Submarine Cables

Novel Parameter Identification Method of Extended Debye Model for Long-Length Submarine Cables

Two-Dimensional Space Charge Measurement in Cable Joint Model Using the Pulsed Electroacoustic Method

Two-Dimensional Space Charge Measurement in Cable Joint Model Using the Pulsed Electroacoustic Method

Measurement of the Tension Loss in a Cable Traveling Over a Pulley, for Low-Speed Applications

BackgroundWire ropes or cables are widely used solutions for force transmission in several industrial applications. Their hysteretic behavior may significantly influence control accuracy or the force transmission’s efficiency. Cables traveling through sheaves can suffer a relatively high tension loss, which this article addresses.ObjectiveThis paper aims to present a simple measurement method for the tension loss in cables traveling over sheaves on bearings.MethodsThe presented measurement method uses a cable-pulley system with a spring installed at one cable end. The pulley is moved in a zig-zag pattern. The force is measured on both cable ends; this way, the tension loss can be determined as a function of the cable tension. The force was measured with S-type load cells, which are highly sensitive to off-axis loads; this problem can be overcome by proving that the force measurement has a proportional error, which can be eliminated from the frictional coefficient. The measurements are compared to two models from the literature; one approximates the power loss of a cable drive by calculating the work of the cable’s inner friction, and the other is a cable bending model, which is used to determine the hysteretic energy of the cyclic bending.ResultsThe result of the measurement evaluation is a coefficient of tension loss that contains the loss coming from the cable bending and the bearing friction. Four cable types and a steel strip with negligible bending hysteresis were measured, the latter for control measurement. It is demonstrated that a significant part of the tension loss originates from the inner friction of the cable and that it is equal to the hysteretic energy of the cyclic bending.ConclusionThe presented method provides a robust measurement for the tension loss factor in cables traveling over pulleys. It is proven that the off-axis loads cause a proportional error in the force measured by S-type load cells, and this measurement error can be eliminated from the tension loss factor. The results demonstrated that the presented models can be used to predict the tension loss in cables traveling over sheaves.

Optimisation of the hammer throw using parameterised synthetic motion kinematics in a multi‐body simulation

AbstractHammer throwing is a motorically demanding sport in which the execution of the movement significantly influences the result, that is the throwing distance. There are many approaches for supporting technical training that are based on measurement technology and image capturing. The accelerations and locus curves of the athlete and hammer are recorded and compared. In this article, these methods are supplemented by a multi‐body simulation (MBS) of the hammer throw. The kinematics of the hand movement is described using a parameterized synthetic trajectory. Scalar parameters in the approach allow the trajectory to be modified. With a MBS model of the wire cable and the hammer, the movement of the hammer can be determined by numerical time integration from the hand's trajectory. As a result the final throwing distance after free flight phase can be analyzed. Due to the complex spatial motion of the hammer during the acceleration phase only heuristic methods can be used to optimize the maximum throwing distance. In a final step the optimized movement can be used to improve the athlete's training.

Experimental study of vortex-induced vibration of stay cables installed with two types of perforated shroud light devices

To address both illumination issues and the common vortex-induced vibration (VIV) of bridge cables, a perforated shroud light device is proposed. The effect of the different porosities (20%, 35%, 42%, and 55%) on VIV of the rigid segmented shroud cable models is studied first by wind tunnel tests. It reveals that shrouds with porosities of 20% and 35% could reduce the VIV amplitude of the smooth cables by 26% and 46%, respectively. However, shrouds with porosities of 42% and 55% tend to increase the complexity and risk associated with VIV. Vibration measurements on flexible should cable with 20% porosity were conducted for both vertical and inclined models with an inclination of 35° and yaw angles of 0°, 30° and 60°. Shrouds with a porosity of 20% exhibit similar effects on vertical flexible cables as on horizontal rigid cables, in both cases mitigating VIV. The impact on the inclined flexible cables depends on the yaw angle. At the yaw angle of 0°, the shroud effectively mitigates VIV in flexible cables. However, at yaw angles of 30° and 60°, the same porosity level shroud exacerbates the risk of VIV in the inclined flexible cable. This may be due to the enhanced wind velocity along the cable axial direction and decreased penetrating flow rate through the shroud as the wind yaw angle increases. Overall, it was found that a shroud with a porosity of 20%–35% performed the best and was recommended for applications on cables with no inclination and inclined cable at yaw angle β = 0°.

Универсальная централизованная защита от однофазных замыканий на землю в кабельных сетях напряжением 6–10 кВ

Selective protection against single phase earth faults in distribution 6–10 kV cable networks can be performed both with the use of individual (per connection) and centralized devices covering all connections of the protected object. The advantages of centralized devices are reduction of specific (per connection) costs of protection, simplification of its operation and design. Well-known technical solutions in terms of centralized protection devices against this type of damage do not always provide versatility (the possibility to use neutral cables of 6–10 kV in various grounding modes) and high technical perfection (selectivity and stability of operation). Thus, it is relevant to develop a universal centralized protection against single-phase earth faults, ensuring high technical perfection for all types of earth faults in 6–10 kV cable networks with different neutral grounding modes. The authors have used a comprehensive simulation model "cable network – protection device" to study the selectivity and stability of the developed principles of implementation and algorithms for centralized protection against earth faults. The model is designed in SimPowerSystems and Simulink software. The configuration and parameters of the cable network model have been selected considering the key features of 6–10 kV distribution cable networks of industrial and urban power supply systems. A universal centralized protection against all types of earth faults in 6–10 kV cable networks with various neutral grounding modes has been developed. The results of functional tests on the simulation model have confirmed the effectiveness of the developed algorithms of the developed centralized protection for all types of earth faults both in uncompensated and compensated cable networks of 6–10 kV. The proposed technical solution implements a multifunctional multiparametric centralized protection against earth faults. It has such properties as versatility, selectivity, and high stability of operation for all types of earth faults, recognition of types of single-phase earth faults, continuity of action in stable and most dangerous arc intermittent earth faults.

Digital twin method for intelligent lifting of cable structures under multi-collaborative mode

In order to ensure the high efficiency and quality consistency of cable structure in each construction stage, this study proposes a digital twin method for intelligent lifting of cable structure under multi-collaborative mode. Firstly, a construction and operation methods of the digital twin logic model are formed. In the logical model, a relationship between the transmission and iteration of construction information in the collaborative process is defined. In order to realize the adaptability of working conditions, the coupling relationship between construction step and structural elevation is established. A cable structure lifting analysis model driven by an improved long short-term memory neural network is proposed, which effectively solves the problem of poor convergence of the traditional finite element method. An automatic time window selection method is formed for the neural network. An adaptive moment estimation method is used for neural network parameter optimization, which improves the efficiency and accuracy of the analysis. Taking the lifting process of a cable truss structure test model as an example, a digital twin collaborative construction platform is established to verify the effectiveness and feasibility of the research method. The results show that the digital twin logic model realizes the process collaboration, scene collaboration and data collaboration, and significantly improves the stability of construction quality and the linkage of construction process. Through the improved long short-term memory neural network, the coupling relationship between the construction step and the structural elevation is established, which accurately guides the whole construction process.

Development and engineering application of fiber bragg grating intelligent cable in large-span hyperbolic parabolic spatial cable network

In order to accurately control the prestress force of cables in long-span cable net structures, a new type of fiber Bragg grating (FBG) intelligent cable was developed. The FBG sensor was directly encapsulated inside the cable, and the sensing performance of the intelligent cable was verified by the cyclic tensile tests. The results show that the sensitivity coefficients of FBG monitoring are basically consistent, and the linearity deviation of the fiber Bragg grating is less than 4.67 %. Based on a real project Shunde Desheng Sports Center, a 114 m long-span saddle-shaped cable net structure model was established using finite element analysis, and the distribution and correlation of internal forces of cables in different tension stages were calculated and compared with the actual monitoring results of intelligent cables. The analysis results indicate that the force changes of intelligent cables is basically consistent with the value of finite element simulation. According to the data of long-term intelligent cable monitoring, the change of cable force caused by the temperature deformation of the steel ring beam is much greater than the influence of the temperature rise and fall of the cable itself on the cable force. Intelligent cables can provide a reference for cable force monitoring of long-span cable net structures.

Analytical modeling and approaches of multihelix cables incorporating with interwire mutual contacts

Analytical modeling and approaches of multihelix cables incorporating with interwire mutual contacts

Long-term relaxation analysis of steel cables based on viscoelastic model

Steel cables, renowned for their lightweight and high-strength properties, stand as ubiquitous building materials in large-span structures. Serving as crucial load-bearing elements, cables endure sustained tension throughout the structure's lifecycle. To further investigate the long-term relaxation characteristics of steel cables and provide more theoretical basis for structural relaxation calculations, this paper introduces a long-term relaxation constitutive model for steel cables, formulated through theoretical derivation, experimental validation, and data fitting techniques to establish time-dependent constitutive relationships. By employing the Bingham and Kelvin viscoelastic models, a relaxation model for steel cables is presented and optimized accordingly. Experimental investigations involve long-term tests on steel cables with three different sizes and detailed fitting analysis on collected internal force relaxation data. The findings emphasize the indispensability of structural relaxation behavior and the significance of altering internal forces, particularly in large-span cable-strut structures. The developed numerical model enables accurate simulation and prediction of long-term time-dependent performance in such structures, serving as a springboard for future studies in this domain.

Dynamic analysis of a cable model subjected to both vortex-induced excitation and axial support motion

Dynamic analysis of a cable model subjected to both vortex-induced excitation and axial support motion

N-level complex helical structure modeling method

This paper primarily explores the modeling method of n-level complex helical structures with coal mining machine cables as the research object. The paper first elaborately introduces the modeling method of n-level helix curves based on parametric equations and coordinate transformations, and compensates for the n-level helix curves with corrected pitch, which can obtain more accurate n-level helix curves and improve the accuracy of n-level helix curves modeling. Subsequently, based on this high-precision n-level helix curves modeling method, the paper elaborates on the method of solving pitch and twisting radius of multi-layer helical structure. Calculation scripts were written based on the above methods, which can be used to batch calculate the twisting radius and pitch of each layer structure in multi-layer structures when satisfying the conditions of in-layer tangency, inter-layer tangency, and extrusion deformation, and retain the actual results through logical judgment. Then, based on the above two methods, the paper developed a modeling method for braided structures based on piecewise functions containing fifth-order polynomials, which can effectively avoid the problem of insufficiently dense arrangement of braided lines and easy interference in traditional methods. Finally, a set of modeling tools was developed using C# and Python in Grasshopper to implement the modeling algorithm. Taking the MCPT-1.9/3.3 3120 + 170 + 4 * 10 coal mining machine cable as an example. The cable was modeled using both the method proposed in this paper and the traditional method. Comparative data shows that the method proposed in this paper can reduce errors by 3.31E6 times in the second-level and above helical structures. In addition this paper compares the standard line length, measured line length, and the line length established by the proposed model, showing that the relative errors are both less than 0.1941%. This paper provides a new, systematic, high-precision, and full-process cable modeling method, in which all parameters except the process parameters are accurately solved by equations. It lays a theoretical foundation for the high-precision simulation and intelligent sensing cables, which is of great significance for improving the safety, stability, and efficient development of the coal mining industry. The research results of the paper can not only be applied to the modeling of coal mining machine cables but also can be extended to the modeling of other complex multi-layer helical structures.

Abstract Mo125: Translating ECG responses to drugs across sexes: model development and validation in the clinic

Background: Sex-based differences in cardiac electrophysiology and their potential to impact susceptibility to cardiac arrhythmia and response to treatment are widely recognized. For example, female sex is an independent risk factor for drug-induced Long QT syndrome, Torsade de Pointes, and sudden cardiac death. However, arrhythmia studies have been predominantly performed in males, thus limiting our understanding of sex-specific arrhythmia mechanisms and the development of sex-specific metrics for arrhythmia risk. Computational tools are a powerful approach for integrating sex differences across scales and studying such multi-level phenomena, accelerating challenging and costly human and animal experiments. Aim: To develop a quantitative tool that predicts drug-induced responses in female electrocardiogram (ECG) features based on ECG data collected in males (and vice versa). Methods: Male and female 1D cable models of ventricular cardiomyocytes were constructed by incorporating transmural heterogeneity and sex-specific parameterizations. We constructed populations of male and female models by randomly perturbing baseline parameters, and derived pseudo-ECGs from computed extracellular potentials. We then utilized lasso regression to map ECG features (QRS duration, QT interval, T-peak-end duration, and T-wave amplitude) extracted from the male pseudo-ECG onto the female ECG features (and vice versa) ( Fig 1 ). Results: Our simulated data-driven translator accurately predicted female pseudo-ECG features from male data in an independent simulated test set (R 2 >0.95). This predictive capability was further assessed in an independent dataset simulating the effects of 95 drugs at different concentrations ( Fig 2A ), exhibiting an average translation error <1% for the QT interval ( Fig 2B ). Proof-of-concept application to ECG data sourced from publicly available FDA-approved datasets, in patients of both sexes under various anti-arrhythmic drugs and drug combinations, demonstrates high accuracy ( Fig 3 ) and validates the translator's applicability to the clinic. Conclusions: Our findings underscore the translator's potential in conducting sex-specific cardiac safety and efficacy assessments, enhancing the precision of evaluations in females. We plan to expand our translator capability to predict sex-specific effects of perturbations, including physiological and pathophysiological stressors.

Cable Modeling and DC Resistance Analysis of Terminations for 16 T Superconductor Test Facility

Cable Modeling and DC Resistance Analysis of Terminations for 16 T Superconductor Test Facility

Dynamic response analysis of submerged floating tunnel after anchor cables forces adjustment under impact load

Submerged Floating Tunnel (SFT) is a new type of cable-supported structural system for straight crossings. In this study, the initial state of the SFT was optimized based on the existing SFT cable-force adjustment method (relatively uniform cable forces, minimizing the support reaction forces at the abutment section). The responses of the SFT under static and seismic conditions before and after cable-force adjustment were compared, further verifying the optimization effect of the cable-force adjustment method on the structural performance of the SFT. In addition, a theoretical model (flexible support model) of the anchor cables was proposed to calculate the displacement after impact by sunken ships. A finite element model of the SFT was established using ABAQUS to prove the accuracy of the flexible boundary model. In addition, the flexible support stiffnesses of anchor cables at different positions were determined based on the finite element model. Finally, the SFT after the cable-force adjustment was analyzed to study the response patterns of the anchor cables at different positions under an impact load. The results demonstrate that a correlation between the distribution pattern of the flexible boundary stiffnesses of anchor cables and the regulation of the responses of the anchor cables to impact load.

Numerical analysis of dynamic behaviors of underwater towed system with hydrofoil manipulations

This paper addresses the dynamic characteristics of an underwater towed system under manipulations of synchronous hydrofoils, considering the coupling of instantaneous fluid forces on the complete systems and hydrofoil control, which is usually difficult to solve with existing methods. A hydrodynamic model coupled with hydrofoil control algorithms is presented, wherein the hydrodynamic forces on the hydrofoils and Underwater Towed Vehicle (UTV) are simulated using the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method, and the fluid forces on the Towing Cable (TC) are described using a flexible cable dynamic model. The dynamic behaviors of the underwater towed system under depth-undulating, depth-tracking, and depth-keeping controls of hydrofoils are analyzed using the proposed model. The results show that the towing speed has a significant effect on the control efficiency of the hydrofoils. The dynamic responses of the underwater towed system increase or decrease more significantly in submerged depth control operations than in freely towing operations. The hydrofoils can achieve satisfactory effects in submerged depth control for the UTV at an appropriate towing speed, whereas it fails at a lower towing speed and noticeable dynamic response oscillations occur simultaneously. This study is expected to provide guidance on both hydrodynamic and control issues of underwater towed systems.

Experimental and numerical investigation on seismic performance of novel cable-restraining composite rubber bearings for highway bridges

Introducing cable restrainers into isolation bearings is promising to enhance the seismic performance of highway bridges. However, limitations exist in cost, performance, and analysis models of current products typically composed of flat sliding bearings (FBs) and separated cables. Therefore, this study proposes a novel cable-restraining composite rubber bearing (CRCRB) comprising a composite rubber bearing (CRB) as the bearing body and continuous cables. Cyclic tests were conducted on 12 specimens, including cable-restraining FBs and CRCRBs. Then, restoring force models of the bearing bodies were developed via theoretical analysis. Those of the cables were obtained from numerical models based on derived cable profiles. Finally, incremental dynamic analysis (IDA) was performed to evaluate the effects of the CRCRBs and cable models on structural responses. The test results verify the feasibility of the new cable layout and the advantages of the CRBs as the bearing body in restoring force, damping capacity, and residual displacement. As both the radii of the curved segments and the inclination angle of the linear one in the cable profiles decreased, the cable stiffness kept rising during loading. Cable sliding at clamps enlarged the cable-free displacement and residual deformation, and was relieved by adding clamps. The proposed models fit the test data well. The IDA results illustrate the superiority of the CRCRBs in mitigating bridge damage and highlight the importance of using the precise multi-linear cable model instead of the simplified linear one to avoid overestimating responses.

Subsea DC power cable modelling and computational validation

The growing number of applications involving the transmission of electrical energy from AC sources for the purpose of interconnecting onshore/offshore AC networks has motivated several investigations to define the most appropriate topological and parametric structures for the purposes in question. In this scenario, the issue of electrical supplies for platforms for oil extraction arises to reduce greenhouse gases produced by local generation units. The strategies used may consist of AC or DC transmission systems, being the latter and attractive from the point of view of technical and operational feasibility. A DC interconnection complex comprises several units, among which the submarine cables stand out. For carrying out performance studies of the system as a whole, the performance assessments require, in addition to the sending and receiving converter stations, DC interconnection cable reliable models. To this end, together with propositions of equivalent circuits and their representative parameters, this article carries out a comparative computational analysis of the calculated parameters with those commercially available.